Immigration and Urbanization ( ) Chapter 10 P

Transcription

1 Immigration and Urbanization ( ) Chapter 10 P

2 Immigration By 1900, eastern and southern Europeans made up more than half of all immigrants. Of the 14 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, many were European Jews.

3 Immigration America offered immigrants employment, few immigration restrictions, avoidance of military service, religious freedom, and the chance to move up the social ladder.

4 Immigration Most immigrants took the difficult trip to America in steerage, the least expensive accommodations on a steamship.

5 Immigration The 14 day trip usually ended at Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor. It served as a processing center for most immigrants arriving on the East Coast after 1892.

6 Immigration Most immigrants passed through Ellis Island in a day. However, some faced the possibility of being separated from family and possibly sent back to Europe due to health problems.

7 Immigration Most immigrants settled in cities. They lived in neighborhoods that were separated into ethnic groups. Here they duplicated many of the comforts of their homelands, including language and religion.

8 Immigration Immigrants who learned English, adapted to American culture, had marketable skills or money, or if they settled among members of their own ethnic group tended to adjust well to living in the United States.

9 Immigration Severe unemployment, poverty, and famine in China; and the demand for railroad workers in the United States led to an increase in Chinese immigration to the United States in the mid-1800s.

10 Immigration In Western cities, Chinese immigrants worked as laborers, servants, skilled tradesmen, and merchants. Some opened their own laundries.

11 Immigration Between 1900 and 1918, Japanese immigration to the United States drastically increased as Japan began to build an industrial economy and empire.

12 Immigration In 1910 a barracks was opened on Angel Island in California.

13 Immigration Here, Asian immigrants, mostly young men and boys, waited sometimes for months for the results of immigration hearings.

14 Immigration The increase in immigration led to nativism, a preference for nativeborn people and the desire to limit immigration.

15 Immigration Earlier, in the 1840s and 1850s, nativism was directed towards the Irish.

16 Immigration In the early 1900s, it was the Asian, Jews, and eastern Europeans that were the focus of nativism. Nativism led to the forming of two anti-immigrant groups.

17 Immigration The American Protective Association was founded in The party s found Henry Bowers, disliked Catholicism He wanted to stop Catholic immigration.

18 Immigration In the 1870 s Denis Kearny, an Irish immigrant, organized the Workingman s Party of California. This group wanted to stop Chinese immigration. Racial violence resulted.

19 Immigration In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in America from becoming citizens.

20 Immigration The act was renewed by Congress in 1892, made permanent in 1902, and not repealed until 1943.

21 Immigration Why did nativists oppose eastern European immigrants? Nativists thought the large influx of Catholic immigrants from Ireland would give the Catholic Church too much power in the American government. Labor unions feared that immigrants would work for lower wages and take work as strikebreakers.

22 Urbanization The urban population of the United States grew from about 10 million in 1870 to over 30 million by 1900.

23 Urbanization Immigrants remained in the cities, where they worked long hours for little pay. Still, most immigrants felt their standard of living had improved in the United States.

24 Urbanization Farmers began moving to cities because of better paying jobs, electricity, running water, plumbing, and entertainment.

25 Urbanization Housing and transportation needs changed due to the increase in the amount of people living in cities.

26 Urbanization As the price of land increased, building owners began to build up. Skyscrapers, tall steel frame buildings, were constructed for this reason.

27 Urbanization In the late 1800s, various kinds of mass transit developed to move large numbers of people around the cities quickly.

28 Urbanization Beginning with the horsecar, and later to the more sophisticated electric trolley cars and elevated railroads, engineers created ways to move the ever-expanding population around the city.

29 Urbanization Definite boundaries could be seen between where the wealthy, middle class, and working class people lived.

30 Urbanization Wealthy families lived in the heart of the city where they constructed elaborate homes.

31 Urbanization The middle class, which included doctors, lawyers, engineers, and teachers, tended to live away from the city.

32 Urbanization The majority of urban dwellers were part of the working class who lived in city tenements, or dark and crowded multifamily apartments.

33 Urbanization The growth of cities resulted in an increase in crime, fire, disease, and pollution.

34 Urbanization From 1880 to 1900, there was a large increase in the murder rate. Native-born Americans blamed immigrants for the increase in crime.

35 Urbanization Alcohol contributed to crime in the late 1800s.

36 Urbanization Contaminated drinking water from improper sewage disposal resulted in epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera.

37 Urbanization A new political system was needed to cope with the new urban problems. The political machine, an informal political group designed to gain and keep power, provided essentials to city dwellers in exchange for votes.

38 Urbanization Party bosses ran the political machines.

39 Urbanization The party bosses had tight control of the city s money. Many of the politicians became wealthy due to fraud or graft getting money through dishonest or questionable means.

40 Urbanization The most famous New York Democratic political machine was Tammany Hall. During the 1860s and 1870s, Tammany Hall s boss was William M. Tweed.

41 Urbanization Tweed s corruption sent him to prison in 1874.

42 Urbanization Opponents of political machines, such as Thomas Nast, blasted bosses for their corruption.

43 Urbanization Defenders thought machines supplied necessary services and helped to assimilate the masses of new city dwellers.

44 Urbanization What were some of the problems caused by political machines? The bosses that ran the political machines grew rich by accepting bribes, selling permits to friends, and dealing in other corrupt ways to benefit themselves.

45 The Gilded Age In 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Warner cowrote the novel, The Gilded Age. Historians use this term to refer to the time between 1870 and 1900.

46 The Gilded Age The term gilded refers to something being gold on the outside while the inside is made of cheaper material.

47 The Gilded Age The authors tried to point out that although this was a time of growth, beneath the surface were corruption, poverty, and a huge difference between rich and poor.

48 The Gilded Age Industrialization and urbanization caused Americans to look at society in a different way. This gave way to new values, art, and forms of entertainment.

49 The Gilded Age A strong belief during the Gilded Age was the idea of individualism. This is the belief that regardless of you background, you could still rise in society.

50 The Gilded Age Horatio Alger, a minister from Massachusetts, left the clergy and moved to New York were he wrote over 100 novels about rags-to-riches stories.

51 The Gilded Age Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher, first proposed the idea of Social Darwinism.

52 The Gilded Age Spencer took Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection and applied it to human society.

53 The Gilded Age Like Darwin s theory that a species that cannot adapt to the environment will eventually die out Spencer felt that human society evolved through competition.

54 The Gilded Age He concluded that society progressed and became better because only the fittest people survived. Industrial leaders agreed with Social Darwinism.

55 The Gilded Age Social Darwinism paralleled laissezfaire, an economic doctrine that was opposed to government interference and business.

56 The Gilded Age Andrew Carnegie, a wealthy business leader, believed in Social Darwinism and laissezfaire. However, he also felt those who profited from society should give something back, so he softened Social Darwinism with his Gospel of Wealth.

57 The Gilded Age This philosophy stated that wealthy Americans were responsible and should engage in philanthropy, using great fortunes to further social progress.

58 The Gilded Age A new movement in art and literature, called realism, portrayed people in realistic situations instead of idealizing them as the romantic artists had done.

59 The Gilded Age Popular culture changed in the late 1800s. People had more money to spend on entertainment and recreation. Work became separate from home. The saloon acted like a community and political center for male workers.

60 The Gilded Age Coney Island in New York was an amusement park that attracted working class families and single adults.

61 The Gilded Age Watching baseball, football, and basketball became popular during this time.

62 The Gilded Age In the early 1880s, vaudeville became popular.

63 The Gilded Age It was adapted from the French theater and combined animal acts, acrobats, gymnasts, and dancers in its performance.

64 The Gilded Age During this time people began enjoying ragtime music, which was based on the patterns of African American music.

65 The Gilded Age What were some of the changes in popular culture during this time? People had more money to spend during this time. As a result, they spent money on entertainment and recreation. They were also willing to leave their homes to go out in public to have fun.