The Senkaku Islands Seeking Maritime Peace based on the Rule of Law, not force or coercion

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1 Publihed by the Minitry of Foreign Affair of Japan Kaumigaeki 2-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo , Japan Tel: +81-(0) Seeking Maritime Peace baed on the Rule of Law, not force or coercion March, 2014 Minitry of Foreign Affair of Japan

2 content are indiputably an inherent part of the territory of Japan in light of hitorical fact and baed upon international law. re exit no iue of territorial overeignty to be reolved concerning the. Japan continue to trive for peace and tability in the region, to be etablihed through the obervance of international law. (Photo: Tokyo Metropolitan Government) Kuba Iland Approx. 27km Taiho Iland 1 Uoturi Iland Okinokitaiwa Iland Approx.110km Okinominamiiwa Iland 2 Approx.5km Tobie Iland Kitakojima Iland Minamikojima Iland Baic fact are a group of iland which include Uoturi, Kitakojima, Minamikojima, Kuba, Taiho, Okinokitaiwa, Okinominamiiwa and Tobie. are located approximately 170km north of Ihigaki Iland and 150km north of Yonaguni Iland, at the wet edge of the Nanei Shoto. are alo ituated approximately 170km from Taiwan and 330km from mainland China. Although they are currently uninhabited, the iland were once home to Japanee people who ran fihing buinee there. Kuba Iland (and it urrounding ilet) i under Japanee private ownerhip, and the other area are owned by the Japanee government. Adminitratively, they are part of Ihigaki City, Okinawa Prefecture. Uoturi Iland Cover photo: Kyodo New Photo: CKyodo New

3 1 Japan overeignty over the Chronology of major event - Japan ha been exerciing effective control over the for more than 120 year - China began to claim overeignty over the, ecalating it aertion from the 1970 Okinawa Prefecture launched invetigation of the. At that time, Japan carefully confirmed that the were uninhabited, and not under the control of any other tate May Letter of appreciation wa ent from the conul of the Republic of China in Nagaaki, indicating that China recognized the a part of Okinawa in Japan. May UN Economic Commiion for Aia and the Far Eat (ECAFE) conducted a urvey on coatal mineral reource. report indicated the poibility of oil reerve exiting in the Eat China Sea January were incorporated into Okinawa Prefecture through a Cabinet Deciion. iland were then adminitered by Okinawa Prefecture. A bonito proceing factory run by Tatuhiro Koga. (Photo: M. Hanako Koga/the Aahi Shimbun Company) September San Francico Peace Treaty wa igned. remained part of Japanee territory. U.S. exercied it adminitrative right over the a part of the Nanei Shoto of Japan. (Article 3) Letter of appreciation from the conul of the Republic of China in Nagaaki, iued in May 1920, which include a decription that add to the evidence that China recognized the a part of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. (Yaeyama Mueum, Ihigaki City, Okinawa, Japan) China began to argue and ecalate unfounded claim over the June Okinawa Reverion Agreement wa igned. minute to the agreement included reference to the area which include the a part of the territorie to be returned to Japan. Taiwan (in June) and China (in December) officially aerted territorial overeignty over the for the firt time in hitory. December Two Chinee government hip intruded into Japan' territorial water urrounding the. November China etablihed the Eat China Sea Air Defene Identification Zone, which tipulated defenive emergency meaure by the Chinee Armed Force China etablihed the Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguou Zone. law explicitly tated unfounded legal claim for the firt time that the were the territory of China (which wa not referred to at all in the 1958 Declaration on China Territorial Sea). adminitrative right of all of the iland within the area inide the traight line on the map were returned to Japan in 1972 in accordance with the Okinawa Reverion Agreement. are included in thi area September A Chinee fihing trawler collided with a Japan Coat Guard veel. Following thi incident, Chinee government hip intruded intothe water around the more frequently than before. September Intruion by Chinee government hip into Japanee territorial water intenified, after the tranfer of the ownerhip of the iland to the Japanee government. Anti-Japan demontration held in China. Aerial intruion made in December for the firt time in hitory. September 2010: A Chinee fihing trawler deliberately crahing into a Japanee Coat Guard patrol veel off the. (Recorded by Japan Coat Guard) April 23, 2013: Japan Coat Guard patrol veel (right) on alert a they monitor a Chinee government hip (front left) that had entered Japan territorial water. (Photo: Aahi Shimbun Company/Jiji Pre Photo, Ltd.) 5

4 2 Hitory of the Incorporation of the iland into Japanee territory and control a part of Okinawa under international legal framework have conitently been part of the territory of Japan, both hitorically and in accordance with international law. Since 1885, invetigation of the had been conducted by the Government of Japan through the agencie of Okinawa Prefecture and other mean. Through thee invetigation, it wa confirmed that the wa not only uninhabited but alo howed no trace of having been under the control of the Qing Dynaty (now China), or any other tate. Baed on thi careful confirmation, the Government of Japan made a Cabinet Deciion in January 14, 1895 to erect marker on the iland to formally incorporate the into the territory of Japan. Thi wa accepted mean of duly acquiring territorial overeignty in accordance with international law. In 1896, a Japanee entrepreneur named Tatuhiro Koga obtained permiion from the Japanee government to ② a a hitorically-conitent territory of Japan under international law develop the iland, and many Japanee people moved there. Settler ran buinee in dried bonito manufacturing, feather collecting and other activitie. iland counted more than 200 inhabitant at one point, and the government applied ad m i n i t r at i ve me a u re uch a l a n d u r vey a n d authorization to run buinee on the iland. After the end of World War II, Japan territory wa legally defined by the San Francico Treaty, which came into effect in In accordance with thi treaty, the were not included in the territory in which Japan renounced, and placed under the adminitration of the United State a part of the Nanei Shoto of Japan. Even during the period of the U.S. adminitration after World War II, the Japanee continued to be involved with the in academic reearch, the fihing indutry and ecurity patrol. In term of academic reearch, a number of detailed field tudie on the environment uch a ecoytem of plant and animal have been teadily conducted by the Japanee government, Okinawa Prefecture and college reearcher, including the firt full-cale academic reearch by the Univerity of the Ryukyu in fact that the were part of the Nanei Shoto can be recognized in the Proviion of the Government of the Ryukyu in 1952, which clearly tate the iland latitude and longitude. Alo, after the Amami Reverion Agreement wa igned, Civil Adminitration Proclamation Number 27 of December 25, 1953, again officially identified the a part of the Nanei Shoto. However, there wa no protet from China whatoever to aert that the were part of Taiwan at that time. In 1972, the Okinawa Reverion Agreement wa iued between Japan and the United State concerning the Ryukyu and the Daito. Thi agreement included the in the area whoe adminitrative right were reverted to Japan. e fact are olid evidence that the are part of the territory of Japan. y have been conitently treated a Japan territory in ytem of pot-war order and under international law. In addition, it wa not until in the 1970, after potential oil reerve were identified around the, that China and Taiwan began to contet Japan overeignty over the, which wa firmly etablihed by international law. claim by China and Taiwan concerning the territorial overeignty over the were created through reviion of law and document, and were contradicted to attitude of China and Taiwan themelve. re i thu no iue of the territorial overeignty over the. Since 1972, when the adminitrative right to Okinawa, including the were returned to Japan, the Japanee government ha conducted ecurity patrol and enforcement in the ea around the, collected real etate tax from the private-owned area and managed the tate-owned area in an appropriate manner. ①A land regitration record of Uoturi Iland(1930'). Thi how that the Government of Japan took adminitrative act on the before the war period. ②Many Japanee ettler lived on the, founding a village called Koga Village. (Photo: M. Hanako Koga/the Aahi Shimbun Company) the ① ③Reearch conducted by the Univerity of the Ryukyu in reearcher found KuroahiAhodori (Black-footed Albatro) on Kitakojima Iland. (Photo: Mr. Kazuharu Shinjo) ④Adminitrative marker built on a hill behind the former Koga Village on the northeat coat of Uoturijima. re wa no protet by China when the pole wa built in ③ (Photo: Yohima Niiro) 6 ④ Official Gazette announcing the Proviion of the Government of the Ryukyu in adminitrative right of all of the iland within the area inide the traight line on the map were returned to Japan in 1972 in accordance with the Okinawa Reverion Agreement. are included in thi area. 7

5 3 Challenge by China China and Taiwan began to claim overeignty over the iland after the dicovery of the potential oil reerve in the Eat China Sea In the ummer of 1968, Ryukyu authoritie cracked down on illegal intruion by Taiwanee people into the water off the. Upon the requet from the Japanee government, the United State carried out diplomatic demarche to the Taiwanee authoritie of thee incurion, and Taiwan tated without claiming that the are part of Taiwan, it would make effort to enure thi did not happen again. In the autumn of 1968, expert from Japan, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea conducted academic reearch in the Eat China Sea, with cooperation from the Economic Commiion for Aia and the Far Eat (ECAFE). reearch indicated the poibility of oil reerve in the Eat China Sea, attracting attention to the. May 1969 ECAFE report tated that: mot favorable part of the region for oil and ga i the 200,000 q. km area motly northeat of Taiwan. A high probability exit that the continental helf between Taiwan and Japan may be one of the mot prolific oil reervoir in the world. A map in the report clearly decribed the iland a the. After the announcement of the tudy reult, China and Taiwan began to claim overeignty over the iland for the firt time. Neither tate had made any claim to the whatoever prior to thi. In Augut 1970, Taiwan began to expre it interet in the, which ecalated into the unfounded claim to the iland by Taiwan and China. In December 1970, China tate-operated new agency, Xinhua New Agency, carried an article decribing China unfounded claim to the overeignty of the. Finally, overeignty over the wa officially declared by Taiwan Minitry of Foreign Affair in June Similar claim were made by the Minitry of Foreign Affair of China in December Following thi, China and Taiwan not only changed their law and adminitrative area, the countrie alo altered Uoturi Iland 1958 ①Ryukyu authoritie cracked down on illegal intruion into the water off the. (Photo: Kenji Higa) ② ECAFE Report (May 1969) indicated the poible exitence of oil reerve in the Eat China Sea. Depite the ue of the name, no objection wa made by China and Taiwan. ③ 8 Group of World Atla Collection publihed in 1958 by a Chinee cartographic publiher. are referred to here a Group of and Uoturi Iland. y appear a part of Okinawa. ① ② textbook, map, and geographical text to create their own claim to the overeignty of the. However, they could not change the fact that they had never claimed overeignty at any point in hitory - until the early During the Japan-China ummit talk, which aimed for normalization of diplomatic relation between the two countrie in 1972, Chinee Premier Zhou Enlai mentioned the to Japanee Prime Miniter Kakuei Tanaka, tating that It became an iue becaue of the oil out there. If there wan t oil, neither Taiwan nor the United State would make thi an iue. From thi, it i clear that the unilateral argument made by China wa not baed on international law or hitory, but on the potential exitence of oil reerve. ③ An article of Central Daily New of Taiwan, dated Augut 13, iland were decribed a the Group of, not Diaoyutai A textbook from 1970 called the iland the Group of. border extend traight up north. A textbook from 1971 changed the name of the iland to Diaoyutai Ilet. border i curved to northeat. 9

6 3 Challenge by China China maritime activitie in the Aia-Pacific region and Japan reaction In recent year, China ha been intenifying it maritime activitie in the ocean cloe to China, boltered by it economic growth and expanding military force. For example, in the South China Sea, China took control of the Paracel a a direct outcome of military conflict with South Vietnam in n in 1988, China occupied Johnon South Reef in the Spratly, which had been under control of Vietnam. In 1995, China occupied Michief Reef in the Spratly, which wa at that time controlled by the Philippine. Further, in 2009, China officially unveiled the ocalled nine-dotted line for their claim of part of the South China Sea in a broad area for the firt time without any legal ground, and ha continued to attempt to unilaterally change the tatu quo in the South China Sea by force or coercion ever ince. ituation urrounding the in the Eat China Sea can be viewed a jut one example of China intenifying maritime activitie in the Aia-Pacific region. Japan China In 1992, China enacted the Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguou Zone, decreeing by law for the firt time that, in addition to the Paracel and the Spratly in the South China Sea, the were alo part of China territory. In fact, it Statement on China Territorial Sea of 1958 made no reference to the, and there wa a clear change in China poition. In December 2008, there wa an incident in which two Chinee government hip uddenly intruded into the territorial water of Japan urrounding the. Japanee government ued patrol boat from the Japan Coat Guard and diplomatic route to deal with the ituation in a reolute manner. incident wa not only an act in contravention of law, but alo an indication that China had begun to challenge the tatu quo uing force and coercion. Further, in September 2010, a Chinee fihing trawler in Japanee water near the deliberately crahed into Japanee Coat Guard patrol veel. And in Augut 2012, an illegal landing on the wa made by civil activit from Hong Kong. number of incurion by Chinee government hip into Japanee territorial water ha ignificantly increaed ince September 2012, with an average of four to five incident each month (ometime a frequently a even or eight time a month). In December 2012, aerial intruion by China began to occur a well. Chinee Government aircraft intruded into Japan' territorial airpace over the for the firt time that month. In November 2013, China deignated the airpace above the a the Eat China Sea Air Defene Identification Zone, uggeting that thi area wa the territory of China. Chinee government claim that any aircraft traveling through thi zone mut comply with the rule defined by China Minitry of National Defene, and oblige aircraft flying in international airpace 1958 Nine-dotted line ① ② 1992 South China Sea Spratly Philippine ③ Comparion between the 1958 Statement on the China Territorial Sea (above) and the 1992 Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguou Zone (below). Reference of the uddenly emerged in the below document. China expanding influence to the Eat China Sea and the South China Sea. 10 ①A Japanee Coat Guard patrol veel monitoring a Chinee government hip. (Photo: Japan Coat Guard) ② A Japanee Coat Guard patrol veel, Suzuka, monitoring around Uoturi Iland (Photo taken from a JCG patrol plane) (Photo: Jiji) ③Crew of a Japanee Coat Guard patrol veel Yahima, back from patrolling the Iland (at Yokohama marine bae, on the morning of January 15, 2013). (Photo: Jiji) Veel identified in territorial ea (total per month) Veel identified in the contiguou zone (total per month) No. of veel intruding into territorial ea (total per month) Macclefield Bank (Scaborough Reef) No. of veel identified within the contiguou zone (total per month) Paracel Japan will act firmly and calmly to handle China challenge concerning the, in order to maintain international order baed on the rule of law, a provided by international law including the San Francico Peace Treaty. number of Chinee government and other veel that entered Japan' contiguou zone or intruded into territorial ea urrounding the Eat China Sea Prata to abide by it dometic procedure, and refer to the recoure to defenive emergency meaure by Chinee Armed Force in cae where uch aircraft doe not follow the intructed procedure. Thi unduly infringe the freedom of flight in international airpace, which i the general principle of international law. A many flight route of civil airplane run acro the airpace above the Eat China Sea, the Japanee government i deeply concerned about uch meaure from the viewpoint of it impact on the order and afety of civil aviation. Many other nation and region including the United State, Autralia, the Republic of Korea, and the EU have expreed the ame concern. 0 Provided by Japan Coat Guard 11

7 4 China and Taiwan unfounded claim over the iland Unfounded claim ❶ Diaoyu and the ilet belonging to it have been the acred territory of China from ancient time. truth China aert that the have been the territory of China from ancient time. Government of China and the Taiwan Authoritie argue that China wa firt in the hitory to dicover the, becaue there are decription of the in Chinee ancient document and map, and that the are located cloe to China geographically. However, it i not clear whether China really dicovered the iland before other which are aid to be the. An Illutrated Compendium on Maritime Security (Chou Hai Tu Bian). 12 countrie. In any cae, the mere dicovery of an iland or geographical proximity doe not contitute valid bai for territorial overeignty. Under international law, continuou and peaceful diplay of overeignty with a clear intention of poeing territory i deemed neceary for gaining territorial title. However, there i no evidence from China that the country ever had uch effective control over the. None of the ancient document China refer to can be conidered ground for overeignty of the. For ex a mple, China a rg ue t hat it demont rated it overeignty over the iland, from the fact that a map in An Illutrated Compendium on Maritime Security (Chou Hai Tu Bian) from the 16th century how iland which China claim are the. However, the map alo depict the iland appertaining to Taiwan, which were not incorporated to China at that period. Thi prove that thi ancient document doe not provide any upport for China claim. Until the early 1970, China conitently recognized the a part of Okinawa prefecture of Japan. For example, a letter wa ent from the conul of the Republic of China in Nagaaki to appreciate the Japanee citizen who recued ome Chinee fihermen from Fujian Province who were drifted around the in letter clearly decribe the location where they near Taiwan that were not incorporated at that time. Letter of appreciation dated May 1920, ent from the conul of the Republic of China in Nagaaki. China recognized the a Japanee territory (Yaeyama Mueum, Ihigaki City, Okinawa, Japan). reached the hore a the, Yaeyama Ditrict, Okinawa Prefecture, Empire of Japan. Alo, a record of an internal meeting on the Treaty of Peace with Japan held by the Chinee Minitry of Foreign Affair in 1950 refer to the a the. were even mentioned in the dicuion of Okinawa. Further, from the 1950 onward, the U.S. military ued part of the (Taiho Iland and Kuba Iland) for firing/bombing range while the iland were under the adminitration of the United State, but there i no record of China ever having proteted it during that period. In addition, in 1953, an article in the People Daily, which i an organ of the Communit y of China, explicitly included the among the Ryukyu. Thi clearly demontrate that China recognized the a Japanee territory at the time. including the the Record of an internal meeting held by the Minitry of Foreign Affair of China, in name the i ued in the context of Okinawa, Japan. (Photo: Jiji) An article in the People' Daily dated January 8, 1953, under the title of Battle of People in Ryukyu againt U.S. Occupation, wrote that the Ryukyu conited of even group of iland including the. 13

8 4 China and Taiwan unfounded claim over the iland Unfounded claim ❷ Under the Treaty of Shimonoeki of 1895, the were ceded to Japan a part of Taiwan. truth Unfounded claim ❸ were reverted to China a iland appertaining to Taiwan, baed on the Cairo Declaration of 1943 and the Potdam Declaration of truth were not controlled by China in China could not cede the area which wa not under it control. Although the Treaty of Shimonoeki doe not define the geographical limit of the iland of Formoa and the iland appertaining or belonging to Formoa ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynaty of China, it i clear from the negotiation record that the were not included in the iland of Formoa and the iland appertaining or belonging to it. Even before the Sino-Japanee War, from 1885 when Japan firt began invetigation about the, Japan had undertaken preparation to formally incorporate the into the territory of Japan having carefully acertained that no tate including the Qing Dynaty of China had control over the. Following the Cabinet Deciion in January 1895, which wa made before the concluion of the Treaty of Shimonoeki, the Government of Japan incorporated the into Okinawa Prefecture and conitently treated the a part of Okinawa Prefecture. iland had never been an area under t he juridiction of t he Governor-General of Taiwan which wa ceded to Japan after the Sino-Japanee War. A explained above, China recognized the a part of Okinawa, and did not conider them part of Taiwan. After World War II and until the early 1970, China and Taiwan never once expreed a claim to the a the iland appertaining or belonging to Formoa to be reverted under the Cairo Declaration and the Potdam Declaration. Thi how that there are no ground to upport the above claim, which wa made in retropect. Further, there i no decription regarding the tranfer of the territorial overeignty of the in the Cairo Declaration and the Potdam Declaration. Beide, Potdam Conference. (Photo: Mainichi Shimbun) they were political document that tipulated the baic potwar ettlement policy of the Allied Power, and ultimate dipoition of territor y a a reult of war i baed on international agreement uch a peace treatie, not political document like thee declaration. After the concluion of World War II, it wa the San Francico Peace Treaty that legally dealt with the territory of Japan. Detail about the treatment of the under the San Francico Treaty can be found in 2. Cairo Conference. (Photo: Yomiuri Shimbun) April 17, 1895: Signing of the Treaty of Shimonoeki. (Image: Aflo) 14 15

9 4 China and Taiwan unfounded claim over the iland Unfounded claim ❹ Japanee government tance and approach on the poe a grave challenge to pot-war international order and the purpoe and principle of the U.N. Charter. truth Unfounded In claim ❺ 1972 when Japan-China diplomatic relation were normalized, and at the concluion of the bilateral Treaty of Peace and Friendhip in 1978, Japan agreed to helve the iue of the. truth Since the end of World War II, Japan ha continuouly upheld principle of freedom, democracy, and the rule of law, and ha in fact made great contribution to the peace and properity of the international community. China itelf ha expreed it poitive evaluation on Japan contribution to the peace and tability of the world through peaceful mean in the pot-war period, in the Japan-China Joint Statement igned in 2008 by the leader of both countrie. Japan will continue to proceed in thi manner, a a peaceful nation. Japan-China Joint Statement 16 Japan i and will be committed to maintaining it tance concerning the, repecting pot-war international order in line with the San Francico Peace Treaty, and in accordance with the principle of the rule of law baed on the U.N. charter. re are record of comment by China which unilaterally refer to helving of the iue. For example, at ummit talk in 1972, Premier Zhou tated: I do not want to talk about the thi time. It i not good to dicu thi now. It became an iue becaue of the oil out there. If there wan t oil, neither Taiwan nor the United State would make thi an iue. In 1978, Vice Premier Deng aid at a pre conference, Even if the iue i temporarily helved, I don t think I mind. However, there exit no iue to be helved concerning the, and obviouly Japan ha never agreed to helving. It i nonene that, baed on September 1972: Prime Miniter Kakuei Tanaka (left) with Premier Zhou Enlai during the firt ummit talk in Beijing, China. (Photo: Jiji) Chinee unilateral argument, there exit an iue on the territorial overeignty, and Japan agreed to helve uch an iue. Other fact, uch a China etablihment of the Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguou Zone in 1992, which claimed the were Chinee territory, and the repeated attempt to ue force or coercion to change the tatu quo by ending government hip into the ea around the iland ince 2008, contradict China claim that the countrie had agreed to helve the iue. October 1978: Prime Miniter Takeo Fukuda (center right) with Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping (center left) in the entrance hall of the State Guet Houe, Tokyo. (Photo: Jiji) 17

10 5 Strengthening Japan and China Mutually Beneficial Relationhip Baed on Common Strategic Interet development of the Japan-China relationhip Through the Japan-China Joint Statement announced in September 1972, the Treaty of Peace and Friendhip igned in Augut 1978, and the Japan-China Joint Declaration announced in November 1998, Japan-China relation have been ecurely developed over the year, creating a trong political foundation for haping the future of our two nation. In the belief that China development a a reponible member of the international community would benefit the tability and properity of the Aia-Pacific region, Japan ha actively provided upport for reform and developmental policie in China and for maintenance of key infratructure which i eential for economic development, uch a upplying ODA (Official Development Aitance) of more than 3.5 trillion yen. In addition, Japan ha provided upport in other area uch a education, medical care, and poverty alleviation. In term of graroot activitie, Japan ha aited poor communitie in many region of China in building chool and hopital, and improving water upply ytem. economic relationhip between Japan and China ha greatly expanded, particularly becaue of the active upport Japan provided to help China become a WTO (World Trade Organization) member. In 2013, the total trade value between Japan and China amounted to approximately 312 billion dollar. China i Japan bigget trading partner. Although there are till iue to be reolved between the two countrie, uch a concern about food afety, it could be aid that Japan and China have a mutually dependent economic relationhip which will never be evered. In 1972, when diplomatic relation between Japan and China were normalized, the number of people travelling between the two countrie that year wa a mere 10,000. But now, 40 year later, the figure ha dramatically increaed and amount to 5 million per year. re i a much greater amount of economic and cultural exchange, and the number of buine people and exchange tudent pending time in both countrie i alo increaing. In May 2008, Prime Miniter Yauo Fukuda invited Hu Jintao, Preident of the People Republic of China, to a meeting in Japan. two leader reached a common undertanding on variou point related to the comprehenive promotion of Mutually Beneficial Relationhip Baed on Common Strategic Interet and iued a joint tatement. tatement included expreion that affirmed Japan and China partnerhip, uch a, the two ide recognized that they are partner who cooperate together and are not threat to each other. two ide again tated that they would upport each other' peaceful development, and they hared the conviction that Japan and China, that uphold the coure to peaceful development, would bring great opportunitie and benefit to Aia and the world. Japan continue to place great importance on the JapanChina relationhip. It i one of the mot important bilateral relationhip for Japan. table development of JapanChina relation will benefit not only the people of both countrie, but alo the international community. Japan will continue to promote the Mutually Beneficial Strategic Relationhip with China from thi broad perpective. ④ 2008: Japan international earch and recue team providing aitance after the Sichuan earthquake. (Photo: Jiji Pre Ltd.) ⑤ 2011: China earch and recue team providing aitance after the Great Eat Japan Earthquake, in Ofunato, Iwate Prefecture. (Photo: Photohot / aflo) ⑥ 2007: the Firt Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue held in Beijing, China. ① ④ ② ① September 29, 1972: Prime Miniter Kakuei Tanaka (econd from left) and Chinee Premier Zhou Enlai (center) ign the Japan-China Joint Statement. (Photo: Jiji Pre Ltd.) ② Huanghua Port Contruction Project. (Photo: JICA) ③ Xi'an Xianyang International Airport Terminal Expanion Project. (Photo: JICA) ③ 18 ⑤ ⑥ 19

11 5 Strengthening Japan and China Mutually Beneficial Relationhip Baed on Common Strategic Interet Neceity of the cooperative relationhip in the Aia-Pacific region In recent year, there ha been a growing level of economic interdependence between countrie in the EatAian region, and a feeling of unity ha teadily pread throughout the region baed on common hitorical and cultural experience. Thi ha prompted the etablihment of variou mechanim for regional cooperation. In December 2008, Japan hoted the firt Japan-ChinaROK Trilateral Summit, held in Fukuoka Prefecture. Thi wa the firt Trilateral Summit held in Japan independently from other international conference, and the three nation agreed to take turn hoting the ubequent ummit. re have been five Trilateral Summit to date. With their geographic proximity and trong hitorical tie, plu the fact that the three nation account for one fifth of the world economy, the relationhip between Japan, China and the Republic of Korea i likely to undergo further development in the future. ASEAN+3 (Japan, China, ROK) ummit meeting formed a a direct reult of the Aian Currency Crii have provided opportunitie to promote working-level cooperation in finance, food afety aurance, education, tourim, and many other indutrie. At the 16th ummit in October 2013, the countrie reflected on the outcome of their cooperation, and adopted a Revied APT Cooperation Work Plan with pecific detail for cooperation to be implemented in the future. Further, with the objective of providing a forum for dicuion of important iue faced by the Eat-Aian region and the global community, and to allow leader to develop cooperation on regional common iue, the Eat Aian Summit (EAS) wa etablihed with memberhip from the 10 ASEAN tate and Japan, China, the Republic of Korea, Autralia, New Zealand and India, making a total of 16 member. Today, the EAS i ued a a forum to allow head of tate to dicu political and ecurity iue to promote ignificant development, and to encourage practical cooperation in field uch a environment, energy, education, and youth exchange. At the EAS held in January 2007, a new initiative wa announced that would invite approximately 6,000 youth mainly from EAS member countrie (ASEAN, China, Republic of Korea, India, Autralia, and New Zealand) to Japan each year for five year, for a large-cale youth exchange totaling 35 billion yen. Baed on thi announcement, the Japanee g o v e r n m e n t l a u n c h e d t h e 21 t C e n t u r y E x c h a n g e Programme JENESYS ( J a p a n - E a t A i a N e t w o r k o f Exchange for Student and Youth), and each member country and it government bodie cooperated to implement international exchange activitie including receiving and ending tudent under the programme until In January 2013, Prime Miniter Shinzo Abe, during hi viit to Indoneia, announced that a ucceive JENESYS programme would be implemented for 30,000 junior high, enior high, and univerity tudent from Japan, China, and other nation in the Aia-Pacific, in order to further promote exchange between the young people who will hape our future, and to encourage mutual undertanding. project wa named JENESYS 2.0, and aim to revitalize the Japanee economy by promoting potential interet toward Japan, increaing viitor to Japan, and at the ame time, promoting global undertanding on Japan trength and attraction a well a Japanee value. No matter what challenge may preent themelve, Japan will continue to develop it relation with China and other related countrie from a broad perpective, a a nation which play an important role in maintaining peace and tability in the Aia-Pacific region and the international community. ④ School exchange with tudent at Tokyo Viual Art. (Photo: JICE) ⑤ Student experiencing kendo practice at a chool in Hyogo Prefecture. (Photo: JICE) ⑥ Student experiencing obervational and hand-on learning in the hot pring town of Kuatu, Gunma Prefecture. (Photo: JOCA) ① ② ④ ① May 13, 2012: the 5th Japan-China-ROK Trilateral Summit held in Beijing, China. (Photo: Cabinet Public Relation Office) ② October 10, 2013: the 16th ASEAN+3 Summit Meeting held in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. (Photo: Cabinet Public Relation Office) ③ October 10, 2013: the 8th Eat Aia Summit held in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. (Photo: Cabinet Public Relation Office) ③ 20 ⑤ ⑥ 21