VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Transcription

1 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN EGYPT

2 Cver Pht: Mahmud relies n fd vuchers frm WFP and financial assistance frm UNHCR t supprt his wife and daughter. UNHCR/Sctt Nelsn/Nvember 2014.

3 CONTENTS SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 04 Key findings 06 INTRODUCTION 08 Ratinale and Backgrund 08 Objectives 09 METHODOLOGY 10 Egypt s Vulnerability Assessment Advisry Grup 10 Ppulatin and sampling 10 EVAR questinnaire 12 Data cllectin 12 Data Analysis 12 Limitatins 13 DEMOGRAPHICS 14 Gegraphical distributin 14 Husehld size and cmpsitin 14 Heads f husehlds 16 Gvernrates f rigin 17 Specific needs 18 PROTECTION 20 Birth registratins 20 Safety, registratin and dcumentatin 20 Syrian refugee children at risk 22 Child labur 22 EDUCATION 24 Schl attendance 24 Primary schl 27 Children ut f schl 28 FOOD SECURITY 30 Fd cnsumptin 30 Fd expenditure 36 Cping strategies 37 Cnslidated apprach fr reprting indicatrs f fd security 39 Husehld characteristics assciated with fd insecurity 41 EXPENDITURE, INCOME AND VULNERABILITY 42 Expenditure 42 Expenditure breakdwn 44 Incme frm labur 46 Incme frm assistance 47 Incme frm remittances 48 Brrwing, savings and sale f assets 48 Asset depletin cping strategies 49 Debt 49 Vulnerability 50 Vulnerability by regin 50 Gender dynamics 51 Husehld size and dependency rati 52 LIVELIHOODS 54 Wrking individuals 54 Nn-wrking individuals 54 Emplyment by gvernrate 55 Emplyment by age grup 56 Wrking belw r ver the wrking age 57 Occupatin 57 Emplyment and level f educatin 57 Level f wrk satisfactin 58 ANNEX 1. EVAR QUESTIONS 60 LIST OF FIGURES 68 LIST OF TABLES 69 ACRONYMS 70 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 71

4 SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS Syrian refugees have sught safe haven in Egypt fr seven years, since the nset f war. There are nw 500,000 Syrians residing in Egypt accrding t gvernment estimates, and by large they have been treated fairly and with respect by the Egyptian gvernment and citizens. In December 2016, 116,013 Syrian refugees were registered with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). Nnetheless, the prtracted nature f the war, tgether with majr structural changes t Egypt s ecnmy have increased risk factrs fr refugees. Fllwing the implementatin f the recent ecnmic and financial refrms and the flatatin f the Egyptian Pund, inflatin in the verall Cnsumer Price Index reached 29.6 per cent at the beginning f Mrever, inflatin in the Fd Price Index reached a histric peak f 38.6 per cent, all f which led t increased pressures n husehlds t meet basic needs f fd and nnfd items. 1 The humanitarian assistance delivered is essential t address dramatic increases in the vulnerability f Syrian refugees. The findings f the 2016 Egypt Vulnerability Assessment (EVAR), a cmprehensive multi-sectr husehld-level survey f 23,345 Syrian refugee husehlds in Egypt, are presented in this reprt, which builds upn similar data cllected in 2014/2015 t prduce a lngitudinal perspective that allws fr the identificatin f imprtant patterns. The quantitative nature f the results are triangulated with qualitative data gleaned frm 59 fcus grup discussins undertaken as part f UNHCR s 2016 Participatry Assessment. Tgether, the data presented in this reprt permits humanitarian actrs t better identify vulnerabilities and capacities, understand the patterns and relatins between variables that affect vulnerability, and ultimately generate sustainable prgrammes that reduce vulnerability and increase the prtectin and self-reliance f refugees. This reprt demnstrates that challenges fr Syrian refugees in Egypt have increased since the nset f the crisis. Refugee husehld expenditures have increased significantly; persnal debt has increased; and financial assets have decreased. Fd cnsumptin and fd security are belw acceptable standards fr many refugee husehlds. In additin, the data indicates that difficulties Syrian refugees face in accessing frmal labur markets are a majr cntributr twards their increasing vulnerability. 1 Quarterly Labur Survey, CAPMAS. Razan (l) and Hadya (r) are learning hw t sew at Agamy Cmmunity Centre in Alexandria that trains refugees n new skills. UNHCR/ Sctt Nelsn/ December

5 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt 5

6 KEY FINDINGS DEMOGRAPHICS Over half f the Syrian refugee ppulatin resides in Greater Cair. The vast majrity arrived during 2012 and 2013, hwever, in 2016 the number f refugees arriving frm Syria mre than dubled frm the previus year at 16,698 peple. At the end f 2016, there were 116,013 Syrian refugees registered with UNHCR Egypt, with the male t female rati being rughly equal. The average husehld size is fur persns, with 20 per cent f husehlds being female-headed. RESIDENCE PERMITS T a great extent, Egyptian residence permits facilitate the lives f refugees by permitting access t basic and scial services, such as health care and educatin. Despite that, nly 49 per cent f Syrian refugees hld a valid residence permit, which is a wrrisme decrease frm 58 per cent the year befre. The permit's shrt validity perid f six mnths, delays caused by a cumbersme bureaucratic prcess, and the csts assciated with acquiring the permit including high transpratin csts frm the gvernrate f residence t Mgamma' were all identified by refugees as causal factrs leading t lw acquisitin and retentin rates. As such, UNHCR will cntinue its wrk in strengthening natinal capacity, enhancing supprt t btain birth certificates, advcating fr facilitating access t residence permits, cntinuing t prvide targeted supprt fr refugees and disseminating infrmatin abut the imprtance f permits. CHILDREN-AT-RISK The prtectin f children is a key pririty. By the end f 2016, a ttal f 678 children were identified as either unaccmpanied r separated frm their parents; while 137 children were expsed t early marriage. Additinally, 7 per cent f surveyed children were fund t be engaging in child labur, a large increase as cmpared t 2.7 per cent in Five per cent f these wrking children engage in high-risk, explitative, and/r illegal jbs as an emergency cping strategy. Half f the children wrking d nt attend schl. UNHCR is cmmitted t strengthening its already rbust child prtectin prgramming, which includes cmprehensive preventin and respnse services fr children and their families. EDUCATION Syrian refugees have full access t the Egyptian public educatin system n an equal fting as Egyptians. Eighty tw per cent f Syrian refugee children attend schl; f whm mre than 87 per cent attend public schls. Nnetheless, 18 per cent f children d nt attend schl n a regular basis, which is an increase frm 15 per cent in 2015, due t the cst f schling, lack f dcumentatin, and n-ging registratin issues. Given the challenges identified, which include reprts f discriminatin in schl, UNHCR will cntinue t facilitate peaceful cexistence interventins between refugee and hst cmmunities, while effrts at facilitating access and retentin f residence permits will strengthen access t educatin. FOOD SECURITY The Wrld Fd Prgramme (WFP) reprts that 15 per cent f Syrian refugees have fd cnsumptin levels that are far belw the minimum acceptable diet; and 29.8 per cent have brderline fd cnsumptin levels that barely meet their needs. This indicates that nearly half f the Syrian refugee ppulatin has pr fd cnsumptin r is vulnerable t having pr fd cnsumptin. Frty-nine 6

7 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt per cent f the ppulatin has lw r medium dietary diversity, which may be used as prxy indicatr f nutirent adequacy. Frty five per cent f the ppulatin is severely t mderately fd insecure, meaning that there are extreme t significant fd cnsumptin gaps and/r cping strategies fr meeting fd cnsumptin needs. WFP fd vuchers have a net psitive effect n fd security, but cntributing factrs rted in livelihd pprtunities must and will be addressed by UNHCR and its partners thrugh innvative self reliance prgrammes. INCOME, EXPENDITURES, GAPS, AND VULNERABILITIES Syrian refugee husehlds are dependent n multi-purpse cash grants and fd vuchers, with 52 per cent f the ppulatin receiving fd vuchers frm WFP, and 40 per cent receiving multi-purpse cash assistance frm UNHCR. This assistance represents 59 per cent f ttal husehld incme. Only 38 per cent f the surveyed ppulatin reprted t be ecnmically active, with large gender imbalances. Seventy eight per cent f the wrking males have regular wrk, as ppsed t 12 per cent amng females, f whm the majrity are self-emplyed. Mnthly per capita expenditures increased by 20 per cent in 2016 with fd and rent cmprising 80 per cent f ttal mnthly expenditures. In rder t address gaps in husehld cash flw, 86 per cent f husehlds brrw mney, which has resulted in 73 per cent f husehlds being in debt. Mre wrrying still is a significant decrease in savings and assets as cmpared t previus years, indicating that husehlds are depleting their resurces during their stay in Egypt. Overall, 51 per cent f Syrian refugee husehlds are severely vulnerable, with predicted expenditure per capita less than half the calculated Minimum Expenditure Basket (MEB). Almst 30 per cent f husehlds are highly vulnerable, with a predicted expenditure belw the MEB. LIVELIHOODS Of the entire wrking age refugee ppulatin, 62 per cent are nt wrking, signifying that nly 38 per cent f the ppulatin are ecnmically active. Amng the emplyed, 71 per cent f males, and 50 per cent f females are emplyed as manual laburers in the service and trades sectr, the largest sectr fr bth genders. A high number f Syrian refugees reprt being unable t find regular jbs due t a lack f emplyment pprtunities. Fr wmen, family respnsibilities and cultural traditins discurage them frm finding wrk. UNHCR and partners will cllect mre detailed infrmatin n cultural values and family respnsibilities in rder t generate culturally apprpriate livelihds respnses. Cncurrently, as reprted by Syrian refugees, family and cmmunity netwrks are the mst cmmn means f finding emplyment; hence, it is vital fr UNHCR and partners t supprt and augment these netwrks. 7

8 1 INTRODUCTION RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND The refugee situatin caused by ver seven years f cnflict in Syria is dire. Lebann, Jrdan, Iraq, Egypt, and Turkey hst clse t 4.8 millin registered Syrian refugees, and Syrians are seeking prtectin utside these cuntries as well. The Gvernment f Egypt (GE) estimates that there are arund 500,000 Syrians living in Egypt. At the end f December 2016, 116,013 Syrians were registered with UNHCR, f which 12,621 arrived in Egypt in Additinally, refugees and asylumseekers frm ver 65 cuntries, including Sudan, Ethipia, Eritrea, Smalia, Suth Sudan, Yemen, and Iraq are living in Egypt. This assessment cncentrates n Syrian refugees, currently the largest refugee cmmunity in Egypt. EVAR is a cmprehensive multi-sectr husehld level survey, which was develped by UNHCR in partnership with WFP, the United Natins Children's Fund (UNICEF), CARITAS Egypt, and CARITAS Alexandria. EVAR is managed by UNHCR Egypt with WFP cntributing t the fd security analysis. The purpse f the EVAR is t generate reliable and representative evidence n the demgraphic, prtectin, educatin, ecnmic, husing and cping strategies f Syrian refugee children and adults in Egypt. The EVAR prvides data that will be used by the humanitarian cmmunity t create sustainable, hlistic, and participatry interventins t imprve a multitude f prtectin interventins such as: prtectin assistance, educatin, fd cnsumptin, cash-based assistance, health, fd security, livelihds, and self-reliance. The prvisin f accurate data is essential t the successful develpment f prgrammatic interventins. In additin t an imprved understanding f the living cnditins f Syrian refugees in Egypt, a vital feature f the assessment therefre cnsists f identifying strategic and peratinal recmmendatins fr the prgrammatic planning and implementatin f the Syrian Refugee and Resilience plan fr 2017 and 2018 (3RP). 2 PURPOSE The 2016 assessment surveyed 23,345 husehlds and builds n data sets cllected in similar studies undertaken in the first cycle in The Sci-Ecnmic Assessment (SEA) undertaken in late 2014 surveyed 22,769 husehlds, including 98,902 individuals, representing almst 90 per cent f the registered Syrian refugee ppulatin. 3 The tw sets f data cllected since 2014 cntribute t a lngitudinal perspective which facilitates the identificatin f significant trends in vulnerability-related data such as detailed sciecnmic and fd security data, and prvides evidence and evaluative framewrks fr targeting prgrammes. The lngitudinal perspective additinally cntributes t an evlving analytic framewrk fr vulnerability, in particular regarding ecnmetric mdeling and sectr level mdels, and data prfiling. Finally, multi-year data sets facilitate the identificatin f areas where further data cllectin and analysis is necessary. The findings f this assessment must be understd within the cntext f a fluid Egyptian plitical and ecnmic discurse. Since Nvember 2016, there have been critical changes in the Egyptian ecnmic landscape with the initiatin f a majr ecnmic refrm prgramme, including the liberalizatin f the exchange rate, fiscal cnslidatin measures and refrms t the business envirnment, as well as the lifting f subsidies n fd, cnsumables, water, and electricity. Additinally, increasing living csts, verstretched services, and rising levels f unemplyment have a tw-fld negative impact n vulnerable Syrian refugees; first by directly increasing their ecnmic vulnerability, and secnd because f the pressure n the hspitality f Egyptian cmmunities, whse resurces are increasingly stretched. 2 3RP, Reginal Refugee & Resilience Plan in respnse t the Syria Crisis. 3 A fragile Refugee: A sci-ecnmic assessment f Syrian Refugees in Egypt, UNHCR April dcuments/details/

9 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt OBJECTIVES EVAR is an extensin f data cllected previusly ( ), and analysis has been cnducted by UNHCR and WFP (fd security). It is a cmprehensive multi-sectral husehld level survey that builds n previusly cllected data. EVAR aims t: a) Assess the general vulnerability and fd security situatin f the Syrian refugees in Egypt ne year after the last survey in 2015; b) Estimate the degree and type f vulnerability pertaining t the Syrian refugee ppulatin in Egypt; c) Update the vulnerability prfile f the Syrian refugee ppulatin t supprt targeting f the ppulatin in need, and; d) Identify areas where further data cllectin and analysis is necessary. This full-scale secnd assessment was cnducted in rder t identify and analyze the main changes in the living cnditins and the different types and levels f vulnerabilities f Syrian refugees in Egypt cmpared t the previus year, as well as trends and leading factrs that resulted in these changes. The study draws cnclusins and recmmendatins. The analysis f the reprt was carried ut by UNHCR fr the demgraphics, prtectin, educatin, incme, expenditure, vulnerability and cping strategies, and livelihds chapters while WFP cnducted analysis fr the fd security chapter. Abdel Hadi has recently pened sandwich shp in Agamy, Alexandria. UNHCR/Sctt Nelsn/December

10 2 METHODOLOGY EGYPT S VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT ADVISORY GROUP The EVAR Advisry Grup was established in early 2016 t imprve the assessment and analysis f the EVAR and prvide technical expertise and guidance n the applicatin f analysis t infrm assistance fr Syrian refugees in Egypt. The Advisry Grup is cmpsed f representatives frm UNHCR (Chair), WFP, UNICEF, CARITAS Cair, and CARITAS Alexandria, and plays a key rle in ensuring the participatin f multiple stakehlders, which creates a mre hlistic and rbust apprach t prject planning and implementatin. The Advisry Grup s main respnsibilities are t prvide feedback n the gals, bjectives, strategies, and the implementatin f the EVAR data cllectin prcess. Additinally, the Advisry Grup reviews and advises n multi-sectr vulnerability indicatrs and mdels, endrses the EVAR questinnaire, identifies and assists in addressing specific gaps r challenges requiring review, ensures that age and gender diversity are adequately represented and integrated, advises n the assessment implementatin, and ensures stakehlder accessibility t cllected data. POPULATION AND SAMPLING The EVAR was launched in April 2016 and was cmpleted in January During this perid, the assessment surveyed 23,345 Syrian refugee husehlds equal t 101,063 Syrian individuals. 4 The female-male rati is With regard t the female ppulatin, 22 per cent are under 18 years ld, 26 per cent are between 18 t 60 years ld, and nly 2 per cent are 60 years and abve. 4 A husehld is defined as an ecnmic unit, where resurces are pled and shared, and there is generally ne decisin maker fr all majr ecnmic decisins (especially regarding spending and saving). It shuld be nted, hwever, that living arrangements and familial relatins are nt part f the definitin f a husehld. As such, living in, r sharing the same space unit (same huse, same apartment), des nt necessarily entail being part f the same husehld; peple living tgether culd be part f different husehlds. Similarly, members f the same husehld may be relatives r nt. Amina and her husband are preparing Syrian fd in a rented small apartment where they established their fd business. UNHCR/ Hssam Hrus/January

11 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Figure 1. Percentage f questinnaires cmpleted per gvernrate Ppulatin Assessed Alexandria Alexandria Matruh El-beheira 87% 85% 83% Damietta 96% Delta Regin Dakahliya Gharbeya Kafr El Sheikh Sharkia 66% 73% 76% 85% Mnfiya 52% Greater Cair 6th f Octber Cair Giza Qalyubia 85% 81% 80% 79% Nrth Upper Egypt Menia Fayum Bani Suwaif 9% 12% 22% Qena 40% Suth Upper Egypt Assiut Luxr The Red Sea 17% 19% 21% Shag 5% Prt-said 87% Suez Canal Ismailia Suth Sinai Suez 16% 16% 56% Regarding the male ppulatin, 23 per cent are under 18 years ld, 24 per cent are between 18 and 60 years ld, while 3 per cent are 60 years and abve. Eighty-seven per cent f the UNHCR-registered Syrian refugee ppulatin participated in the EVAR. Figure 1 abve reflects the percentage f questinnaires cmpleted per gvernrate. Syrians that arrived in 2016 wh were registered with UNHCR until Nvember 2016 and were reachable are included in the assessment. Syrian refugees living in Suez and Upper Egypt were requested t cme t CARITAS ffice (nly thse able t d s are included). Very few Syrian refugees refused t participate. The fd security mdule assessment is implemented n a subset f the ttal number f registered Syrian refugees in Egypt. A sample f 3,545 husehlds frm Greater Cair, Alexandria, and Damietta were selected using stratified randm sampling, using three stratificatin criteria: (a) family size, (b) husehlds with and withut WFP assistance and, (c) gegraphic lcatin. The sampling frame includes nly districts with fairly large cncentratins f Syrian refugees, 100 refugee husehlds (with and withut fd vucher r multi-purpse cash assistance). The sample was develped using prprtinal randm sampling. The level f accuracy is 95 per cent, with a prevalence rate assumed f 50 per cent, and a 10 per cent nn-respnse rate. 11

12 EVAR QUESTIONNAIRE The questinnaire deplyed fr the 2014 and 2015 SEA was develped by UNHCR in cnsultatin with WFP, UNICEF, and Save the Children Internatinal (SCI), as well as with UNHCR Egypt s partner, CARITAS Egypt. Tgether, these stakehlders develped a standardized questinnaire based n similar assessments perfrmed by UNHCR in Lebann and Jrdan. In rder t imprve the first SEA and t ensure the effectiveness f the data t a range f stakehlders, the 2016 EVAR questinnaire was updated by UNHCR, WFP, and CARITAS based n lessns learned frm the SEA. The EVAR questinnaire addresses imprtant multi-sectr indicatrs, while aiming t limit the interview time t ne hur. It includes key infrmatin n husehld demgraphics, refugee s prfile n arrival, registratin infrmatin, prtectin and security cncerns, prductive assets, educatin levels, livelihds strategies, revenue and expenditures, fd cnsumptin, cping strategies, debts, and assistance prvided (See Annex 1 fr the EVAR questinnaire). The questinnaire als includes a sectin fr bservatins and referral t services fr the mst vulnerable by the enumeratrs. DATA COLLECTION CARITAS Cair and CARITAS Alexandria, UNHCR s partners, cnducted all assessments fr the EVAR. CARITAS cnducted hme-based assessments fr all husehlds in Alexandria and Damietta and 80 per cent f the assessments in Cair; the remaining assessments in Cair were cnducted at the CARITAS ffice in Nasr City, Cair. Office-based interviews were cnducted as an alternative t hme-based assessments in cases where hme visits were nt permitted due t security cncerns. Hme visits, althugh mre time cnsuming, allw fr the cllectin f mre data as they include bth respnses t questins as well as infrmatin cllected thrugh bservable indicatrs. Hme and ffice-based interviews were undertaken by a team f tw CARITAS enumeratrs (ne male and ne female). Interviewers were trained t ask the questins verbatim and be cnscius f aviding subjective interpretatin f bth questins and answers. In bth styles f interview, the tablet-based questinnaire was cmpleted by ne enumeratr, while the ther asked questins and cmpleted a paper frm. Results recrded n the tablet were crss-checked with the paperbased questinnaires by data reviewers, and checked fr cmpleteness, crrectness, integrity, and cnsistency accrding t data review guidelines shared by UNHCR. Where necessary, clarificatins were requested and crrectins were made accrdingly. The upladed data was then verified by an autmated sftware validatin tl designed by UNHCR t perfrm lgical checks and flag errrs in the data. Additinal qualitative data was cllected during UNHCR s Participatry Assessment cnducted in 2016 and January During the first tw mnths f 2016, UNHCR Egypt cnducted 59 meetings with varius grups f refugees and asylum-seekers based n gegraphical lcatin and natinality with the aim f gaining a deeper understanding f the challenges they face in Egypt. The Participatry Assessment emplyed the UNHCR Tl fr Participatry Assessment in Operatins. 5 Data was cllected thrugh semi-structured interviews with fcus grups t gain a brad array f cmmunity perspectives, and t create a frum fr refugees t bring t light any new cncerns r trends imprtant t their cmmunities. DATA ANALYSIS The analysis fllwed the analytic framewrk develped fr the assessment. This framewrk is based upn an ecnmetric mdel, the s-called pverty mdel that predicts husehlds mnthly expenditure, with welfare measured accrding t predicted expenditure per capita net f assistance received. Data has been crss-checked against the UNHCR PrGres 5 The UNHCR Tl fr Participatry Assessment in Operatins. Accessible n: unhcr-tl-participatry-assessment-peratins.html 12

13 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt database. 6 Husehld vulnerability is assessed against fur threshlds, designating severe, high, mild, and lw vulnerability. Thse husehlds in the severe and high-vulnerability grups are unable t meet the minimum expenditure basket (MEB) defined as the minimum quantities f basic fd and nn-fd items needed fr a Syrian husehld in Egypt t maintain a basic but dignified life. In additin t the MEB, the analysis in this reprt includes calculatins f indicatrs such as dependency rati, crwding index, fd cnsumptin scre, and cping strategies classificatin. In 2014, UNHCR Egypt develped the MEB fr Syrian refugees in Egypt, which is derived frm a series f fcus grup discussins with Syrian refugees t determine their main expenditures. This was fllwed by a market assessment in Alexandria, Cair, and Damietta t quantify the data. The MEB fr 2014 was calculated as EGP (USD 79) per persn per mnth. The MEB remained at the same level fr 2016 based n the Central Bank f Egypt s statistic and inflatin rates. Hwever, fllwing the devaluatin f the Egyptian Pund in late Nvember 2016, the MEB fr December nwards increased fr bth fd vuchers and multipurpse cash assistance. Fr the purpse f the analysis in the reprt, the MEB f EGP has been used, since the majrity f the data cllectin is based n the first 10 mnths f the year. Fr this purpse, UNHCR has adapted the fllwing vulnerability threshlds fr net expenditure per capita: Vulnerability Threshld Severe vulnerability High vulnerability Mild vulnerability Lw vulnerability Definitin < 50% f the MEB 51-99% f the MEB % f the MEB >150% f the MEB LIMITATIONS The majrity f data presented in this reprt is derived frm the Alexandria, Delta Regin, and Greater Cair Gvernrates, the gvernrates with the highest Syrian refugee ppulatins. In gvernrates with smaller numbers f refugees, such as thse in Upper Egypt and Suez, hme visits were nt cnducted. Rather, refugees were requested t visit the CARITAS ffice. Therefre, there are limits n the representative nature f the data fr thse gvernrates. The majrity f interviews (80 per cent) were cnducted thrugh husehld visits, and 20 per cent tk place at the ffices f CARITAS, either because the areas were nt secure enugh t visit, r refugees were living in distant gvernrates. This limited the ability t verify sme f the infrmatin cllected, since visual verificatin was nt feasible. Data cllected n refugees living in the mre distant gvernrates is under-represented, since nly 26 per cent f the husehlds were interviewed. There cntinues t be challenges with the definitin f the husehld. Refugees lives are ften in flux and the cnstitutin f husehlds changes ver time, ften with new members cming frm Syria. In ther cases, while families may share the same rf and fd, they functin as separate husehlds, managing their wn budget fr ther expenses. 6 PrGres is UNHCR s cmprehensive database fr individual and cntinuus registratin f asylum-seekers, refugees and ther persns f cncern t UNHCR. 13

14 3 DEMOGRAPHICS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Over half (56 per cent) f the Syrian refugee ppulatin in Egypt resides in the Greater Cair regin, with the majrity residing in 6 th f Octber City, Al Obur, and East Nasr city. Alexandria, Egypt s secnd largest city, hsts almst 21 per cent f the Syrian refugee ppulatin, while Damietta, in the Delta regin, hsts the third largest ppulatin f Syrian refugees representing 9 per cent f the ttal registered Syrian ppulatin in Egypt. Sharkia hsts 6 per cent f the ttal Syrian ppulatin, in particular in the 10 th f Ramadan City, an industrial area where refugees are able t find emplyment. See Map 1. Map 1. Syrians registered with UNHCR per gvernrate in Egypt Legend Syrians Registered with UNHCR Egypt 0-1,000 1,000-5,000 5,000-15,000 15,000-25,000 25,000-66,000 HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND COMPOSITION UNHCR Egypt started registering Syrian refugees fleeing the cnflict in Syria in The majrity f them arrived in Egypt in 2012 and Figure 2. Syrians registered with UNHCR by year f arrival 100, ,133 Ppulatin 800,00 600,00 400,00 50, , ,621 6,216 7,232 1, Year 14

15 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt At the end f December 2016, 116,013 Syrian refugees were registered with UNHCR Egypt. The registered ppulatin was cncentrated in the big urban areas, with 21,365 Individuals in Alexandria, Matruh and El- Beheira, 23,785 in the Delta regin, 67,140 in Greater Cair, and 3,723 individuals in Upper Egypt and the Suez Canal regin. The largest average Syrian refugee husehld size was recrded in Damietta, with 4.5 individuals per husehld, fllwed by Cair at 4.4 individuals, and Alexandria at 4 individuals per husehld. Acrss all regins, the average number f husehlds has 2.19 adults aged (18-60), 0.67 children aged (0-5), 1.25 children aged (6-16), and 0.21 elderly persns aged abve 60. The ppulatin pyramid graph (Figure 3) represents the Syrian refugee ppulatin s age distributin by gender. A stable female/male rati at 1:1 is demnstrated. Almst half the ppulatin is cmpsed f adults f wrking age (18-60), while 47 per cent f the ppulatin is cmpsed f children 17 years ld and belw. Five per cent f the ppulatin is abve 60 years. Mst Syrian refugees live in urban areas, with 91 per cent living in apartments, f whm 55 per cent are renting an unfurnished apartment. Only 0.5 per cent f the Syrian refugees wn their wn apartment. Arund 7 per cent f Syrian husehlds reprted that they are nt paying any rent. Figure 3. Age distributin by gender 60+ 2% 3% % 3% % 8% % 11% Age % 3% % 3% % 13% 0-5 6% 6% 10% 5% 5% 10% Female Male 15

16 HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS Over 90 per cent f husehlds are headed by an adult aged between 18 and 60 years ld while 8 per cent are headed by an adult aged 60 and abve and 0.4 per cent f husehlds are headed by unaccmpanied children. Twenty per cent f husehlds are headed by a female and 80 per cent are husehlds headed by a male. There is n significant difference in the level f educatin between male and female heads f husehlds. Thirty tw per cent f female-headed husehlds cmpleted secndary educatin r abve cmpared t 30 per cent f male-headed husehlds. Table 2. Level f educatin f female and male-headed husehlds Level f Educatin Female Male Higher Educatin 10% 11% Technical 3% 4% Secndary 19% 15% Preparatry 29% 29% Primary 32% 37% Nne /KG 7% 4% Hala draws Mandala as a hbby and wants t turn int a career. UNHCR/ David Degner/March

17 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt GOVERNORATES OF ORIGIN Syrian refugees residing in Egypt riginate mainly frm Damascus and its rural suburbs, representing 32 per cent and 30 per cent f the ppulatin respectively. Syrian refugees cming frm Alepp represent abut 14.5 per cent, fllwed by 12.6 per cent frm Hms (see Map 2). Syrian refugees frm these regins settle in all urban areas in Egypt as reflected in Figure 4. Map 2.Gvernrates f rigin fr Syrian refugees in Egypt Legend Ppulatin ,641 1,641-5,485 5,485-17,163 17,163-38,055 17

18 Figure 4. Areas f settlement by area f rigin in Syria Rular Damascus 6th Octber Sharkia Lattakia Hms Cair Hama Dar a Giza Qalyubia Damascus Alexandria Mnfiya Alepp Dakahliya Damietta Syria Egypt SPECIFIC NEEDS Fr the purpse f this reprt, the term specific needs refers t husehld members reprting t have smene with (i) a physical r mental disability, (ii) chrnic illness, (iii) temprary illness r injury, (iv) single parent r, (v) children under lng-term mental r physical treatment. 7 The mst cmmnly identified specific need is related t disability. Furteen per cent f surveyed husehlds reprt having a member in their husehld with a disability and 4 per cent f assessed individuals reprt being disabled. This includes physical and mental disabilities (60 per cent), hearing impairments (14 per cent), sight impairments (18 per cent), and speech impairments (8 per 7 The reprted levels f medical need and disability are self-reprted by the refugees and are nt necessarily clinically diagnsed. Enumeratrs were nt trained t assess medical and disability needs, and health prfessinals did nt verify reprted challenges. 18

19 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Mhamed prvides many restaurants in Alexandria with vens and ther kitchen equipment. UNHCR/Hssam Hrus/Nvember cent). Having a chrnic illness is reprted by 9 per cent f the ppulatin, and 3 per cent f the ppulatin identify as a single parent. Imprtantly, accrding t the assessment, 4.4 per cent f the ppulatin aged under 18 (1012 children) underg lng-term medical treatment. HEALTH ACCESS AND UTILIZATION A Health Access and Utilizatin Survey (HAUS) 8 cnducted by UNHCR in 2016 fr Syrian refugees shws that refugees have a very high health care utilizatin rate. Hwever, knwledge f their right t free r subsidized health care at gvernmental facilities is lw. As such, while their health care seeking behaviur is very high, it is als very cstly, being reliant mainly (64 per cent) n private dctrs, clinics, and hspitals. Gvernmental facilities are less regularly utilized, with nly 18 per cent f the Syrians frequenting these facilities. This is despite having t pay six times mre fr private services. Nearly three quarters f all families spend an average f 735 Egyptian punds per mnth n health care, with the highest bills attributed t private clinics and hspitals. The HAUS als reveals that 39 per cent f surveyed families self-reprted nn-cmmunicable diseases, with hypertensin, diabetes, and heart disease tpping the list. UNHCR and partners, with the supprt f the Ministry f Health and Ppulatin (MHP), are wrking t imprve the quality f public health services ffered at the primary health care level. Furthermre, UNHCR and partners engage actively with cmmunities t influence their health-seeking behaviur t shift it twards the utilizatin f public health facilities, rather than expensive private health clinics. Cmmunity health utreach prgrammes als cntribute t enhancing health awareness and increased demand fr MHP primary preventative health care services. 8 UNHCR, Health Access and Utilizatin Survey amng Syrian Refugees- Egypt. UNHCR. 19

20 34 PROTECTION The Arab Republic f Egypt is signatry t the 1951 Refugee Cnventin and its 1967 Prtcl, as well as the reginal OAU 1969 Refugee Cnventin. The 1954 MU signed between the GE and UNHCR delegates the registratin, dcumentatin and refugee status determinatin prcedures t UNHCR. BIRTH REGISTRATIONS Registering births with the apprpriate authrities in the cuntry f birth and eventually f natinality is bth a legal bligatin and an imprtant prtectin tl. A birth certificate is an fficial dcument that establishes the existence f the child under the law. Failing t register the birth may have lng lasting cnsequences n the life f the child, including the enjyment f rights and related services, and risking the perils f statelessness. Out f the 4,803 children brn in Egypt, nly the parents f 988 children respnded t the questin n whether their child has a birth certificate. Out f these, 97 per cent f the children were reprted t have a birth certificate. The interviewers did n verificatin. The UNHCR PrGres database shws that 2,470 Syrian refugee children were brn in Of these 2016 newbrns, 83 per cent have a birth certificate and 93 per cent have a birth certificate r birth ntificatin frm the hspital. SAFETY, REGISTRATION AND DOCUMENTATION Syrian refugees registered with UNHCR receive an asylum-seeker card, als knwn as a yellw card, which is valid fr 18 mnths. This card is an imprtant prf f registratin with UNHCR and can facilitate access t a residence permit. The Immigratin Department f Egypt is respnsible fr the issuance and extensin f residence permits, which are valid fr a six-mnth perid. The shrt duratin f the dcument as well as delays related t the bureaucratic prcess have been identified as prblematic by asylum-seekers and refugees during the annual participatry assessments cnducted in 2016 and The EVAR demnstrates that 49 per cent f Syrian refugees have a valid residence permit cmpared t 58 per cent in the year befre. Sme Syrian refugees (36 per cent) acquired a residence permit in rder t access educatinal facilities, as Syrian children require bth a valid residence permit as well as an asylum-seeker card (e.g. the UNHCR registratin dcument) r a Syrian passprt in rder t enrl in public schls. Other reasns fr acquiring a residence permit include: the need t frmalize the stay in Egypt, t access basic and scial services, t secure an exit clearance ut f Egypt withut irregular r late stay penalties, and by means f indicating where ne was upn return t the cuntry f rigin. The lack f valid legal residence permits cntinues t be a prtectin cncern and UNHCR cntinues t infrm refugees abut the imprtance f residency acquisitin and timely renewals. Challenges related t the prcess including travel expenses fr refugees living utside Cair precludes many refugees frm applying fr the permits. UNHCR cntinues t advcate n behalf f refugees and prvides supprt where bstacles are faced in the issuing f residence permits. Accrding t UNHCR PrGres data, the number f Syrian refugees appraching UNHCR fr registratin increased frm 4,262 in 2015 t 12,097 in This includes 3,119 Syrians that had been in Egypt befre. Cncurrently, the number f Syrian refugees spntaneusly returning back t Syria frm Egypt decreased frm 521 in 2015 t 295 in It is imprtant t take nte that this data nly reflects thse that have infrmed UNHCR f their return t Syria. 20

21 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Syrian refugees wrk in making furniture inside a factry wrkshp in New Damietta. UNHCR/Sctt Nelsn/September PHYSICAL SAFETY The Participatry Assessments cnducted in 2016 revealed that street insecurity is the mst severe prtectin prblem identified by refugees. Eighty five per cent f participants frm different age grups and natinalities, including Syrians, reprted experiencing incidents in Greater Cair s streets such as: verbal and physical harassment, insults, threats, abductin, kidnapping, rbbery, extrtin, mugging, miscellaneus attacks, lting, and rape attempts. These acts f vilence nt nly represent a degree f discriminatin (gender, age, religin, natinality), which refugees have t cntend with n a daily basis, but als imply the necessity f interacting with plice t address the acts, which refugees indicate is difficult and cntentius. Alng with the security threats related t street insecurity, wmen and children face prblems directly related t their physical safety. Yung Syrian girls and wmen reprt f sexual harassment while using public transprtatin, taxies, and rickshaw vehicles, by drivers r ther passengers. 21

22 SYRIAN REFUGEE CHILDREN AT RISK The prtectin f children remains a key pririty, and UNHCR Egypt wrks hard t address the immediate and lnger-term needs f Syrian refugee children. Accrding t the UNHCR PrGres database (end f 2016), amng children at risk, 678 were either unaccmpanied r separated frm their parents. UNHCR child prtectin prgramming fcuses in particular n the strengthening f the prtectin f vulnerable children thrugh a cmprehensive preventin and respnse service including case management, specialized and nn-specialized cmmunity-based prtectin services, awareness raising and utreach t the cmmunity, and strengthening f natinal child prtectin systems and capacity building. Best interest prcedures remain a key interventin tl t prevent, identify, and address child prtectin needs and assciated risks affecting the mst vulnerable, in particular thse expsed t vilence, abuse, neglect, and explitatin. In 2016, UNHCR als identified 137 Syrian children (eight were males) wh had been expsed t early marriage. Early marriage is a frm f sexual and gender-based vilence (SGBV) and nce identified, UNHCR and partners prvide cunselling t child spuses and families, and fllw-up in an attempt t mitigate additinal risks. UNHCR and partners are rlling ut preventin activities t prevent early marriage in accrdance with the Gvernment f Egypt s strategy fr cmbating childhd marriages. CHILD LABOUR The fragile ecnmic situatin in Egypt has impacted the already limited access f refugees t the frmal emplyment market, and has resulted in the increase f families expsed t the risk f pverty and their subsequent reliance upn humanitarian assistance. With limited sustainable emplyment pprtunities fr adult family members, families have plunged deeper int pverty, and children ften feel cmpelled t find wrk t supprt and sustain their families. This ften leaves children susceptible t abuse, vilence, and explitatin as they engage in hazardus frms f labur in the infrmal sectr and subsequently drp ut f schl. The assessment demnstrates that 7 per cent f children reprted invlvement in child labur (see Figure 5). Out f the wrking children ppulatin, the majrity are bys and nly 3 per cent are girls. Sixty-tw per cent f wrking children are bys between 15 and 18. The number f children invlved in child labur increased frm 2.7 per cent in 2014/2015 t 7 per cent in the 2016 EVAR. Five per cent f children invlved in child labur are engaged in high-risk, explitative, and/r illegal jbs as an emergency cping strategy. Half f wrking children d nt attend schl at all. Figure 5. Child labur per age categry 100% 90% 0.1% 1.1% 0.4% 12.4% 1.1% 33.8% Wrking Nn-wrking 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 99.9% 98.9% 996% 87.6% 98.9% 66.2% 0% Female Male Female Male Female Male Belw Age 22

23 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Children mainly wrk in restaurants, in retails, r as manufacturing laburers in factries (see Figure 6). Five percent wrk in the street. Sixty-three percent f wrking children reprt wrking mre than 43 hurs per week, 28 per cent reprt wrking between 14 and 43 hurs per week, while 9 per cent reprt wrking less than 14 hurs per week. The wrking cnditins (Figure 7) are very pr, with many children being expsed t dangerus activities under difficult circumstances. Figure 6. Types f child labur 6% 5% 14% 30% 19% 26% In a shp Unspecified In a factry In a restaurant Other In the street Figure 7. Child labur hazards 6% 5% 3% 8% 38% 9% 15% 16% Carrying heavy lads Expsure t extreme heat r humidity Expsure t dust, fume r gas Wrking with dangerus tls Cllecting r srting garbage Expsure t lud nise r vibratins Expsure t harassment Others UNHCR and partners prvide cunseling and supprt fr children and families engaged in child labur including referral t case management, medical assistance, cash-based interventins, psychscial supprt, and cmmunity-based prtectin activities. 23

24 35 EDUCATION EDUCATION Syrian refugees in Egypt have access t the Egyptian public educatin system. In rder t enrl in public schls, Syrian children require either a UNHCR registratin card r a Syrian passprt, and must als have a valid Egyptian residence permit. Syrians have been granted access t higher educatin, althugh current requirements fr admissin remain an bstacle fr many students as they are requested t submit a secndary schl certificate t enrl in Egyptian universities. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE The public educatin system in Egypt cnsists f fur levels: kindergarten (three years) fr children aged three t five years ld, primary schl (six years) fr thse aged six t 11 years f age, preparatry schl (three years) fr thse aged 12 t 14 years, and secndary schl (three years) fr thse aged 15 t 17 years. Accrding t EVAR data, 26 per cent f Syrian refugee children between the age f three and five years ld attend kindergarten. The percentage f enrlment at the age f three is just under 10 per cent; it increases t 22 per cent at fur years ld, and by the age f five it reaches 41 per cent. The percentage f children attending schl peaks between the ages f eight and 11, with an enrlment rate exceeding 90 per cent. These rates start t drp as f 12 years ld and cntinue t drp precipitusly until it reaches 52 per cent enrlment as f age 17 (Figure 8). Figure 8. Percentage f children attending schl frm 8 t 17 years ld 100% 90% 80% 36.1% 12.5% 10.0% 7.6% 8.8% 8.2% 11.4% 12.4% 19.1% 28.5% 37.6% 47.8% N Yes 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 63.9% 87.5% 90.0% 92.4% 91.2% 91.8% 88.6% 87.6% 80.9% 71.5% 62.4% 52.2% 0% In ttal, 81 per cent f Syrian refugee children under 18 years ld attend schl. Slightly mre girls (82 per cent) attend schl as cmpared t 80 per cent f bys (Table 3). 24

25 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Five-year-ld Alaa attends preschl class at Agyal Nursery in Alexandria. UNHCR/Sctt Nelsn/December

26 Table 3. Number f children under 18 years attending schl. Attending Schl Female Male Out f schl 18% 20% Ging t schl 82% 80% Reginally, Sharkia is the gvernrate with the highest percentage f schl-age children attending schl with 92 per cent. Mnfiya fllws with 91 per cent. In terms f children nt attending schl, the gvernrates with the highest number f ut-f-schl children are Giza (26 per cent), fllwed by Cair (25 per cent), Qalyubia (23 per cent), and Alexandria (22 per cent) (Figure 9). Figure 9. Percentage f children between 6 and 17 years in and ut f schl 100% 80% 60% 40% 7.7% 92.2% 22.6% 77.4% 8.8% 91.1% 15.4% 84.5% 25.5% 74.4% 15.5% 84.4% 16.6% 83.3% 75.2% 24.8% 78.3% 21.6% 15.4% 84.5% N Yes 20% 0% Sharkia Qalyubia Mnfiya Matruh Giza Damietta Dakahliya Cair Alexandria 6th f Octber Eighty seven per cent f surveyed Syrian refugees use their right t educatin t access natinal public schls. Furthermre, 9 per cent f surveyed Syrian children wh are attending schl attend Syrian cmmunity schls. Fur per cent attend private schls, f which nly 0.26 per cent attend private special needs schls. Reginally, the areas with the highest number f Syrian refugee children attending Syrian cmmunity schls are Qalyubia (24 per cent) and 6 th f Octber City (18 per cent). Giza has the highest percentage f students (17 per cent) attending private schls, fllwed by Cair (12 per cent), and Alexandria (5 per cent) (Figure10). Figure 10. Type f schl attended by Syrian refugee children between 6 and 18 years % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0.1% 2.8% 0.0% 18.2% 78.8% 1.9% 0.1% 5.4% 0.1% 92.7% 0.9% 0.4% 1.2% 0.2% 97.3% 4.7% 0.1% 0.3% 82.4% 12.4% 0% 1.7% 0.1% 24.2% 73.9% 4.5% 0.1% 2.1% 0.1% 93.2% 1.9% 0.1% 1.4% 0% 96.6% 6th f Octber Alexandria Damietta Cair Qalyubia Sharkia Dakahliya 2.5% 0.6% 0.2% Giza 80.2% 16.6% 0% 0% 0.6% 0% Mnfiya 99.4% 0.4% 0% 2.9% 0% 96.7% Matruh Cmmunity Schl Private Schl fr Special need children Public Schl Private Schl Public Schl fr Special need children %5 %6

27 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt PRIMARY SCHOOL The attendance rate fr refugee children in primary schl between the ages f 6-14 years is 85 per cent. Refugee children in schl face a myriad f challenges t advance at the same rate as their lcal classmates. Elevated standards at Egyptian schls present difficulties fr Syrian refugees as des the Egyptian dialect and curriculum, tgether with vercrwded classrms. Figure 11 demnstrates that 70 per cent f children aged between 12 and 14, wh are expected t be in preparatry schl, are still attending primary schl. This may perhaps be attributed t having had t flee their hmes and thus nt attending schl fr a number f years. This figure decreases t 46 per cent by the age f 13, and drps t 25 per cent at the age f 14. The percentage f males and females attending primary schl is almst the same with 85 per cent fr males and almst 86 per cent fr females. Figure 11. Age f children at primary and preparatry schl 100% 0.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 4.5% Preparatry Educatin Primary 80% 28.0% 54.0% 60% 40% 100.0% 99.5% 99.3% 99.4% 99.3% 95.5% 72.0% 20% 25.6% 46.0% 74.4% 0% Age The results f UNHCR s participatry assessment (2016) shwed mixed views n the educatinal pprtunities available t Syrian refugees. The verall perceptin f refugees is that while access t educatin is granted in principle, many de fact barriers still remain, which deprive refugees and asylum-seekers frm accessing educatinal pprtunities. Barriers include the lack f dcumentatin that prevents Syrian children frm enrling in schls, and husehlds limited financial resurces, which is the main cnstraint hindering children s ability t attend schl. Anther bstacle uncvered during the fcus grup discussins in 2016 relates t perceived prtectin issues in cmmunity schls as they are ften lcated in neglected neighburhds that may expse children t harassment n their way t and frm schl. SECONDARY SCHOOL The verall secndary schl attendance rate fr Syrian children aged 15 t 17 is 62 per cent. Taking int accunt that 68 per cent f children aged 15 attend preparatry schl rather than secndary schl, the number f children enrlled in secndary schl is lw. This percentage decreases t 51 per cent at the age f 16, yet the lag persists until the age f 18 with almst 30 27

28 per cent f yung adults pursuing studies in preparatry schl. Attendance in technical schls is extremely lw (Figure 12). The attendance rate f bys in secndary educatin is 60 per cent, which is slightly less than girls (65 per cent). Figure 12. Level f schl fr children in the ages frm 15 until 18 years 100% 80% 0.3% 21.1% 0.7% 1.2% 2.2% Technical Secndary Preparatry 60% 45.2% 65.6% 67.6% 40% 78.6% 20% 54.1% 33.2% 30.2% 0% Age CHILDREN OUT OF SCHOOL Fr the 19 per cent f the children wh are ut f schl, a number f challenges exist. The cst f educatin is the number ne reasn parents dn t send their children t schl. Difficulties with schl registratin affects 22 per cent f children, and the lack f a valid residence permit affects 19 per cent f children. These reasns affect girls and bys equally. Figure 13. Reasns fr nt attending schl 6% 6% 17% 30% High educatin cst Onging registratin Lack f dcumentatin Other High transprtatin cst Unaware f registratin prcedures 19% 22% Of the 19 per cent f children nt attending schls, there is a direct crrelatin between the cst f schl and attendance rates in relatin t the fur vulnerability grups identified in the EVAR. Nn-attendance fr thse in the severe and high vulnerability grups is ver 70 per cent and 24 per cent respectively. In the mild and lw vulnerability grups, these numbers drp significantly t 5 per cent and 1 per cent respectively. In ttal, 94 per cent f thse children nt attending schl are in the severe and high vulnerability grups (Table 4). 28

29 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Table 4. Out f schl percentages per vulnerability categry Pverty Threshlds Ttal Lw Vulnerability 1% Mild Vulnerability 5% High Vulnerability 24% Severe Vulnerability 70% PROMOTIONAL EDUCATION GRANTS Fr the schl year 2015/2016, UNHCR and its educatin partner, Cathlic Relief Services (CRS), assisted 18,108 Syrian refugee children enrlled in public schls with educatin grants t prmte access t educatin. The educatin grants cntribute t schl fees, schl unifrms, bks, statinery, and transprtatin. Each student receives 1,400 Egyptian Punds. The first installment f the grant is disbursed at the beginning f the schl year while the secnd and final installments are received upn presenting attendance recrds prvided by the schl administratin. This requirement aims t imprve attendance rates amngst refugee students. Children frm destitute families wh, even with the grant prvided, are unable t affrd t pay their schl fees, may access additinal supprt n a case-bycase basis (additinally assistance ranges between 500 and 900 EGP depending n needs). Additinally, 109 children with special needs are supprted with educatin grants t cver their expenses in special needs schls. Syrian refugee children attend a Mntessri class at the Al Watan Schl in Cair. UNHCR/Sctt Nelsn/December

30 36 FOOD SECURITY 9 This sectin prvides a brief verview f the fd security status f Syrian refugees in Egypt with a fcus n husehld access t fd. The analysis is based n data cllected during September t December 2016, fr a sub-sample f 3,540 husehlds. Rising inflatin in Egypt presents an n-ging risk factr fr vulnerable peple s access t fd. Inflatin in the Fd Price Index reached a histric peak f 38.6 per cent, thus increasing pressures n husehlds t meet their basic needs f fd and nn-fd items. 10 Fd is, hwever, generally available in markets, with the exceptin f brief shrtages in a few key cmmdities such as sugar, rice, and il. A sizeable prprtin f the refugee ppulatin is reliant n assistance frm WFP, UNHCR, and ther NGOs, and withut this assistance, a large percentage f husehlds will experience increasing challenges in meeting their essential needs. This chapter prvides an verview f husehld access t fd, including the Fd Cnsumptin Scre (FCS), dietary diversity scre, the frequency f adpting cping strategies, expenditure n fd, and the cnslidated apprach fr reprting indicatrs f fd security (CARI). FOOD CONSUMPTION Figure 14. Fd cnsumptin amngst Syrian refugees in Egypt 15% 55% 30% Pr (0-28) Brderline (28-42) Acceptable (42 and abve) The frequency f husehld fd cnsumptin 11 f varius fd grups 12 can be assessed using the FCS, which is a cmpsite scre based n dietary diversity, fd frequency, and relative nutritinal imprtance f different fd grups. Based n the analysis, husehlds are classified int three fd cnsumptin grups, pr, brderline, and acceptable. The results f the EVAR sub sample shw that nearly 15 per cent f Syrian refugee husehlds have pr fd cnsumptin (far belw the minimum acceptable diet), 29.8 per cent have brderline cnsumptin levels, which barely meets their needs 13 and 55 per cent have acceptable fd cnsumptin (Figure 14). This indicates that nearly half the Syrian refugee ppulatin has pr fd cnsumptin r is vulnerable t having pr fd cnsumptin Fr this chapter, data is based n a subset f the ttal EVAR sample, analysis was cnducted by WFP. 10 Quarterly Labur Survey, CAPMAS. 11 Fd frequency, in this cntext, is defined as the frequency (in terms f days f cnsumptin ver a reference perid) that a specific fd item r fd grup is eaten at the husehld level. 12 Fd grup is defined as a gruping f fd items that have similar calric and nutrient cntent. 13 The fd cnsumptin scre (FCS) f a husehld is calculated by multiplying the frequency f fds cnsumed in the last seven days with the weighting f each fd grup. The weighting f fd grups has been determined by WFP accrding t the nutritin density f the fd grup. The sum f the scres is then used t determine the FCS. The ttal scres are then cmpared t pre-established threshlds: Pr fd cnsumptin: 0 t 28, Brderline fd cnsumptin: 28.5 t 42, Acceptable fd cnsumptin: > Furthermre, n excluding eggs which in many ther cases in the regin were fund t verestimate husehld cnsumptin f animal prtein, we find that 12.8% f husehlds with acceptable fd cnsumptin slip int the brderline categry which in this case increases t 36.4%. 30

31 Fifty-year-ld Mazez serves dinner fr her family in their rented apartment in a neighbrhd in 6 th f Octber City. UNHCR/Shawn Baldwin/May UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt 31

32 Alexandria There are sizeable differences in fd cnsumptin scres per gvernrate (Figure 15). Husehlds in Alexandria have a higher prevalence f pr fd cnsumptin cmpared t Cair, Giza, and Qalyubia. Generally, mre than 50 per cent f husehlds with pr fd cnsumptin are lcated in Alexandria. 15 Cncurrently, Alexandria hsts apprximately 23 per cent f husehlds in the brderline fd cnsumptin categry, fllwed by Qalyubia (19.8 per cent), Cair (18.3 per cent), and 6 th f Octber City (17.6 per cent). Figure 15. Fd cnsumptin grups in six gvernrates 100% 90% 80% 32.8% 39.4% Acceptable (42- and abve) Brderline (28-42) Pr (0-28) % f hsehlds 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 65.9% 20% 10% 0% 6 th f Octber Qalyubia 59.5% Cair Giza Damietta 61.4% 68.2% 31.0% 46.9% 9.7% 24.4% 11.0% 29.6% 8.5% 30.1% 5.4% 26.5% 36.3% 13.7% Figure 16. Gegraphic distributin f Syrian refugees with pr and acceptable brderline fd cnsumptin Acceptable (42 and abve) 26.9% 19.3% 22.0% 13.1% 13.0% 5.6% Brderline (28-42) Pr (0-28) 18.3% 17.6% 19.8% 9.4% 22.6% 12.3% 3.7% 14.2% 12.7% 10.9% 51.6% 7.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cair Giza % f Husehlds 6th f Octber Alexandria Qalyubia Damietta 15 The drawn sample fr Alexandria represents 21.8 % f the ttal sample whereas its share f the fd pr ppulatin is 52%. 32

33 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Cereals, ils, vegatables, and sugars are the fur mst frequently cnsumed fds fr all grups, hwever, the pr and brderline fd cnsumptin grups tend t cnsume less f all fd grups cmpared t husehlds with acceptable fd cnsumptin. The variance is larger when it cmes t micrnutrient-rich fds and prtien-rich fds like meat, dairy, pulses, and fruits (Figure 17). Half f the surveyed husehlds did nt cnsume meat during the reference perid, 87 per cent had n fish, 20 per cent had n eggs, 58 per cent had n fruits, and 68 per cent did nt cnsume vitamin A-rich vegetables. Figure 17. Fd cnsumptin pattern per fd cnsumptin grup Pr (0-28) Brderline (28-42) Acceptable (42 and abve) Number f Days Cereals Oil Vegetables Sugar Pulses Milk Meat, fish, and eggs Fruits The average frequency rates cnceal that a siginficant prprtin f the refugees did nt cnsume animal prtein, fruits r vegetables rich in vitamin A during the reprting perid; 49.7 per cent f surveyed husehlds did nt cnsume meat, 87 per cent had n fish, 20.2 per cent had n eggs, 57.5 per cent had n fruits and 68.2 per cent did nt cnsume Vitamin A-rich vegetables. This deprivatin increases further amngst husehlds unassissted by WFP fd vuchers as shwn in Figure 18. A grup f Syrian ladies established "Better Tmrrw" initiative that cllects fd and cash dnatins t vulnerable families living in Alexandria. UNHCR/ Sctt Nelsn/December

34 Figure 18. Husehlds nt cnsuming nutrient-rich fds 100% Husehlds wh did nt cnsume fish during the refrence perid 100% Husehlds wh did nt cnsume meat during the refrence perid % f hsehlds 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 81.8% Assisted by WFP 89.7% Nt Assisted by WFP % f hsehlds 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 35.3% Assisted by WFP 58.6% Nt Assisted by WFP Husehlds wh did nt cnsume milk during the refrence perid Husehlds wh did nt cnsume fruits during the refrence perid 100% 100% % f hsehlds 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 11.5% Assisted by WFP 23.3% Nt Assisted by WFP % f hsehlds 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 55.5% Assisted by WFP 58.7% Nt Assisted by WFP 100% Husehlds wh did nt cnsume eggs during the refrence perid 100% Husehlds wh did nt cnsume Vit A-Rich Veg during the refrence perid 80% 80% % f hsehlds 60% 40% 20% 0% 17.4% Assisted by WFP 21.9% Nt Assisted by WFP % f hsehlds 60% 40% 20% 0% 63.1% Assisted by WFP 73.3% Nt Assisted by WFP 34

35 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt The fd cnsumptin patterns f children aged 6-24 mnths shws that husehlds rely mainly n cereals and milk t feed their infants. The majrity f surveyed infants had grains (62 per cent), and dairy prducts (71 per cent) during the reference perid f the survey. Thirty per cent f infants had eggs, 15.6 per cent had vegetables rich in vitamin A, while merely 5.2 per cent cnsumed meat during the reference perid. During the reference perid f the survey, abut 23 per cent f husehlds had lw dietary diversity 16 (i.e. their diet is based n fds frm 4.5 r less fd grups) while 26 per cent had medium dietary diversity (i.e. cnsumed fds frm 5-6 fd grups), and the rest had highly diversified fd cnsumptin patterns. Husehlds with pr r brderline fd cnsumptin are mre likely t have lw r medium dietary diversity, cmpared t thse with acceptable fd cnsumptin (Figures 19, 20). Figure 19. Dietary diversity pattern f fd cnsumptin grups % f hsehlds 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 21.6% 3.3% 75.1% Pr FC 39.7% 32.8% 27.6% Brder line FC 6.2% 19.5% 74.2% Acceptable FC Lw Dietary Diversity Medium Dietary Diversity High Dietary Diversity Figure 20. Distributin f Syrian refugees by dietary diversity grups Lw (Less than 4.5) 23% High (6 r mre) 51% Medium (4-5-6) 26% The prevalence f pr and mderate dietary diversity varies acrss gvernrates. Alexandria has the highest prevelance f husehlds with pr dietary diversity (25.5 per cent), fllwed by 6 th f Octber City (21.5 per cent), while Damietta has the lwest prevelance f pr dietary diversity (5.4 per cent) (Figure 21). 16 Dietary diversity is defined as the number f different fds r fd grups eaten ver a reference time perid, nt regarding the frequency f cnsumptin. 35

36 Figure 21. Dietary diversity acrss selected gvernrates 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 58.5% 23.1% 18.4% 52.0% 26.6% 21.5% 56.3% 26.8% 17.0% 57.2% 25.7% 17.1% 36.1% 38.3% 25.5% 5.4% High (6 r mre) Medium (4.5-6) Lw (less than 4.5) 10% 0% Cair 6th f Octber Qalyubia Giza Alexandria Damietta 71.8% 22.7% The ANOVA and Chi-square tests indicate that husehlds receiving assistance frm WFP are less likely t have pr fd cnsumptin (Figure 22). Figure 22. Fd cnsumptin f husehlds with and withut WFP Assistance Husehlds that received WFP assistance Husehlds that did nt received WFP assistance 12% 18% 28% 52% 60% 30% Pr (0-28) Brderline (28-42) Acceptable (42 and abve) FOOD EXPENDITURE The tw main surces fr buying fd were husehld wn cash and WFP fd vuchers, yet the reliance n wn cash was higher. The fd vuchers are used in WFP-cntracted shps and are mainly used fr purcashing il, sugar, pulses, milk, meat, and eggs, rather than vegetables, fruits, and cereals. Husehlds buy the latter frm bakeries and vegetable shps instead f the WFP cntracted shps. 36

37 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt The share f expenditure n fd is cmmnly used as a prxy indicatr that measures husehld ecnmic vulnerability. Using this indicatr, husehlds are based n the share f ttal expenditures directed t fd. The higher the share f categrized expenditure n fd, the mre ecnmically vulnerable husehlds are assumed t be. 17 Figure 23 shws that 90 per cent f the severely fd insecure spend 75 per cent r mre f their ttal expenditure n fd alne, while 86 per cent f the fd secure spend less than 50 per cent f their ttal expenditure n fd. Figure 23. Share f expenditure n fd Severely fd secure 3.2%3.2% 93.6% Mderately fd secure 48.5% 34.8% 11.2% 5.6% Marginally fd secure 56.0% 31.6% 8.0% 4.4% Fd secure 85.8% 14.2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % f Husehlds less than 50% 50-65% 65-75% 75% r mre COPING STRATEGIES The cping strategy index measures sustainability f husehld fd cnsumptin and livelihds. Husehlds are categrized based n the severity f the cping strategies emplyed. The fd security sub sample data shws that fd cnsumptin cping strategies are the mst cmmnly adpted by Syrian refugees; 81 per cent f surveyed husehlds rely n less preferred and cheaper fds t meet husehld fd cnsumptin needs, 63 per cent rely n limiting prtins f fd (mderate cping strategy), 50 per cent f husehlds reduce adult fd cnsumptin t enable children t eat, and 28 per cent brrw fd r rely n supprt frm family and friends t buy fd (Figure 24). Figure 24. Fd cnsumptin cping strategies 90% 80% 70% % f Hsehlds 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 80.8% 62.8% 54.2% 50.0% 27.8% 0% Rely n less preferred fds Limit prtin size permeal Reduce number f meals / day Restrict cnsumptin f adults fr children Brrw fd r rely nhelp Husehlds receiving fd assistance frm WFP are generally less reliant n fd cping strategies cmpared t thse husehlds that d nt receive assistance, as reflected in Figures Cnslidated Apprach t Reprting Indicatrs f Fd Security (CARI), technical guidance nte, WFP, Nvember

38 Figure 25. Fd cping strategies fr husehlds with and withut fd vuchers Brrw fd 21.0% 32.0% Reduce number f meals / day Restrict cnsumptin f adults fr children 46.3% 51.4% 55.8% 56.0% Rely n less preferred fds 78.0% 82.5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Received WFP assistance Did nt receive WFP assistance The reliance n bth fd cping strategies and livelihd stress cping strategies increases amngst the severely and mderately fd insecure, while a negligible prprtin adpted emergency 18 and crisis strategies, 19 which are nt adpted at all by the fd secure. As reflected in later chapters, refugees indicate that they reduce expenditures n health and educatin t meet fd needs. Figure 26. Reliance f husehlds n fd cnsumptin cping strategies 100% 80% 60% 40% 80.2% 82.6% 79.0% 90.3% 44.1% 57.6% 65.5% 71.0% 55.6% 65.9% 69.6% 80.7% 46.7% 54.5% 48.6% 61.3% 74.2% 20% 0% Rely n less preferred fds* Reduce number f meals/day Limit prtin size per meal Restrict cnsumptin f adults fr children 21.2% 27.3% 34.2% Brrw fd r rely n help Fd secure Marginally fd secure Mderately fd insecure Severely fd insecure 18 Emergency strategies, such as selling ne's land, affect future prductivity and are mre difficult t reverse. 19 Crisis strategies, such as selling prductive assets, directly reduce future prductivity, including human capital frmatin. 38

39 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Figure 27. The adptatin f livelihds cping strategies 3% 1% 36% 60% Stress Nt used Crisis Emergency Figure 28. The adptatin f livelihds cping strategies by fd security grups 100% % f Husehlds 80% 60% 40% 47.0% 53.0% 63.0% 65.5% 90.3% 20% 0% 30.4% 5.9% 0.7% 26.4% 5.4% 2.7% 9.7% Fd secure Marginally fd secure Mderately fd insecure Severely fd insecure HH nt adpting cping strategies Stress cping strategies Crisis cping strategies Emergencies cping strategies Cnslidated Apprach fr Reprting Indicatrs (CARI) f fd security The CARI is a cmpsite index used as a prxy indicatr fr husehld access t fd. Under the CARI apprach, each surveyed husehld is classified int ne f the fur fd security categries. This classificatin is based n the husehld s current status f fd security (using fd cnsumptin indicatrs) and their cping capacity (using indicatrs measuring ecnmic vulnerability and asset depletin). 20 CARI is therefre derived frm the pre-reviewed indicatrs fd cnsumptin scre, share f expenditure n fd, and livelihd based cping strategies. Based n the derived results, husehlds are divided int fur main grups; the severely fd insecure, the mderately fd insecure, the marginally fd secure (vulnerable ppulatin) and the fd secure. Table 5 shws that 22 per cent f the Syrian husehlds are mderately insecure, 36 per cent are marginally fd secure and said t be vulnerable t fd insecurity, while 0.9 per cent f the refugees are severely fd insecure. 20 Ibid. 39

40 Table 5. Fd security cnsle fr Syrian Refugees Indicatr Fd Secure Able t meet essential fd and nn-fd needs withut cping strategies Marginally Fd Secure Has minimally adequate fd cnsumptin withut engaging in irreversible cping strategies; unable t affrd sme essential nn-fd expenditures Mderately Fd Insecure Has significant fd cnsumptin gaps, OR marginally able t affrd fd needs nly with irreversible cping strategies Severely fd insecure Has extreme fd cnsumptin gaps, OR has extreme lss f livelihd assets will lead t fd cnsumptin gaps, r wrse Fd Cnsumptin Grup: frequency Acceptable 54.8% Brderline 29.8% Pr 15.3% Fd Expenditure Share: frequency <50% 66% 50-65% 24.9% 65-75% 5.4% 75% 3.7% Livelihd cping strategy categries: frequency Nne 36.2% Stress 59.5% Crisis 3.3% Emergency 0.99% Fd Security Index 40.7% 36.0% 22.4% 0.9% The fd insecure refugees generally cnsume less f all fd grups (cmpared t the fd secure), but, as demnstrated in Figure 29, they cnsume dramatically less meat, milk and dairy, fruits, and vitamin A-rich vegetables. Figure 29. Frequency f fd cnsumptin by fd security grups Severely fd insecure Mderately fd insecure Marginally fd secure Fd secure Cereals Oil Vegetables Sugar Pulses Milk Meat, fish, and eggs Fruits 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% % f Husehlds 40

41 Alexandria UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt The prevalence f fd insecurity (severe and mderate) varies frm ne gegraphic lcatin t the ther and is highest in Alexandria (45.6 per cent) (ntably in the districts f Amreya, Gmrk, Brg El-Arab, and prer parts f Mntzah), fllwed by Damietta (25.7 per cent) (mainly in New Damietta) (Figure 30). Figure 30. Husehld fd insecurity by gvernrate % f Hsehlds 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 16.1% 50.1% 33.3% 6th f Octber Qalyubia Damietta 16.8% Cair Giza 48.6% 34.0% 14.8% 41.3% 43.6% 14.2% 50.6% 34.4% 24.0% 30.4% 43.7% 26.5% 47.8% 24.3% Severely fd insecure Mderately fd insecure Magrinally fd secure Fd secure While the fd insecure husehlds are clustered in specific lcatins, it shuld be nted that these lcatins are nt necessarily the prest districts f Egypt. They can be lcated in districts knwn fr lw prevelance f natinal pverty like Al-Obur, Nasr City, and Maadi, as well as in less priviledged areas like Al Salam and Ein Shams, and this pattern applies t all ther gvernrates. Therefre, an assciatin between the prevalence f natinal pverty and natinal fd insecurity, and the fd security status f refugees can be highly misleading. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD INSECURITY A thrugh testing f the assciatin between husehld sciecnmic characteristics and husehld access t fd was undertaken using lgistics regressin mdels. Over 30 sciecnmic indicatrs were included in different iteratins f lgistic regressins as explanatry variables fr husehld fd insecurity. The results shw that husehld fd insecurity is highly determined by the ability f husehlds t generate incme, hence fd insecurity increases in husehlds with less than tw members able t wrk, r whse head is either temprarily emplyed r ut f the labur frce, r with a single parent, especially females. Fd insecurity als increases in husehlds with lw resilience t cpe with shcks due t their physical disability and indebtedness. 41

42 7 EXPENDITURE, INCOME, AND VULNERABILITY While the situatin in Egypt remains fragile, Syrians cntinue t be welcmed in Egypt and they are generally appreciated fr their entrepreneurial dynamism. The sciecnmic situatin in the cuntry, cupled with n-ging inflatin and steady increases in the prices f basic prducts and cmmdities fr the last three years, cntinues t negatively impact the incme f Syrian refugees. These circumstances keep reducing the pssibilities fr self-reliance and emplyment pprtunities. Figure 31 reflects the inflatin rate ver the past three years, as published by the Central Bank f Egypt. 21 Figure 31. Inflatin rate f the Egyptian Pund (January May 2017) 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% SEA EVAR Jan-12 Jul-12 Jan-13 Jul-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Jan-15 Jul-15 Jan-16 Jul-16 Jan-17 Jul-17 EXPENDITURE Expenditures per capita, as reprted in the EVAR, increased by 20 per cent as cmpared t the SEA t a ttal f EGP 661 per mnth. Greater Cair, cmprised f Cair, Giza, 6 th f Octber City, and Qalyubia shw an average increase f 34 per cent, fllwed by Sharkia with 28 per cent, while the expenditures in the ther gvernrates increased less drastically (Figure 32). These increases are mainly attributed t an increase in prices, especially twards the end f Figure 32. Expenditure per capital per mnth EVAR cmpared t SEA 800 Egyptian Pund EVAR SEA Cair Qalyubia 6th f Octber Sharkia Giza Mnfiya Matruh Damietta Dakahliya Alexandria 21 See Central Bank f Egypt website 42

43 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Tw Syrian refugees sell cleaning prducts frm their small shp that was established with UNHCR's supprt. UNHCR/Sctt Nelsn/September

44 EXPENDITURE BREAKDOWN Husehlds were asked t prvide infrmatin abut their expenditures in the preceding mnth. Fd and rent are the largest expenditures with mnthly rent expenditure remains relatively cnstant at 30 per cent f the ttal expenditure as cmpared t 29 per cent in the SEA (Figure 33). Significant increases are recrded in mnthly fd expenditures, which increased frm 39 per cent in 2015 t 50 per cent in Cnsequently, expenditures fr health care decreased frm 9 per cent t 6 per cent, transprtatin and cmmunicatin expenditures decreased frm 8 per cent t 3 per cent, hygiene and cleaning materials expenditures decreased frm 5 per cent t 2 per cent, and expenditures n educatin decreased frm 4 per cent t 2 per cent. Figure 33. Mnthly reprted expenditure per capita 6% 5% 3% 6% 30% 50% Fd including WFP Rent Health-related expenditures Other Clthes Cmmunicatin and Transprtatin UNMET NEEDS Husehlds were requested t state their mst imprtant unmet needs. Supprt with the rent is the mst cmmnly unmet need, fllwed by access t additinal fd, and health-related supprt. Educatin r bks is the furth mst cmmn respnse amngst all grups. Supprt with acquiring assets, clthes, and shes, as well as livelihd assistance were als recrded as unmet needs. It shuld be nted that classificatin f unmet needs differs amng husehlds that receive assistance frm thse that are ineligible fr assistance. Husehlds receiving assistance identified rent r imprved shelter (53 per cent) as the mst imprtant need as ppsed t additinal fd amng thse nt receiving assistance (56 per cent). The secnd mst cmmnly unmet need fr thse receiving assistance is access t additinal fd (20 per cent) cmpared t rent r imprved shelter fr thse nt receiving assistance (29 per cent). Health supprt is the third cmmn unmet need fr bth grups (e.g. husehlds receiving assistance is 10 per cent versus 4 per cent fr husehlds nt receiving cash assistance). The furth mst cmmn identified need is related t educatin (husehlds receiving assistance 8 per cent, husehlds nt receiving assistance 3.4 per cent). 44

45 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Figure 34 shws the increased expenditures per capita fr bth rent and fd during the past years. The SEA demnstrates that husehlds reprted average rental expenditure per capita at EGP 226, which increased t an average f EGP 243 in 2016, an increase f 7.5 per cent between the averages f bth years. Figure 34. Mnthly husehld expenditures in the SEA and EVAR 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% EVAR SEA Fd includiing WFP Rent Health related expenditures Cmmunicatin and Transprtatin Hygiene and cleaning materials Educatin related expenditures Electricity Clthes Debt repayment Gas Water Drinking water Fd expenditure increased frm an average f EGP 248 in 2015 t an average f EGP 335 in 2016, an increase f 35 per cent when cmparing 2015 t As a result f the regular mnitring f the market prices, the fd vuchers prvided by WFP increased as well during this perid (Figure 35). Figure 35. Expenditures fr fd and rent (Nvember December 2016) 500% 450% 400% 350% SEA EVAR 300% 250% 200% Fd Rent 150% 100% 50% 0% Oct-14 Jan-15 Apr-15 Jul-15 Oct-15 Jan-16 Apr-16 Jul-16 Oct-16 Jan-17 45

46 HEBA Heba s family mved t Egypt in 2012 and settled in 6 th f Octber City, a neighbrhd with a high cncentratin f Syrian refugees. My husband used t be a driver back hme, but when he was diagnsed with diabetes in Egypt and we were struggling t buy his medicatin, ne f ur neighbrs advised us t register with UNHCR t benefit frm the available health services and s we did, Heba explained. Heba wrks fr 2-3 days a week as a dmestic helper fr EGP t make ends meet. My husband can t wrk because f his health situatin. Cleaning is very hard physically but I have n ther ptins, I nly went t primary schl, she added. The family benefits frm mnthly fd vuchers amunting t 1,400 EGP in additin t 1,100 EGP cash assistance. The rent is very expensive. We pay 1,450 EGP but when we tried mving t a cheaper neighbrhd my bys wuld get harassed every time they wuld g playing in the streets. I cannt jepardize their safety t save a few hundred punds mre, she explains. Her three lder bys aged 11, 8, and 5 years ld are enrlled in a public schl even thugh they nly g t take their final exam. The children d nt feel safe in schl, which made Heba mve them t a Syrian cmmunity schl where she feels the learning envirnment is safer and where she sees her children happier. The family received the educatin grant fr the past academic year and is expecting this year s grant in the cming mnth. I have been living here fr three years and things are getting wrse. I can t see any hpe fr a better life in Egypt and I can t see any prspect f ging back hme, cncluded Heba. INCOME FROM LABOUR All Syrian refugee husehlds were asked abut their husehld incme frm labur during the past 30 days. The reprted mnthly wage is a weighted average f EGP 1,725 fr males and EGP 1,016 fr females. Table 6 shws that incme frm wrk is the highest fr females and males wrking in accunting and bkkeeping. This is the nly prfessin where females earn mre than men. Syrians emplyed in the medical, educatin, and general administratin sectrs fllw in average incme. The average incme fr Syrians wrking in the business, industry, supply, and manual labur sectrs, where almst 85 per cent f the ppulatin is wrking, is between EGP 1,694 and EGP 1,737. Table 6. Reprted incme frm wrk per mnth in Egyptian punds Attending Schl Female Male Accunting and Bkkeeping 3,050 2,354 Medical, Hspital, Dental and Public Health 1,090 2,303 Educatin 1,070 2,053 General Administratin, Clerical, Office Services ,863 Business, Industry and Supply 1,170 1,737 Manual Labur 936 1,694 White Cllar Miscellaneus Occupatins 1,228 1,677 46

47 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Amng all Syrian refugee husehlds, 40 per cent reprted that they d nt receive any assistance frm UNHCR r WFP. Seventy-three per cent f incme fr these husehlds is reprted t cme frm wrk, while the remainder is generated frm negative cping mechanism. INCOME FROM ASSISTANCE In 2016, 60 per cent f all UNHCR-registered Syrian husehlds received assistance in the frm f multi-purpse cash assistance, fd assistance in the frm f fd vuchers, r bth. Out f these, 52 per cent received fd vuchers frm WFP, 40 per cent received multi-purpse cash assistance frm UNHCR, and 28 per cent received bth fd vuchers and cash assistance frm WFP and UNHCR respectively. Less than 1 per cent f Syrian husehlds reprted receiving cash assistance frm nn-gvernmental rganizatins. Fd vuchers are received rughly equally by female and male-headed husehlds, but female-headed husehlds receive the UNHCR multipurpse cash assistance mre frequently than their male headed-husehld cunterparts (24 per cent cmpared t 18 per cent). In additin t cash assistance, refugees reprt incme frm irregular wrk t cver their expenditures. Emplyment incme cunts fr arund 41 per cent f ttal incme, with fd and cash assistance cvering the remaining 59 per cent f the mnthly reprted expenditure. In additin, refugees reprt that they resrt t negative cping mechanism t make ends meet. POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING OF MULTIPURPOSE CASH ASSISTANCE The bjective f Pst Distributin Mnitring (PDM) surveys is t draw ut the impact f the multipurpse cash assistance acrss 3 key areas: prcess (whether cash has been timely received), utputs (hw cash has been used), and utcme (if and hw the cash has affected its recipients). Biannual pst distributin mnitring surveys were cnducted in 2016 by UNHCR fr Syrian refugees during the mnths f May (pre-ramadan) and Nvember (pstwinterizatin assistance). The vast majrity (87 per cent) f beneficiaries received a text message infrming them f the date and amunt f cash assistance. Secndary cmmunicatin channels were used via scial netwrks cmpsed f friends and cmmunity members (65 per cent); scial media was als used (4 per cent), and nly a small minrity f refugees (3 per cent) inquired at ne f the Egypt Pst ffice branches, where distributin takes place. Overall, the distributin prcess perfrmed at the 3,000 Egypt pst ffices went smthly and almst all beneficiaries reprted their satisfactin with the service prvided. Only 2 per cent reprted prblems at Egypt Pst: mainly dissatisfactin related t identificatin dcuments r waiting lng perids in queues. The survey shws that the prcess f cash cllectin at the pst ffice is running smthly. Sixty per cent f the beneficiaries cllected their assistance in less than 30 minutes, reaching 81 per cent fr cllectin in less than 1 hur. Husehlds reprt their reliance n cash assistance t meet minimum expenditures n fd items and rental csts. The main uses f cash assistance are t cver rent (30 per cent), fd (19 per cent), and health (15 per cent) expenditures. Smaller amunts are spent n utilities and educatin, 10 per cent each, debt repayment (4 per cent), and hygiene items (3 per cent). 47

48 INCOME FROM REMITTANCES Only 6.7 per cent (1,563) f husehlds reprt that they receive regular remittances r incme frm salaries r pensins. Almst half, 49 per cent, receive remittances frm family r friends living inside Egypt with an average f EGP 898 per mnth (Table 7). This is fllwed by remittances received frm family and friends living abrad with a higher average f EGP 2,092 per mnth. Mst f the families receiving mney frm family and friends are in the mild and lw vulnerability grups. Very few are receiving a pensin r a salary frm abrad as a surce f incme. Table 7. Incme frm remittances and ther surces utside wrk External Supprt Surce Mney received frm family r friends living in Egypt Mney received frm family r friends living abrad HH % f HH Average Amunt in EGP % % 2,092 Pensin % 918 Salary % 1,575 Grand Ttal 1, % 5,483 BORROWING, SAVINGS AND SALE OF ASSETS The percentage f Syrian husehlds resrting t ther means as a surce f incme has slightly decreased frm 2014/2015 with 9 per cent in While the SEA recrded 68 per cent f husehlds resrting t negative cping mechanism, in 2016, this percentage was dwn t 59 per cent. Eighty six per cent f husehlds reprt that they brrw mney cmpared t 84 per cent recrded in the SEA. Spending savings is the secnd mst used negative cping mechanism yet a significant decrease is nticed between 2014/2015 and 2016, with a drp f 21 per cent amng husehlds using negative cping mechanism cmpared t 11 per cent in A similar decrease is als recrded in selling assets, which drpped frm 13 per cent t 4 per cent. The decline in bth spending savings and selling assets demnstrates that the husehlds resurces have been depleted ver time. While child labur was 2.7 per cent in the SEA, it was nt reprted as a negative cping mechanism. In the EVAR, 6.2 per cent f the husehlds reprted child labur as a negative cping mechanism (Figure 36). The ttal percentage f reprted child labur is 7 per cent ut f children assessed. Figure 36. Cping mechanisms SEA 83.7% 20.9% 13.2% 3.3% 4.2% NCM EVAR 85.9% 10.6% 6.2% 4.2% 2.1% 0.6% 48

49 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Brrwed mney is used mainly t address dmestic expenses (47 per cent), rent (25 per cent), and health care csts (22 per cent) (Figure 37). Figure 37. Reasns fr brrwing mney 3.99% 21.96% 0.39% 1.69% 47.43% Dmestic expenses Rent Health-related expenditures Educatin Legal Assistance Other 24.53% ASSET DEPLETION COPING STRATEGIES Asset depletin cping strategies undermine a husehld s ability t access fd because they erde their already depleted resurce base, further pushing them int pverty and affecting their future fd security. The strategies mst applied were reducing expenditure n fd (79 per cent), buying fd n credit r brrwing mney t buy fd (37 per cent), reducing essential nn-fd expenditures such as health r educatin (72 per cent), spending savings (6 per cent), selling husehld gds (3 per cent). DEBT The percentage f husehlds reprting being in debt is 73 per cent. This is a slight increase frm the 72 per cent reprted the year befre (Table 8). N strng crrelatin can be made between the year f arrival in Egypt and the amunt f reprted debt. Table 8. Year f arrival in Egypt and reprted debt Year f arrival Reprted ttal debt in EGP Befre , , , , , ,611 The vast majrity f husehlds (91 per cent) brrwed mney infrmally either frm friends, family, acquaintances, r Egyptians. The secnd surce f debt, amunting t 9 per cent f thse carrying debt, is als infrmally laned, in the frm f supermarkets and shps, with very few husehlds (0.4 per cent) brrwing frm s-called lan sharks (Table 9). 49

50 Table 9. Surce f debt Debt Surce Percentage f husehlds Infrmal cmmunity (friend, family, acquaintances, hst cmmunity) 91% Infrmal supermarket/shps/lan sharks 8.6% Frmal bank/ financial institutin 0.4% Table 10. Debt repayment Debt Repayment Percentage f HH N Repayment 81% Incme 15% Cash assistance 3% Sell husehld gds 1% Sell fd vuchers 1% Syrian refugees were als asked abut the debt repayment methd and 81 per cent reprted that they are nt able t repay their debts. The remaining husehlds use their incme r cash assistance t repay debt. Hwever, 1 per cent reprted selling their fd vuchers t meet debt bligatins. VULNERABILITY All husehlds were categrized int the fur different welfare grups (e.g. the vulnerability threshlds), based n the pverty mdel and the MEB. The majrity f Syrian husehlds (51 per cent) are in the severe vulnerability grup, meaning that their predicted expenditure per capita is less than half the calculated MEB. Almst 30 per cent f the husehlds fall in the high vulnerability grup, with a predicted expenditure still belw the MEB. Only 18 per cent f the husehlds are in the mild and lw vulnerability grups (Table 11). This data shuld be reviewed with the understanding that a MEB f EGP 592 was used fr this reprt and therefre, given the inflatin at the end f 2016, mre husehlds wuld fall int the high and severe vulnerability grups if this rise in inflatin was taken int accunt. Table 11. Percentage f husehlds per vulnerability grup Vulnerability grup Percentage husehlds in EVAR Percentage individuals in EVAR Lw Vulnerability 9% 4% Mild Vulnerability 9% 7% High Vulnerability 31% 31% Severe Vulnerability 51% 58% VULNERABILITY BY REGION Alexandria and Matruh hst 19 per cent f the Syrian refugee ppulatin in Egypt, and they are the gvernrates with the mst vulnerable ppulatins with 73 per cent and 78 per cent f individuals respectively falling in the severe vulnerability categries. Qalyubia is the gvernrate with the least vulnerable husehlds with 46 per cent identified as severely vulnerable husehlds (Map 3). 50

51 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Map 3. Vulnerability f Syrian husehlds in the key gvernrates Damietta Alexandria Kafr El-Sheikh Gharbia Sharkia Beheira Mnfiya Ismailia Qalyubia EGYPT 6 th f Octber Giza Cair Lw Vulnerability Mild Vulnerability High Vulnerability Severe Vulnerability GENDER DYNAMICS Wmen s lack f participatin in the labur market increases the vulnerability f husehlds. In husehlds with nly females f wrking age (18-60), almst tw thirds (57 per cent) fall int the severe categry, almst twice that f husehlds with male wrkers (23 per cent). Despite the fact that educatinal qualificatins are mre r less equal, cultural nrms and family bligatins create a significant disparity, which may als signify an pprtunity t escape prtracted pverty. Table 12. Incme fr female headed and male headed husehlds Categry f incme gap Lw Mild High Severe Descriptin Husehlds able t cver >150% f their expenditures Husehlds able t cver between 100% and 150% f their expenditures Husehlds able t cver between 50% and 100% f their expenditure Husehlds able t cver less than 50% f their expenditure Femaleheaded husehlds Male-headed Husehlds 6.8% 18.7% 10.0% 21.7% 26.1% 36.5% 57.1% 23.0% 51

52 HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND DEPENDENCY RATIO The size f the husehld is a majr determining factr fr its level f vulnerability. Husehlds with larger family sizes tend t be mre vulnerable with an average f 4.9 peple per husehld fr the severely vulnerable husehlds and 4.5 peple per husehld fr the highly vulnerable husehlds. Husehlds in the mild vulnerability have an average f 3.2 peple and there are 1.8 peple in the lw vulnerability categry (Figure 38). In additin t size, the number f dependants in a husehld has a majr impact n the vulnerability levels f a husehld. Fr this review, the number f husehld members f wrking age reprted t have a vulnerability and the number f dependants belw 18 years and abve 60 years were analyzed. The analysis shwed that in the lw husehld vulnerability grup, nly 12 per cent f husehlds have dependants while in the high vulnerability grup, 57 per cent have dependants. Figure 38. Husehld vulnerability per husehld size 100% % f Hsehlds 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 6.6% 33.3% 4.0% 32.4% 52.0% % 38.6% 18.4% 25.7% 17.3% 37.0% 5.8% 18.4% 38.9% % 8.4% 47.4% 4.3% 56.7% 37.3% 62.3% 27.28% 22.1% 74.8% 81.1% 17.1% 79.8% 17.8% 87.8% 11.9% Severely fd insecure Mderately fd insecure Magrinally fd secure Fd secure 52

53 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Helal prepares his plishing prducts t treat furniture. UNHCR/Hssam Hrus/January

54 8 LIVELIHOODS Egypt has faced serius ecnmic challenges ver the past tw years, including a significant decrease in the grss dmestic prduct. The cuntry is faced with an unemplyment rate f 13.2 per cent and a high yuth unemplyment rate. 22 An increasing number f Egyptians are wrking in the infrmal sectr and in temprary emplyment. While refugees are entitled t the same treatment as ther freigners, and wuld fit int the 10 per cent quta fr freign labur, acquiring wrk permits requires lengthy bureaucratic prcedures that are very difficult t achieve. As a result, the majrity f Syrian refugees wrking in Egypt must navigate a precarius and smetimes dangerus infrmal sectr. WORKING INDIVIDUALS Of the entire wrking age refugee ppulatin (which is arund 51 per cent f the surveyed ppulatin), nly 38 per cent reprted being ecnmically active, f whm 92 per cent were males and the remaining were females signifying large gender imbalances. There are als large disparities between genders n their emplyment status. Of the 78 per cent wrking males identified by EVAR, the majrity have regular wrk, whereas f the 12 per cent f females wrking, the majrity are selfemplyed, as reflected in Figure 39. Figure 39. Emplyment status f wrking age individuals (18 60 years) Wrking individuals have different channels t find jbs with 53 per cent reprting t have fund wrk independently, while 40 per cent fund emplyment thrugh family and friends, 6 per cent thrugh their cmmunity, and 0.5 per cent thrugh NGOs. NON-WORKING INDIVIDUALS The reasns prvided by nn-wrking males in the wrking age ppulatin are diverse, and include the lack f pprtunities, the pursuit f schl, being t ld, and temprary physical inability (Figure 40). 22 Abut Egypt. UNDP Egypt. 54

55 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Syrian refugees wrk in a children's clthing factry in New Damietta. UNHCR/Sctt Nelsn/September Figure 40. Reasns f nn-wrking Syrian males 8.47% 13.97% 3.30% 3.37% 36.32% Lack f emplyment pprtunities Other Studying T ld t wrk Lack f skills Nt seeking wrk 34.57% Reasns fr unemplyment are crrelated with age grup in sme cases. Fr 18 t 19 year lds, 52 per cent f respndents listed studying as the reasn fr their unemplyment, and this becmes less significant with age. Studying was listed by 47 per cent f thse between 20 and 24, and by 17 per cent f thse in the 25 t 29 age categry. By cntrast, thse reprting being t ld t wrk increases with age, increasing frm 23 per cent f thse in the 50 t 54 age categry t 52 per cent in the 55 t 60 age categry. EMPLOYMENT BY GOVERNORATE Of the ten gvernrates with the largest Syrian refugee ppulatins, the highest number f male wrkers can be fund in Sharkia, where the 10 th f Ramadan City and its industrial areas are lcated, and in Qalyubia where Obur city is lcated, and in Cair where 6 th f Octber City is lcated. The highest number f nn-wrking males are lcated in Alexandria and Matruh (apprximately 65 per cent each), where emplyment pprtunities are significantly lwer as reflected in Figure 41. In Damietta, where there are pprtunities fr traditinal skilled artisans, the male emplyment rate is 71 per cent. 55

56 Figure 41. Percentage f Syrian refugees emplyed per gvernrate 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Nt Wrking Wrking 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 6th f Octber Cair Alexandria Qalyubia Damietta Sharkia Giza Dakahliya Mnfiya Matruh M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F EMPLOYMENT BY AGE GROUP Gvernrate Figure 42 demnstrates that the number f wrking refugees tends t increase fr bth males and females with age, peaking at the 30 t 34 age grup with per cent f males wrking and 7.4 per cent f females wrking. The 18 t 19 and 50 t 60 age grups have the smallest percentage f peple wrking. Figure 42. Emplyment by age grup Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male 2.5% 97.5% 57.9% 42.1% 3.5% 96.5% 72.9% 27.1% 5.0% 95% 82.4% 17.6% 7.4% 92.6% 85.7% 14.3% 8.3% 91.7% 81.3% 18.7% 7.5% 92.5% 75.6% 24.4% 7.6% 92.4% 66.9% 33.1% 6.4% 93.6% 47.7% 52.3% 4.2% 95.8% % 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Rati f Wrking-Nt Wrking by Age Grup Wrking Status Nt Wrking Wrking 56

57 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt WORKING BELOW OR OVER THE WORKING AGE Fur per cent f wrking Syrian refugees are either belw 18 years r abve 60 years and engaged in sme frm f emplyment with 3.5 per cent reprted t be children under the age f 18 and 0.5 per cent abve the age f 60. OCCUPATION The majrity f wrking male Syrian refugees (71 per cent) wrk in the service and skilled trades sectrs as manual labur, which include such jbs as: restaurant waiters, drivers, sales, tailring, and carpentry. Furteen per cent f wrking males wrk in the business and prductin/industrial sectrs (Figure 43). The remaining wrk as administratrs and in ther mre highly skilled jbs. Figure 43. Occupatin f Syrian males 11% 4% 14% Manual Labur Business, Industry and Supply Other White Cllar Miscellaneus Occuapatins 71% Half f wrking females (50 per cent) wrk in the service and skilled trades sectrs such as tailring, ckery, hairdressing and hme-based wrk. Fifteen per cent f wrking females are emplyed in the educatinal sectr; mainly in Syrian cmmunity-based schls (Figure 44). Figure 44. Occupatin f Syrian females 6% 5% 2% 13% 9% 50% Manual Labur Educatin Other Business, Industry and Supply White Cllar Miscellaneus Occupatins General Administratin, Clerical, Office Services Medical, Hspital, Dental and Public Health 15% EMPLOYMENT AND LEVEL OF EDUCATION Syrian refugees wh cmpleted higher educatin find emplyment in the educatin, health, accunting, and clerical sectrs (Figure 45). Hwever, very few (4 per cent) Syrians are emplyed in these sectrs. The crrelatin f educatinal attainment with emplyment indicates that it is challenging fr Syrians with higher educatin t find suitable ccupatins in Egypt. 57

58 Figure 45. Emplyment by level f educatin 100 % 90 % %80 70 % 60 % 5.7% 3.1% 15.3% 34.9% 13.5% 4.6% 23.9% 62.5% 57.0% 60.9% 12.9% 5.5% 19.5% 34.5% 6.6% Higher Educatin Technical Secndary Preparatry Primary Nne /KG 50 % 40 % 30 % %20 10 % 0 % 37.9% 3.2% Manual Labr 32.3% 23.1% 2.5% Business, industry and Supply 9.8% 23.2% 3.7% Educatin 13.1% 21.5% 6.3% Accunting and Bkkeeping 13.7% 14.2% 7.6% 2.8% Medical, Hspital, Dental and Public Health 27.0% 30.8% 4.2% White Cllar Miscellaneus Occuapatins 27.0% 18.1% 13.3% General Administratin, Clerical, Office Services LEVEL OF WORK SATISFACTION The majrity f Syrian refugees (68 per cent) reprt nt being very satisfied with their current ccupatin. Only 24 per cent reprt being mstly satisfied. These respnses are cnsistent fr male and female ppulatins. The assessment identifies accunting and bk keeping as the categry with the highest wrk satisfactin (38.5 per cent) (Figure 46). Figure 46. Level f wrk satisfactin 100 % 90 % 80 % 4.1% 24.4% 5.7% 23.7% 2.2% 21.8% 5.2% 30.4% 6.7% 38.5% 8.4% 32.0% 6.6% 31.8% Very satisfied Mstly satisfied Nt very satisfied Nt at all satisfied 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 68.7% 68.4% 73.0% 62.5% 54.0% 56.0% 58.3% 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % 2.8% 2.2% 2.9% 2.0% 0.8% 3.6% 3.3% Manual Labr Business, industry and Supply White Cllar Miscellaneus Occuapatins Educatin Accunting and Bkkeeping General Administratin, Clerical, Office Services Medical, Hspital, Dental and Public Health 58

59 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Levels f dissatisfactin are equal amng men and wmen, and are predminantly related t three main categries: inadequate earnings (40 per cent), lng wrking hurs (28 per cent), and nnprductive/nn-fulfilling emplyment (13 per cent) (Table 14). Table 13. Reasns fr jb dissatisfactin Indicatr Female Male Grand Ttal Inadequate earnings 41.45% 39.69% 40% Wrking hurs 16.10% 28.74% 28% Nn-prductive/nn-fulfilling jb 15.55% 12.91% 13% Weak jb security/stability f emplyment Qualificatin mismatch (ver/ under-qualified fr the jb) Inability t balance wrk, family and persnal life 13.32% 8.84% 9% 3.51% 3.60% 4% 4.42% 1.86% 2% Other 2.96% 1.54% 1.64% Unsafe wrk envirnment 1.60% 1.63% 1.62% Treatment by emplyers 1.09% 1.21% 1.20% HELAL ALI FATTA Helal is a 40 year-ld Syrian married man with tw children wh are enrlled in schl. He came t Egypt three years ag and started wrking as vegetables seller fr 8 mnths. Initially Helal received sme financial assistance frm UNHCR. He, hwever, started t wrk in plishing furniture at a shp fr EGP 90 per day where he was able t establish strng relatinships with custmers and his wrk expanded significantly, s he needed t rent tls t finish the additinal wrk. Later, he applied fr a livelihds grant t buy necessary tls, which he received in July 2016 fr an amunt f EGP 2,500. He bught the materials he needed and nw he can finish mre rders than befre wrking at smene s shp. Helal makes an average f EGP 1,500-2,000 per mnth. Helal applied fr an additinal grant t scale up his business in 2017, and received a grant in August f EGP 6,000 t buy a new cmpressr, and ther necessary tls. He als pened his wn shp in Al Nakheel Beach, Agamy. His parents are als living with him nw, and he is able t prvide fr his family and take care f them. 59

60 8 ANNEX 1. EVAR QUESTIONNAIRE Egypt Vulnerability Assessment fr Refugees PAPER BASED TEMPLATE Name f Interviewer Name f Interviewer 2 Interview Date Questinnaire Cde Number f HH members Gvernrate District Twn/Village GPS crdinates Detailed address General Infrmatin (Enumeratr) General Infrmatin (Husehld) Street Name Building Flr Apartment Nr. Mdule 1: Husehld Bi Data This mdule shuld be duplicated and cmpleted fr each member f the husehld. 1.1 Given Name 1.2 Family Name 1.3 Are yu registered with UNHCR? (if n prceed t questin 1.6) 1.4 Case Number 1.5 Individual Number 1.6 Passprt number / ID number 1.7 Valid Passprt 1.8 Natinality 1.9 Valid residency 1.10 Physically present during the interview Present Absent Yes N Yes N Yes N 1.11 If valid residency, type f permit Passprt Educatinal residency. Passprt Egyptian family member. Passprt Turism. Passprt Investr Yellw Card 1.12 Phne Number 1.13 Date f Birth 1.14 Sex Female Unspecified Head f Husehld Sn Husband Daughter 60

61 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt 1.15 Relatin t head f husehld Brther Mther Father Grandmther Grandfather Uncle Aunt Grandsn Mther in-law Father in-law Sn in-law Daughter in-law Brther in-law Sister in -law Niece Nephew Cusin (female) Half-brther Granddaughter Cusin (male) Half-sister N bld relatin Other bld relatin 1.16 Marital Status Married Single Widw Separated Divrced Engaged 1.17 Specific Needs Categry Disability-Visual. Partial Disability - Visual Disability - Hearing. Partial Disability Hearing. Disability Physical. Partial Disability - Physical Disability Mental. Partial Disability Mental. Pregnant r lactating wman Single parent Unaccmpanied child Separated child Child-headed husehld Child at risk Child under lng-term treatment Child with special educatinal needs Older persn at risk Underage marriage Hspitalizatin fllwing an emergency in the past 3 mnths Wman at risk Psychiatric illness nt adjusted with treatment Speech impairment 1.18 Level f Educatin Nne / KG Primary Preparatry Secndary Higher Educatin Other Technical 1.19 D yu cntribute t HH incme? Yes N 1.20 Emplyment Status Self-emplyed Unemplyed (lking fr wrk) Out f labr frce Regularly Emplyed Temprarily Emplyed Self Emplyed Temprarily 1.21 If self-emplyed, hw much capital was required fr business start-up? EGP 1.22 If yes, hw did yu manage? Frmal lan bank/ financial institutin Infrmal lan cmmunity (friend, family, acquaintances, hst cmmunity) infrmal brrwing - cmmunity (friend, family, acquaintances, hst cmmunity) Infrmal brrwing lan shark Shared/partnerships Savings Sld dmestic items/assets Assistance (e.g. livelihd prgramme) Remittances Begged Cntributins Partnership thrugh effrt 1.23 If self-emplyed, hw many emplyees d yu have? Egyptian emplyees Syrian emplyees emplyees f ther natinalities 1.24 If nt emplyed, why? Please give the reasns Nt seeking wrk Lack f skills Lack f emplyment pprtunities Safety cncerns Temprary physical inability (if selected g t 1.25) Permanent physical inability (if selected g t 1.25) Family respnsibilities Culture and traditin Delayed wages Nn-payment f wages Lw wages Lng distance/lng cmmute High transprtatin csts T yung t wrk T ld t wrk Studying Lack f infrmatin Legal / Nn recgnitin f educatinal certificate. Other (please specify) 61

62 1.25 Kindly clarify hw the physical inability t wrk affects yu. Ttally unable t wrk. Able t wrk but fr desk/simple jbs (unable t jin a jb requiring heavy labr like carrying gds) 1.26 If yu are emplyed, are yu satisfied with yur current emplyment? Very satisfied Mstly satisfied Nt very satisfied Nt at all satisfied 1.27 What supprt (if any) des yu need fr yur business r t find adequate emplyment? Training Mentrship Linkage t jb pprtunities Access t banking services Lan/grant t start business Legal assistance (wrk permit, licensing, registratin) 1.28 If yu are nt satisfied with yur emplyment, why? Please give the reasns. Qualificatin mismatch (ver/under - qualified fr the jb) Inadequate earnings Nn-prductive/nn - fulfilling jb Wrking hurs Inability t balance wrk, family and persnal life Weak jb security/stability f emplyment Treatment by emplyers Unsafe wrk envirnment Other 1.29 Hw did yu find yur jb/start yur ccupatin? Cntacts thrugh family and friends Cmmunity based rganizatins r NGO/UNHCR Internet r newspaper Independently Cntacts thrugh my cmmunity Other Occupatin in Egypt (multiple chices pssible) Occupatin in Syria (multiple chices pssible) PrGres List Dctr Nursing Pharmacist Chemistry Gelgist Farmer Engineer Assistant Engineer Cnstructin wrker Electrician Alumital wrk Air-cnditining maintenance Plumber Welder Mechanic Carpenter Uphlsterer Fd prductin PrGres List + Dctr Nursing Pharmacist Chemistry Gelgist Farmer Engineer Assistant Engineer Cnstructin wrker Electrician Alumital wrk Lawyer Accuntant Teacher Secretary/admin wrk Translatr Butcher Chef Baker Pastry-maker In a restaurant Sales Cashier Irning Tailring Hairdresser/barber Delivery persn Driver Marble Wrker Grcer Wdwrker Lawyer Accuntant Teacher Secretary/admin wrk Translatr Butcher Chef Baker Pastry-maker In a restaurant Sales Cashier 1.40 Where des yur child wrk? In a factry In the street At hme In a restaurant In a bar/café In a shp Beauty center /Barber shp/hairdresser In tanneries In the fields In a harbr/n a bat In an ffice Other please specify: 1.41 Des yur child s wrk invlve any f the fllwing (tick all that apply)? Carrying heavy lads Wrking with chemicals/explsives Wrking with dangerus tls/perating heavy equipment Wrking at heights Cllecting r srting garbage Expsure t dust, fumes r gas Expsure t extreme heat r humidity Expsure t lud nise r vibratins Expsure t harassment. Expsure t sexual and/r gender based vilence Nne f the abve 62

63 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt 1.42 Des yur child g t schl? 1.43 What type f schl? 1.44 If yur child (belw 15) is nt enrlled at schl, please give the reasn(s) Yes N Cmmunity schl Public schl Public schl fr special needs Private schl Private schl fr special needs Children wrking in rder t supprt the family Disability r serius medical issue Lack f dcumentatin Nt aware f prcedures t register Discriminatin r harassment Gender-specific harassment Harassment frm teachers Language barrier N schl nearby Schl curricula are different frm Syria Cst f transprt t high Unsafe neighbrhd Marriage Belw schl age Late time f secnd schl shift Bullying Cst f educatin t high Pr quality f educatin Lack f schls fr female-nly students N available slts/capacity at schl Onging registratin Mdule 2: Living cnditins Type f husing 2.1 independent huse(nt part f a building) Apartment Separate rm in a shared apartment Wrkplace Cllective shelter Factry/warehuse/wrksite Unfinished shelter/tent Garage Hmeless Husing in multiple ccupatin Type f ccupancy 2.2 Owned apartment/ huse Furnished rental Unfurnished rental Prvided by Emplyer Assistance Hsted ( fr free) Squatting 2.3 If renting, type f tenancy agreement Ntarized cntract Unregistered cntract Infrmal agreement 2.4 I f renting, hw much is the ttal rent per mnth EGP 2.5 Number f rms 2.6 Living space in m 2 (Occupied by yur HH) 2.8 Bathrms Able t use by yur HH m2 2.7 Exclusive t the HH Shared Nne Hw many peple share the same huse/ flat? 2.9 Hw many peple are sharing the bathrm/tilet? 2.10 Des yur husehld wn the fllwing items? (in usable cnditin and sufficient fr HH s needs) Mattresses Refrigeratr Table/Chairs Washing machine Sap Washing pwder Beds Stve Sfa set TV Tth brush & tth paste Sanitary twels Winter clthes Kitchen utensils Heating fr huse Cmputer Apprpriate size diapers HH waste bin/ cntainer Blankets Water Heater Air Cnditining Car Mtrcycle Shaving cream & razrs Washing liquid & basin Smartphne 63

64 Mdule 3: Incme and expenditure 3.1 What is the minimum amunt f mney that yur husehld needs fr bare survival? EGP 3.2 What is the estimated amunt spent n average per mnth ver the past 3 mnths by the husehld fr each f the fllwing items? Write 0 if there is n expenditure. Health - related expenditures EGP Educatin -related expenditures EGP Rent Debt repayment EGP Fd (including WFP vucher ) EGP Hygiene and cleaning materials EGP Gas EGP Water EGP Electricity EGP Drinking water EGP Cmmunicatin EGP Clthes EGP Transprtatin EGP Repair and maintenance EGP Dcumentatin EGP Assistance fr family r friends EGP 3.3 Presence f bills/cntract fr verificatin? 3.4 Have yu incurred any unexpected expenses in the past mnth? (if N, prceed t 3.7) Habitual expenditures Ttal EGP Rental cntract Electricity bills Gas bills Water bills Yes N EGP 3.5 If yes, what were they fr? Chse frm expenditure items listed in 3.2: 3.6 If yes, what was the amunt f the unexpected expenses? EGP 3.7 Please specify the amunt f cash/incme yu received during the last mnth frm each f the fllwing surces Main Sub 1. Incme frm assistance WFP EGP UNHCR (cash) EGP UNHCR (educatin) EGP UNICEF (cash) EGP UNICEF (educatin) EGP CRS EGP Caritas (cash) EGP Caritas (medical) EGP Mahmud hspital GP AMU EGP NGO EGP One time One time One time One time One time One time One time One time One time One time One time Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular 2. Incme frm wrk Regular emplyment EGP Temprary emplyment EG Self-emplyment EGP Seasnal emplyment EGP 3. Incme frm negative cping mechanisms Selling assets EGP Selling fd assistance EGP Brrwing EGP Begging EGP Child labr EGP Spent savings EGP 4. Incme frm external surces Pensin EGP Salary EGP Mney sent by family r friends frm abrad EGP Mney sent by family and friends in cuntry EGP One time One time One time One time Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular Recurring/regular 3.8 If yu have debts, what is the surce? 3.9 Why did yu brrw mney? frmal bank/ financial institutin infrmal cmmunity (friend, family, acquaintances, hst cmmunity) infrmal supermarket/shps infrmal lan shark Cver dmestic expenses (cking fuel, gas, electricity, fd, drinking water) Rent Educatin/bks Medicine/health Legal assistance/ dcumentatin Travel Marriage 3.10 Ttal amunt f utstanding debt EGP 64

65 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt 3.11 Hw d yu repay yur debts (time and mdality)? 3.12 Fr remittances sent frm abrad, transfer type: 3.13 If remittances are regular, hw ften d yu receive them? Incme Cash assistance Sell WFP vuchers Sell husehld gds N repayment Other 3.14 What amunt d yu have in savings? EGP Bank transfer Mney transfer cmpanies (Western Unin, Mneygram etc.) In persn Pst Office Mnthly Bimnthly Every six mnths Mdule 4: Fd cnsumptin 4.1 Yesterday, hw many meals did yur husehld eat? (meals cmparable t breakfast lunch, dinner) Cnsider nly meals prepared and cnsumed at hme r in public kitchen but nt in private restaurants r street fd. DO NOT cunt fd cnsumed in very small amunts; i.e. less than a teaspn per persn r cnsumed by nly ne member f HH.ii 1 Cereals, grains, rts and tubers (i.e. Rice, pasta, bread, maize, ptat, sweet ptat) 2 Legumes / nuts: (i.e. beans, cwpeas, peanuts, lentils, nut, and / r ther nuts) 3 Milk and ther dairy prducts: (i.e. fresh milk / sur, ygurt, cheese, ther dairy prducts) (Exclude margarine / butter r small amunts f milk fr tea / cffee) 4.1 Flesh meat: (i.e. beef, lamb, gat, rabbit, chicken, duck, ther birds) 4.2 Organ meat: (i.e. liver, kidney, heart and / r ther rgan meats) 4.3 Fish/shellfish: (i.e. fish, including canned tuna, and / r ther seafd) (fish in large quantities and nt as a cndiment) 4.4 Eggs 5 Vegetables and leaves: (i.e. spinach, nin, tmates, carrts, peppers, green beans, lettuce, etc.) 6 Fruits (i.e. banana, apple, lemn, mang, papaya, aprict, peach, etc.) 7 Oil / fat / butter: (i.e. vegetable il, palm il, margarine, ther fats / il) 8 Sugar, r sweet: (i.e. sugar, hney, jam, cakes, candy, ckies, pastries, cakes and ther sweet (sugary drinks)) 9 Cndiments / Spices: i.e. (tea, cffee / cca, salt, garlic, spices, yeast / baking pwder, tmat / sauce). Child Fd cnsumptin 4.2 CONSUMPTION PATTERN Over the last 7 days, hw many days did yu cnsume the fllwing fds? (0 = Nt eaten, 1 = 1 day, 2 = 2 days, 3 = 3 days, 4 = 4 days, 5 = 5 days, 6 = 6 days, 7 = Everyday 4.4 Did the child eat r drink any f the fllwing fd items yesterday? 0= N, 1= Yes Fd Grups Child n. 1 Child n.2 1 Grup 1 - Grains, Rts, tubers (Bread, rice, ndles r ther fd made frm grains) 2 Grup 2 - Legumes and nuts (Any fd made frm beans, peas, lentils, nuts r seeds) 3 Grup 3- Dairy prducts (Fresh milk, tinned milk, milk pwder, frmula milk yghurt, cheese) 4 Grup 4 -Meat and Fish Meat (lamb, gat, beef, inner rgans). Pultry (chicken, duck) Fish (fresh r dried fish, shell fish r sea fd) 5 Grup 5 - Eggs 4.3 FOOD SOURCES What was the main surce f the fd in the past 7 days? (0= Nt cnsumed, 1 = Own prductin, 2 = Bught with cash, 3 = Bught n credit, 4 = Exchanged/ brrwed, 5 = Received as gift, 6 =WFP fd assistance, 7 = Nn WFP fficial fd assistance, 8= gathering/ fishing), 09 = PDS, 10= Family reserve 65

66 6 Grup 6 -Vitamin A Rich Vegetables and Fruits (Dark yellw r range fleshed, tubers, rts, r vegetables: pumpkin, carrts sweet, red pepper, squash r sweet ptates that are yellw inside) 7 Grup 7 -Other vegetables and Fruits (Tmat, nin, cucumber, banana, apple, range) 4.5 Yesterday, did the child receive breast milk? Yes N 4.6 Yesterday, hw many times did the child drink milk, ther than breastmilk? 4.7 Yesterday, hw many times did the child eat slid, semi-slid fds r ther liquids? 4.8 Yesterday, did the child receive irn frtified infant frmula (like Cerelac and Babylac) Yes N Mdule 5: Husehld cping mechanisms 5.1 During the last 7 days, hw many days did yur husehld had t emply ne f the fllwing strategies t cpe with a lack f fd r mney t buy it? 0 = Nt applied, 1 = 1 day, 2 = 2 days, 3 = 3 days, 4 = 4 days, 5 = 5 days, 6 = 6 days, 7 = Everyday Rely n less preferred and less expensive fd (i.e. cheaper lwer quality fd) Brrw fd r relied n help frm relative(s), friend(s) r faith-based rganizatins Reduce number f meals eaten in a day Limit prtin size at mealtime (different frm abve: i.e. less fd per meal) Restrict cnsumptin by adults in rder fr yunger children t eat 5.2 In the past 30 days, has yur husehld applied any f the belw strategies t meet basic needs? 1 = Yes, 2 = N, because I have exhausted this strategy already and cannt d it anymre, 3 = N, I dn t have any/it is nt available t me, 4 = N, but I have access t it/it is available t me, 5= N, it is available t me but I will never use it Spent savings Bught fd n credit r brrwed mney t purchase fd Reduced essential nn- fd expenditures such as educatin/health Brrwed mney t cver basic needs (health, rent, etc.) Sell husehld gds (jewelry, phne, furniture, electr dmestics, bicycle etc.) Sell prductive assets r means f transprt (sewing machine, wheel barrw, bicycle, car, mtrbike) Adult (Male) accepted high risk, illegal, explitative temprary jbs (describe in cmments if revealed) Adult (Female) accepted high risk, illegal, explitative temprary jbs (describe in cmments if revealed) Child accepted high risk, illegal, explitative temprary jbs (describe in cmments if revealed) Sent adult husehld members t beg Sent children husehld members t beg (under 18) Sent children t wrk Changed accmmdatin lcatin r type in rder t reduce expenditures. 5.3 In the past year, has yur husehld applied any f the belw strategies t meet basic needs? 1 = Yes, 2 = N, because I have exhausted this strategy already and cannt d it anymre, 3 = N, I dn t have any/it is nt available t me, 4 = N, but I have access t it/it is available t me, 5= N, it is available t me but I will never use it Female member(s) f the husehld (ver 18) gt married t ensure their financial security Female member(s) f the husehld (ver 18) is getting married t ensure her financial security Female member(s) f the husehld (under 18) gt married t ensure their financial security Female member(s) f the husehld (under 18) is getting married t ensure her financial security One r mre members f yur husehld migrated regularly utside Egypt Date: Nr. r members: One r mre members f yur husehld is planning t migrate regularly utside Egypt One r mre members f yur husehld migrated irregularly utside Egypt Date: Nr. r members: One r mre members f yur husehld is planning t migrate irregularly utside Egypt One r mre members f yur husehld attempted t migrate regularly utside Egypt One r mre members f yur husehld attempted t migrate irregularly utside Egypt 66

67 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Mdule 6: Observatins and referrals 6.1 What are the Husehld's 3 main unmet needs at this mment; in rder f imprtance? (Use the cdes belw) Mst imprtant 2nd in imprtance 3rd in imprtance 1) N unmet need 9) Psych-scial supprt 17) Children activities 2) Mre fd 10) Clthes/shes 18) Physical security 3) Better quality fd 11) Kitchen assets fr cking 19) Legal assistance/ dcumentatin 4) Supprt fr rent/ imprved shelter 12) Other husehld assets 20) Sanitatin/sewage 5) Cking fuel, gas, electricity 13) Agricultural inputs 21) Drinking water 6) Medicines/health 14) Transprt 22) Baby fd 7) Educatin/bks 15) Credit 23) Yuth activities 8) Livelihds supprt 16) Child care 24)Fans 6.2 In yur pinin, which f the fur vulnerability threshlds des this husehld fall within? Severe vulnerability High vulnerability Mild vulnerability Lw Vulnerability 6.3 Recmmended Referrals: Health issues Registratin-related. Livelihd Financial assistance Educatin Referral priritizatin: Emergency Urgent Nrmal Psychscial supprt Prtectin Child prtectin Credibility Cncern / Please check bservatins 67

68 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Percentage f questinnaires cmpleted per gvernrate 15 Figure 2. Syrians registered with UNHCR by year f arriva 18 Figure 3. Age distributin by gender 20 Figure 4. Areas f settlement by area f rigin in Syria 22 Figure 5. Child labur per age categry 26 Figure 6. Type f child labur 27 Figure 7. Child labur hazards 27 Figure 8. Percentage f children attending schl frm 8 t 17 years ld 28 Figure 9. Percentage f children between 6 and 17 years in and ut f schl 30 Figure 10. Type f schl attended by Syrian refugee children between 6 and 18 years 30 Figure 11. Age f children at primary and preparatry schl 31 Figure 12. Level f schl fr children in the ages frm 15 until 18 years 32 Figure 13. Reasns fr nt attending schl 32 Figure 14. Fd cnsumptin amngst Syrian refugees in Egypt 34 Figure 15. Fd cnsumptin grups in six gvernrates 36 Figure 16. Gegraphic distributin f Syrian refugees with pr and acceptable brderline fd cnsumptin Figure 17. Fd cnsumptin patterns per fd cnsumptin grup 37 Figure 18. Husehlds nt cnsuming nutrient-rich fds 38 Figure 19. Dietary diversity pattern f fd cnsumptin grups 39 Figure 20. Distributin f Syrian refugees by dietary diversity grups 39 Figure 21. Dietary diversity acrss selected gvernrates 40 Figure 22. Fd cnsumptin f husehlds with and withut WFP Assistance 40 Figure 23. Share f expenditure n fd 41 Figure 24. Fd cnsumptin cping strategies 41 Figure 25. Fd cping strategies fr husehlds with and withut fd vuchers 42 Figure 26. Reliance f husehlds n fd cnsumptin cping strategies 42 Figure 27. Adptatin f livelihds 43 Figure 28. Adptatin f livelihds cping strategies by fd security grups 43 Figure 29. Frequency f fd cnsumptin by fd security grups 44 Figure 30. Husehld fd insecurity by gvernrate

69 UNHCR Egypt Sciecnmic Assessment Reprt Figure 31. Inflatin rate f the Egyptian Pund (January May 2017) 46 Figure 32. Expenditure per capital per mnth EVAR cmpared t SEA 46 Figure 33. Mnthly reprted expenditure per capita 48 Figure 34. Mnthly husehld expenditures in the SEA and EVAR 49 Figure 35. Expenditures fr fd and rent (Nvember December 2016) 49 Figure 36. Cping mechanisms 52 Figure 37. Reasns fr brrwing mney 53 Figure 38. Husehld vulnerability per husehld size 56 Figure 39. Emplyment status f wrking age individuals (18 60 years) 58 Figure 40. Reasns f nn-wrking Syrian males 59 Figure 41. Percentage f Syrian refugees emplyed per gvernrate 60 Figure 42. Emplyment by age grup 60 Figure 43. Occupatin f Syrian males 61 Figure 44. Occupatin f Syrian females 61 Figure 45. Emplyment by level f educatin 62 Figure 46. Level f wrk satisfactin 62 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Definitin f vulnerability threshlds based n the MEB 17 Table 2. Level f educatin f female and male headed husehlds 20 Table 3. Number f children under 18 years attending schl 28 Table 4. Out f schl percentages per vulnerability categry 33 Table 5. Fd security cnsle fr Syrian Refugees 44 Table 6. Reprted incme frm wrk per mnth in Egyptian punds 51 Table 7. Incme frm remittances and ther surces utside wrk 52 Table 8. Year f arrival in Egypt and reprted debt 53 Table 9. Surce f debt 54 Table 10. Debt repayment 54 Table 11. Percentage f husehlds per vulnerability grup 54 Table 12. Incme fr female headed and male headed husehlds 55 Table 13. Reasns fr jb dissatisfactin 63 69

70 ACRONYMS 3RP CRS EVAR GE HAUS MEB ME MHP NGO SEA SGBV UNHCR UNICEF WFP Syrian Refugee and Resilience Plan Cathlic Relief Services Egypt Vulnerability assessment fr Refugees Gvernment f Egypt Health Access and Utilizatin Survey Minimum Expenditure Basket Ministry f Educatin Ministry f Health and Ppulatin Nn-Gvernmental Organizatin Sci-Ecnmic Assessment Sexual and Gender Based Vilence United Natins High Cmmissiner fr Refugees United Natins Children Fund Wrld Fd Prgramme 70

71 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNHCR wuld like t thank all refugees that participated in the EVAR. Thanks ges t each f the 23,345 Syrian refugee husehlds wh welcmed the survey team, answered questins, and prvided valuable infrmatin t ensure the success f the prject. UNHCR wuld like t thank the entire CARITAS Egypt assessment teams, wh cnducted all the data cllectin. The reprt was principally authred by Mhamed Aly and Sfia Tekidu frm UNHCR. The fd security chapter has been authred by Riham Abuismail, Hazem Alhamdy and Linda Badawy frm WFP. The fllwing UNHCR Egypt staff cntributed t the review f the reprt: Rasha Arus, Bernadette Castel-Hllingswrth, Benjamin Crrigan, Elsa Busquet, Ragnhild Ek, Helen Hayfrd, Haruku Kud, Bernadette Muteshi, Marian Schilperrd and Mhammed Shawky. The table designs were finalized by Yahia Khelidy and Vibek Raj Maurya frm UNHCR. Final editing review f the reprt was by Reid Cper, UNHCR cnsultant. All rights reserved UNHCR Egypt 2016

72 DONOR SUPPORT UNHCR is grateful fr the financial supprt prvided by dnrs t its refugee respnse in Egypt. Dnrs wh cntributed t the cash assistance and ther prgrams in Egypt in 2017 were: Eurpean Unin UNHCR Egypt Facebk.cm/UNHCREgypt Twitter.cm/UNHCREgypt Yutube.cm/c/UNHCREgypt Instagram.cm/UNHCREgypt