The REACH Initiative Data Overview for the HNO Process, September 2015

Transcription

1 The REACH Initiative Data Overview fr the HNO Prcess, September 2015 Summary This dcument prvides an verview f key messages and findings fr each cluster in Iraq, as identified by REACH Initiative s research in preparatin fr the upcming HNO. The verview f key data presented here n IDPs utside camps cmes frm the Multi Cluster Needs Assessments (MCNA) carried ut in Octber 2014 (cvering the Kurdistan Regin f Iraq [KR-I] and neighburing gvernrates) and June 2015 (cvering all Iraqi gvernrates apart frm Anbar, Baghdad, Kirkuk and Salah al Din). The VAM prject implemented by the REACH Initiative fr the WFP and FAO in April 2015 als cvers IDPs living utside camps: the VAM data matched that f the MCNA, and can be visited fr triangulatin. The data presented here n IDPs residing inside camps cmes frm the VAM prject, and cvers 20 camps as recgnised by the CCCM in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates. Cntents Demgraphics... 2 Fd Security... 2 Livelihds... 4 Shelter... 6 Health... 7 Wash... Errr! Bkmark nt defined. Educatin... 8 Prtectin

2 Demgraphics IDPs utside camps The average displaced husehld size utside camps in Iraq was 6.4 persns. 51% f the ppulatin was male, and 49% were female. 89% f husehlds are headed by a male, and 11% f husehlds are headed by a female. 49% f the ppulatin was under the age f 18. The average dependency rati acrss all assessed gvernrates was 0.9. This implies that fr every ten individuals f wrking age, nine are nt f wrking age; therefre in the majrity f husehlds that d have access t incme, nly ne r tw bread winners prvide fr a large number f family members. Demgraphics f the IDP ppulatin in the KR-I have remained largely unchanged since the previus MCNA, which was cnducted in Octber IDPs inside camps The average displaced husehld size inside camps in Iraq was 6 persns. 51% f the ppulatin was male, and 49% were female. 54% f the ppulatin was under the age f 18. Fd Security IDPs utside camps 1. Fd was the tp pririty need acrss Iraq, reprted by 72% f husehlds. This was als the mst reprted pririty in the KR-I during the previus MCNA. As fd is an immediate and lifesaving need, the fact that fd is highlighted as a pririty need fr mre than ne year int the humanitarian respnse indicates that IDPs capacity t deal with prtracted displacement remains lw. 2. High engagement in negative fd cping strategies reveal significant fd insecurity, despite strng Fd Cnsumptin Scres (a measure f the frequency f cnsumptin and the nutritinal value f fd cnsumed 1 ). Acrss Iraq the large majrity f husehlds (94%) shwed an acceptable FCS, with higher scres in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates than elsewhere in Iraq. IDPs residing in the Suthern gvernrates f Muthanna and Basrah registered sme f the wrst FCS utcmes f all gvernrates, averaging a scre f 55 and 63, respectively. This cntrasts with higher scres in the KR-I, which has seen an increase in average fd cnsumptin scres since the previus MCNA: previusly 22% f husehlds had less than an acceptable scre, but nw this amunted t less than 2%. In Nrthern Dahuk and Erbil gvernrates, the average FCS scres std at 90 and 81, respectively. Acrss all assessed gvernrates, cping strategies were emplyed by a majrity f husehlds. 1 Fr the MENA regin, including Iraq and Syria, WFP interprets an FCS scre f 28 r under t indicate a pr fd cnsumptin prfile; a scre frm 28.1 thrugh 42 t be brderline; and an FCS scre abve 42 t indicate an acceptable fd cnsumptin prfile f fd security. 2

3 68% f husehlds were relying n less expensive fd, 29% limiting their prtins at mealtimes and 18% reducing the number f meals eaten at least nce a week. Despite the higher FCS in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates, these gvernrates featured sme f the highest prprtins f husehlds engaged in negative fd cping strategies, indicating that they need t emply behaviurs that heighten their vulnerability in rder t meet an acceptable standard f fd cnsumptin. Missan, Muthanna and Wassit als shw higher rates f cping strategy engagement. In particular, mre husehlds in these gvernrates cmpared t the KRI-I were engaging in severe strategies such as bartering, child labur and reducing the amunt f fd cnsumed by adults in rder t priritise fd fr children. 3. The current level f fd cnsumptin is nt sustainable in the lng term withut assistance. This is indicated by the pervasive use f cping strategies by husehlds, as well as the high reliance n cash purchases fr fd amngst IDPs acrss Iraq, cupled with high rates f unemplyment and debt. Acrss all gvernrates, mst husehlds (83%) relied n cash purchases as their main surce f fd. Taking int accunt the high rate f unemplyment amngst IDPs in Iraq it is unlikely that husehlds will be able t sustain the same level f fd cnsumptin withut assistance. This is particularly true fr thse husehlds reprting t be in debt, with higher rates f debt in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates, Basrah and Najaf. Indeed, 89% f husehlds in debt said that this was due t meeting fd csts. The average family size f husehlds in debt due t fd was generally bigger, and almst all f the female headed husehlds in debt cited fd as a reasn. Interesting, a slightly higher prprtins f thse wh arrived since April 2015 cited fd as a reasn acrss all gvernrates, apart frm Dahuk. 4. In the nrth (KR-I, Diyala and N-Ninewa) husehlds predminantly received fd assistance frm internatinal nn-gvernmental rganisatins (INGOs), while in the centre-suth the majrity nly received gvernment assistance. This reveals a gap in PDS distributin in the nrth, whilst the reach f the UN and INGOs has been much mre limited in the centre and suth. IDPs inside camps 1. With funding fr the humanitarian respnse falling, IDPs living inside camps have little capacity t meet their fd needs independently and are likely the wrst affected by funding shrtfalls. Perhaps unsurprisingly, IDPs inside camps were fund t be mre reliant n fd assistance than IDPs living utside camps. Hwever, given the lw levels f incme and high rates f unemplyment inside camps, IDPs inside camps are still spending a higher prprtin f their ttal husehld expenditure n fd than IDPs utside camps. This makes IDPs in camps particularly vulnerable t the effects f ptential further cuts in fd assistance. Transfers (bth frmal assistance frm the gvernment and nn-gvernment agencies as well as infrmal gifts and exchanges) accunted fr n average a third f fd cnsumed by IDPs in camps. In additin, mre IDPs residing inside camps (73%) than IDPs utside camps (49%) reprted receiving sme PDS in the three mnths preceding assessment. 3

4 A higher prprtin f IDPs bth inside and utside camps in Dahuk received full ratins, while mst IDPs in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah received nne at all. The average expenditure n fd per capita as a prprtin f the verall mnthly expenditure per capita (including fd as well as basic expenses such as husing, water, educatin, health etc.) is much higher fr IDP husehlds in camps (63%) cmpared t bth IDPs living utside camps (34%). This is likely due t csts fr shelter and basic needs mstly cvered in camps, and is als a reflectin f high unemplyment and lw earnings amng camp ppulatins whereby mst f the incme is priritised n fd. 2. Reprted FCS were slightly lwer amng IDPs inside camps cmpared t utside camps. Althugh slightly less IDPs in camps were resrting t fd-based cping strategies cmpared t IDP husehlds utside camps, mre husehlds had already used up livelihd-based cping strategies available t them. 97% f IDP husehlds living in camps presented an acceptable FCS. Little variatin between gvernrates was fund, althugh sme camps had a particularly negative impact n FCS, namely Al Yawa New, Baharka, Bardarash, Dawudia, Essian, Garmawa and Harshm. A higher prprtin f female headed IDP husehlds (13%) had pr r brderline scres inside camps than male husehlds. Regular incme appears t have had the largest psitive impact n FCS. Fr example, in camp settings, 43% f IDP husehlds with a pr FCS reprted n livelihd. A slightly smaller prprtin (67%) f IDPs living in camps were engaged in fd based cping strategies. Hwever, livelihd-based strategies were mre cmmnly applied by IDPs in camps. Spending savings was emplyed by a higher prprtin f IDPs living in camps (38%). Nticeably, a larger prprtin f husehlds residing in camps than utside camps had already exhausted livelihd-based ptins. Fr example 33% f camp IDPs had already spent all f their savings and 24% had previusly sld their last female animal. Livelihds IDPs utside camps 1. Emplyment was the secnd mst reprted pririty need acrss Iraq, reprted by 42% f husehlds. Nticeably this was reprted by n average twice as many husehlds in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates cmpared t the previus MCNA. Cnsidering that many IDPs will be unable t safely return t their area f rigin any time sn, lack f access t livelihds creates severe challenges fr sustainable capacity t deal with displacement. 2. The majrity f IDPs d nt have access t any regular, stable frm f incme. Emplyment rates were generally prer in the central-suthern gvernrates cmpared t the nrth. Access t jbs 4

5 appears t be particularly difficult fr the IDP cmmunity as a direct result f displacement and their status as IDPs. 17% f IDP husehlds reprted nt generating any frm f incme in the mnth preceding assessment, and 44% were relying n seasnal frms f labur, including agricultural, skilled wage and lw skilled wage labur t generate an incme. Subsequently, 22% f husehlds reprted that they cannt affrd all f their basic needs amngst this subset f husehlds, fd was the need mst reprted as unaffrdable (74%), fllwed by shelter (61%), medical care (59%) and water (26%). Emplyment rates in the central-suthern gvernrates were generally prer than in the mre nrthern gvernrates. When lking at average incmes, they were generally higher in majr urban and cmmercial centres such as Basrah (648 USD), Erbil (510 USD), and Dahuk (553 USD). Overall, males between the ages f 18 and 59 absrbed the bulk f incme generating activity, with 35% f the ttal demgraphic grup reprtedly emplyed. In Sulaymaniyah, Diyala and Erbil, emplyment rates fr males aged reached a high f 74%, 56% and 53%, respectively, and a lw f 3% in Qadissiya and 14% in Najaf. In the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates, emplyment rates amngst bth males increased by an average 48% between Octber 2014 and June In additin, the MCNA fund a rise (rughly 15%) in female headed husehlds with females wrking in Dahuk, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah and particularly in Ninewa. Access t jbs appears t be particularly difficult fr IDPs even mre s in the KR-I and surrunding areas 24% f husehlds acrss all assessed gvernrates reprted that they have unemplyed members wh are lking fr wrk; including 52% in Diyala, 34% in Sulaymaniyah and 31% in Dahuk. On average, 15% f the male ppulatin aged 18 t 59 were unemplyed and seeking wrk, as well as 3% f the female ppulatin. The main bstacle cited fr nt being able t find wrk was increased cmpetitin (79%) as a result f swelling ppulatins lking fr livelihds in areas hsting IDPs. 18% als reprted refugees and ther IDPs wrk fr less. 3. A high rate f engagement in cping mechanisms t deal with limited livelihds was reprted acrss all assessed gvernrates, but particularly ften in the KR-I. In additin, the level f debt in the KR-I has quadrupled since the previus MCNA, mstly t meet renting csts. These findings raise cncerns because many husehlds might sn exhaust all cping strategies available t them nce they have crssed this threshld, their vulnerability is likely t increase drastically. As they will nt be able t meet any f their basic needs, these husehlds will be in need f immediate, life-saving assistance. Acrss all assessed gvernrates, 80% f the IDP ppulatin reprted resrting t sme frm f cping mechanism t deal with limited livelihds ver the curse f the 30 days prir t the survey. A majrity relied primarily n spending savings (64%), charitable dnatins (31%) and kinship supprt netwrks (23%), and a sizeable prprtin als resrted t debt (22%) and sales f assets (18%). Engagement in cping strategies t deal with limited livelihds was generally higher in the nrth cmpared t the central-suthern gvernrates. 5

6 22% f IDPs acrss the assessed gvernrates reprted being in debt, with particularly high rates in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates, Basrah and Najaf. The amunt f husehld debt was n average three times as large in the KRI-I as elsewhere in the cuntry (3,191 USD cmpared t1,129 USD). In the KR-I, the prprtin f husehlds in debt has remained similar but the average amunt f debt has quadrupled since the previus MCNA. Rent was reprted by the majrity f husehlds in debt as ne f main reasns fr brrwing mney especially Erbil (81%) and Sulaymaniyah (91%). The large majrity f husehlds are in debt t friends and relatives either in the hst r IDP cmmunity. This indicates that many may sn exhaust brrwing mney as a cping strategy and be frced t mve t substandard shelters. IDPs inside camps 1. Overall emplyment rates and access t livelihds were fund t be much lwer fr IDPs residing inside camps cmpared t thse utside. Just ver a quarter (26%) in camps reprted n livelihd at all in the mnth preceding assessment. Many IDP husehlds were recipients f inactive incme, including still receiving their public sectr salaries (16%), and humanitarian aid (16%), and the mst cmmn active jb amngst IDP husehlds was unskilled labur (15%). The average mnthly incme fr IDPs living in camps (382 USD) was als lwer than thse utside camps (599 USD). Shelter IDPs utside camps 1. The majrity (69%) f IDP husehlds were residing in huses and/r apartments, whilst ver 10% were residing in abandned r unfinished buildings and 2% were residing in schls. The central and suthern gvernrates saw a higher prprtin f husehlds living in critical shelters, and are therefre in mre need f shelter-assistance. 2. Of thse residing in huses r apartments, apprximately 72% were reprted as renting, raising acute cncerns ver sustainability and affrdability given the high rates f unemplyment in the centre-suth and debt in the KR-I. This raises cncerns that an increasing number f husehlds will be frced t mve t less adequate shelters. 84% f thse citing rent as a reasn were living in huses, 8% in apartments. As the crisis cntinues husehlds may n lnger be able t affrd adequate shelter if rent prices rise r incme levels fall, pssibly resulting in further displacement Fr example, cmpared t 2% acrss all grups reprting being threatened with evictin, 31% f husehlds citing rent as reasn fr debt reprted being threatened with evictin. Of thse IDPs wh reprted intending t mve (4%), much higher prprtins f husehlds in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates wh were currently renting said they planned t mve due t the cst f living whereas this was rarely reprted in mre central and suthern gvernrates. 3. Amngst husehlds living in critical shelters, 56% did nt feel that their shelter was f adequate quality. These prprtins were generally higher in central and suthern gvernrates 6

7 cmpared t the nrth, apart frm a similarly large prprtin in Dahuk (43%), mstly citing vercrwding and pr shelter cnditins. The pr quality f accmmdatin raises cncerns fr capacity t deal with the winter climate, especially in mre nrthern gvernrates where the winter climate is harsher and accmmdatin issues were als frequently reprted. The mst cmmnly reprted issues amngst husehlds living in critical shelters were related t ver-ccupancy and general shelter cnditins: lack f privacy (64%), t small (54%), brken windws (30%) and leaking rf (27%). In additin, similar prprtins f husehlds nt living in critical shelters acrss all assessed gvernrates reprted issues with general shelter cnditins, such as brken windws and leaking rfs. A lack f heating was mre cmmnly reprted in the KR-I. It shuld be nted that privacy was als reprted by large prprtins nt living in critical shelters in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates. Health IDPs utside camps 1. 25% f IDP husehlds reprted medical care as ne f their tp three pririty needs. In the KR-I 16% mre husehlds than the previus MCNA reprted medical care as a primary need. 2. Prblems accessing healthcare were especially cmmn in Thi-Qar as well as the KR-I and surrunding areas. Findings indicate the reasn fr the rise f healthcare as a pririty need is that husehlds are freging healthcare in the face f limited finances in rder t service ther needs, such as fd and shelter. Of the 92% f husehlds wh reprted having sught medical care since their displacement, 35% reprted having experienced difficulties accessing care. Prblems were especially cmmn in Thi-Qar (76%) as well as the KR-I and surrunding areas. The mst frequently cited reasns fr pr access were cst f healthcare (65%) and insufficient funds t purchase medical supplies (35%). A lack f medicine available at the hspital was reprted by 26% f husehlds. Other reasns, such as lack f staffing r prblems with civil dcumentatin were nly cited by a minrity f husehlds. 3. Immunisatin rates against pli and measles were much lwer in central-suthern gvernrates than in the nrthern gvernrates f Dahuk, Diyala, Erbil, Ninewa and Sulaymaniyah. This raises acute cncerns ver the risk f infectin amngst infants. Acrss all assessed gvernrates, 20% f infants aged 0-59 mnths frm IDP husehlds were reprted as nt immunised against plimyelitis (pli), and 70% f infants aged 9-23 mnths were reprted as nt immunised against measles. Immunisatin rates fr at-risk infants were generally higher in the nrthern gvernrates f Dahuk, Diyala, Erbil, Ninewa and Sulaymaniyah, where ver 80% f infants aged 0-59 mnths were reprtedly vaccinated against pli. In turn, pli vaccinatin rates in Muthanna and Missan were as lw as 28% and 36% respectively. In the same gvernrates, nly 4% and 6% respectively f at risk children were vaccinated against measles. 7

8 4. Access rates t bstetric care in general were lwest in central/suthern gvernrates such as Babyln, Muthanna and Wassit, and were n average higher in the KR-I and neighburing areas. This raises acute cncerns ver the ptential increase f health cmplicatins during pregnancy and the availability f life-saving surgery during delivery, as well as limited adequate care fr new-brn infants amngst IDPs. Acrss all assessed gvernrates nearly 20% f husehlds were fund t hst pregnant and lactating wmen. WASH IDPs utside camps 1. Nearly 60% f the assessed IDP ppulatin relied primarily n sme frm f private surce f drinking water. Within this subset, ver 40% purchased bttled water frm private vendrs, whereas 17% relied n trucked water. The reliance n purchased water was verwhelmingly high in suthern gvernrates, fr example reprted by 95% f husehlds in Kerbala, 89% in Babyln and 84% in Wassit. Shrtages in nn-drinking water was als generally mre cmmn in the suthern gvernrates. 2. Overwhelming majrities in all gvernrates reprted access t functinal latrines, but access t private r shared latrines was much lwer amngst critical shelters and less access was reprted in mre suthern gvernrates. Lack f access t private latrines in shared accmmdatin arrangements raises serius prtectin cncerns. Between 87% f husehlds in Thi-Qar and 100% in Sulaymaniyah reprted access t latrines apart frm nly 40% in Muthanna. The lack f access t latrines in Muthanna raises cncerns fr sanitatin and spread f disease. The slight majrity f IDPs acrss Iraq (62%) had access t private latrines, with lwer prprtins f private access in Najaf (30%), Wassit (32%), Ninewa (48%) Diyala (50%) and Dahuk (51%). Unsurprisingly, husehlds living in less frmal r mre crwded shelter arrangements, such as cntainers, schls and tents, were mre likely t share latrines with ther husehlds. IDPs inside camps 1. IDPs living in camps in Erbil, Dahuk and Ninewa were mstly reliant n piped water netwrks fr drinking water (mstly cmmunal in Erbil and private in Dahuk and Ninewa), while in Sulaymaniyah and Diyala husehlds relied n private vendrs. These trends remained much the same fr the primary reprted surces f water fr ther husehld purpses. 2. Acrss the assessed regin 32% f IDP husehlds living in camps had faced cnstraints accessing water (mstly due t limited availability and then husehld strage), and 33% perceived their water t be unsafe fr drinking althugh 75% reprted they did nthing t make it safer. Educatin IDPs utside camps 8

9 1. 10% f IDP husehlds reprted that educatin was ne their tp three pririty needs. In the KR- I, this saw a drp frm being reprted by 17% f husehlds in Octber 2014, t 8% f husehlds in June A big drp in frmal schl attendance amngst schl-aged IDP children since displacement has been identified in the KR-I, especially amngst children aged IDP attendance in frmal educatin is extremely lw acrss Iraq, in particular in the central and suthern gvernrates. Reasns fr nn-attendance in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates were mre related t quality f curriculum and language, whereas reasns in central-suthern gvernrates were mre clsely linked t mvement and frequent displacement. Acrss all f the assessed gvernrates, nly 20% f eligible IDP schl-aged children attend frmal educatin. Attendance is verall higher in the KRI gvernrates f Dhuk (27%), Erbil (26%) and Sulaymaniyah (36%). In cmparisn, attendance is much lwer in central and suthern gvernrates. Fr example, in Kerbala (1%), Missan (2%) and Qadissiya (4%). Attendance rates were cnsistently lwer fr girls than fr male chrts in the same age grup. The gap is mst striking fr girls aged Acrss all assess gvernrates 38% f husehlds hsting children wh d nt attend frmal educatin reprted that a lack f funds fr equipment was the largest challenge. Frequently mving places was cited much mre as a reasn fr nn-attendance f the majrity f husehlds in the central and suthern gvernrates cmpared t mre nrthern gvernrates especially accunting fr the lw rates in Missan and Qadissiya. Lking at the reasns fr the lwest rates in Kerbala, the majrity f husehlds reprted that schls were t far away. In cmparisn, bad quality f curriculum and language barriers were cited by many mre IDP husehlds residing in the KR-I and neighburing gvernrates. 4. Attendance in infrmal educatin is 2% r less in all assessed gvernrates acrss all age grups and gender. Prtectin IDPs utside camps 1. The IDP ppulatin acrss all assessed gvernrates includes relatively large prprtins f vulnerable grups. Cmpared t the central and suthern gvernrates as a whle, gvernrates in the KRI-I hst larger grups f husehlds with separated children, disabled members, and elderly members that are still wrking. These vulnerable husehlds are less capable f dealing with displacement. Acrss the assessed gvernrates, almst ne fifth (17%) f husehlds included children belw the age f five years. 2% f interviewed families reprted caring fr a minr wh was nt part f their immediate family; mst f these cases were children wh had been separated frm their wn family. Particularly large prprtins were identified in the KR-I (Dahuk, Erbil, and Sulaymaniyah) and Missan and Kerbala gvernrates. 9

10 Less than 1% in all gvernrates had minrs as heads f husehlds. In turn, 4% f the IDP ppulatin was 60 years ld and abve 13% f husehlds had an elderly head f husehld, with a nticeably larger prprtin in Dahuk (18%). The KR-I saw much larger prprtins f males ver the age f 60 still earning an incme: large prprtins were nt receiving pensins but were still engaged in active jbs. Overall 11% f husehlds had a member suffering frm a disability: these prprtins were slightly higher in the KR-I. The types f disabilities reprted were mst ften either physical r speech impediments. In 21% f all interviewed cases, at least ne wman in the husehld was either pregnant r still lactating. 2. In the KRI-I, the prprtin f female headed husehlds that have ne female member wrking has increased since the previus MCNA. In additin, previusly nne f these husehlds were in debt whereas nw a large majrity are in debt. This indicates that female headed husehlds are struggling t prvide fr their families and resrting t negative cping strategies. 11% f husehlds are headed by a female. The MCNA fund a rise (rughly 15%) in female headed husehlds with females wrking in Dahuk, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah and particularly in Ninewa. Previusly nne f the female headed husehlds with females wrking reprted being in debt, but nw they are in Diyala, Erbil and Ninewa. 3. Althugh registratin appears t have been largely successful, many IDPs are missing ther frms f civil dcumentatin and are still lacking residency. A lack f civil dcumentatin and residency creates difficulties in access t jbs, the PDS system, public services and legal representatin. This minimises the capacity fr IDPs t deal with their displacement. The verwhelming majrity (96%) f the IDP ppulatin reprted being registered with the Iraqi Ministry f Displacement and Migratin (MODM) r the Department f Displacement and Migratin (DDM) in Dahuk, with minimal variatin acrss gvernrates. Of thse registered with the MODM, 88% reprted that they had received the financial grant f ne millin Iraqi Dinar after registratin. On the ther hand, many IDP husehlds (16%) acrss Iraq reprted missing ther frms f civil dcumentatin. 5% f the IDP ppulatin were missing their fd ratin card, 4% their passprt and 3% their identificatin card. In additin, althugh the entry and residency dcumentatin plicy varies fr each gvernrate and has been subject t multiple changes in plicy at the brders, at the time f assessment a larger prprtin f IDPs in the KR-I had residency cmpared t the first MCNA in Octber Far fewer IDPs had residency in Dahuk (18%) and Sulaymaniyah (26%) than Erbil (62%). Dahuk als hsted the largest prprtin f IDPs withut any legal permissin t remain (76%), cmpared t 20% in Erbil and 17% in Sulaymaniyah. IDPs inside camps 6% f camp IDP husehlds had a female head f husehld. The majrity (73%) f female heads f husehlds in the camps are widwed. 10