America Moves to the City. Chapter 25

Transcription

1 America Moves to the City Chapter 25

2 Figure 25.1: The Shift to the City Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2

3 The Urban Frontier Population of American cities triple between 1870 and 1900 Louis J. Sullivan s skyscraper became the face of the city Transportation??? Cities appeared to nearly everyone Glamorous life Upper class Middle class job seekers Industrials jobs Lower classes

4 The Urban Frontier New Issue: Waste disposal End to thrift Cities unable to keepup with rapid population growth Sanitation Humanity compressed

5 The Urban Frontier The slums 1879 dumbbell tenement

6 The New Immigration Up until the 1880s, most immigrants came to America from the British Isles and western Europe High literacy rate Catholic and Protestant More conditioned for American life 1880s shift in immigration ( New Immigrants Most came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland) Largely illiterate, undemocratic, poor

7 The New Immigration 1880s 19% New Immigrants Early 1900s 66% Most settled in large cities like New York and Chicago Melting pot??? Or dumping ground??? Will they become American???

8 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman 2008

9 Figure 25.3: Annual Immigration, Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9

10 Figure 25.4: Old and New Immigration (by decade) Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10

11 Why America? Southern Europe Uprooted Population boom, overcrowding in Europe Opportunity Persecution of minorities

12 Southern Europe Uprooted 25% of these immigrants remained only temporarily Preserving native cultures Hebrew and Catholic schools Restaurants Time takes its toll Americanization

13 Reactions to New Immigration Govt. does little to address influx of immigrants Role of political machines All for a vote??? The Social Gospel movement Applied the lessons of Christianity to slums and factories Paved the way for future progressive reforms

14 Jane Addams Hull House Immigrants viewed her as an urban saint Anti-war, fought poverty Hull House offered English classes, counseling, child care, etc. Inspires others to open similar places in large cities

15 Reactions to New Immigration Settlement houses become center for women s activism Lobbied for women s rights, end to child labor # of women in the workforce increases Mostly single women Jobs depended upon race, class, etc. Long hours, low pay Glass ceiling Economic and social independence

16 Narrowing the Welcome Mat Anti-foreignism AKA Nativism Remember the Irish and Germans??? The fear Immigrants will dilute American culture, out-vote Americans, outnumber Americans

17 Narrowing the Welcome Mat Other sources of discontent Immigrants willing to work for less money Breakdown of city government American Protective Association (APA) Nativist organization over 1 million members Urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates American laborers wanted protection from foreign laborers Similar to tariffs???

18 Narrowing the Welcome Mat Congress begins to restrain immigration in 1882 Early on, undesirables Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Statue of Liberty Welcomes immigrants to America

19 Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Liberal ideas seep into Protestantism between 1875 and 1925 Sought to mediate emerging issues between labor and capital, science and faith, etc. Rejected biblical literalism Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths gain strength during this period Newcomers Salvation Army Christian Science YMCA

20 Darwin Disrupts the Churches On the Origin of Species (1859) Natural selection By 1920s, scientific community had embraced Darwin s ideas

21 Darwin Disrupts the Churches Darwin s views split the religious community Some stated that the Bible was 100% true and should be taken LITERALLY Gave rise to fundamentalism Accomodationists feared that hostility toward evolution would alienate many educated people

22 The Lust for Learning More and more states making education compulsory Education as a birthright Expansion of teacher training schools ( normal schools ) Rise in literacy rate

23 Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People South lags behind rest of country in education Booker T. Washington Champion of black education Believed that blacks should first be taught useful trades and gain economic security; this would ultimately lead to political and civil rights Slower approach

24 Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Washington and Tuskegee Institute George Washington Carver and the peanut Many black leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois condemned Washington s approach Du Bois demanded complete equality for blacks

25 W.E.B. Du Bois Earned Ph.D at Harvard (first black to do so) Helped found the NAACP Demanded complete and immediate equality The Talented Tenth 1961 renounced U.S. citizenship; moved to Ghana

26 The Hallowed Halls of ivy Morrill Act of 1862 Provided grants of land to states for support of education Land grant colleges Hatch Act (1887) Provided funds for agricultural experiment stations These two pieces of legislation spawned over a hundred colleges and universities Private philanthropy

27 The Appeal of the Press Increased construction of libraries Sensationalism in writing Pulitzer and Hearst Yellow journalism Scandal and rumor dominates news

28 Postwar Writing Progress and Poverty Henry George Looking Backward Edward Bellamy Dime novels Walt Whitman and Leaves of Grass Horatio Alger Emily Dickinson

29 Literary Landmarks Kate Chopin and The Awakening Mark Twain The Gilded Age The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Stephen Crane The Red Badge of Courage

30 Families and Women in the City Increased divorce as Americans move to cities Divorce revolution As 19 th century wore on, family sizes and birthrates dipped Women increasingly more independent National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890) Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt Staring small women begin becoming politically active at the local level What about black women? Ida B. Wells

31 Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Woman s Christian Temperance Union (1874) Anti-Saloon League (1893) 18 th Amendment (1919) Manufacture and sale of alcohol illegal Eventually repealed

32 Map 25.1: Woman Suffrage Before the Nineteenth Amendment Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 32