LEVEL OF ANALYSIS - STATE AND NEW ACTORS

Transcription

1 INTERNATIONAL POLITICS INRL 204 LEVEL OF ANALYSIS - STATE AND NEW ACTORS Assist. Prof. Dr. Gökay ÖZERİM Department of International Relations gokay.ozerim@yasar.edu.tr gozerim.yasar.edu.tr

2 STATE (i) a geographic territory with interna?onally recognized boundaries (ii) an interna?onally recognized and iden?fiable popula?on that lives within those boundries (iii) an interna?onally recognized authority structure or government

3 STATE Primary characteris?cs: Legi?macy: all states have a right to exist and that the authority of the government in that state is supreme and accepted as lawful. Sovereignty: means that no higher authority than the state exists. Formal obliga?ons: interna?onal law & diplomacy

4 STATE POWER- NEW ACTORS? INTERDEPENDENCE: States do not live in isola?on from one another. Increasingly the new driving forces in world poli?cs such as interna?onal finance, trade and commerce, environmental pollu?on, the informa?on revolu?on, transna?onalism, intergovernmental organiza?ons, non- governmental organiza?ons- are linking states together in a web of wide - ranging interac?ons.

5 STATE - GLOBALIZATION Globaliza?on is not dissolving the state, but it has not ley it untouched either. (In some ways states are actually playing a bigger role in our lives, e.g. More surveillance, bigger budgets, more scope of ac?vity etc. However, there is a growth of super territorial social spaces beyond the na?onal domain.)

6 Global Governance Global Governance refers to the development of rules and policies and regula?ons at the global level. Other par?es besides the state are increasingly involved in global governance. As explained by Scholte, their efforts, to shape rules and norms some?mes complement the ac?ons of states, but on other occasions they may compete with an possibly override the ini?a?ves of na?onal governments.

7 If world poli?cs is no longer based on the core principle of sovereign statehood, how is governance being conducted in the contemporary globalizing world?

8 Substate global governance (e.g. coopera?on between metropolises) Suprastate global governance (e.g. UN, OECD, WTO) Marke?zed Global Governance (e.g. Intl. Federa?on of Stock Exchanges, the World Economic Forum) Global Social Movements (E.g. Greenpeace, Global Network of People Living with HIV & AIDS)

9 WHO ARE THE CHALLENGES TO STATE AUTHORITY?

10 State authority challenged by: Internal opposi?on minority groups (alterna?ve governance) organized economic/poli?cal interests guerilla/terrorist groups External actors Big powers Alliances Interna?onal organiza?ons (int. law) Popular movements (Environment)

11 Restric?ng factors Interna?onal law (Courts/Tribunals) Interna?onal agreements Alliances Effec?ve channels for world- wide communica?on/nego?a?on Increased transna?onaliza?on Democra?c governance Extended resources for conflict preven?on and conflict management

12 LEVEL OF ANALYSIS

13 Three Levels of Analysis: Singer 1960 [Waltz 1959] 1st Level: Individual Nature of Man ( Man seeks Power, Men seek power ) Individual Leaders ( George Bush seeks power )

14 2nd Level: State Country level Three Levels of Analysis: Singer 1960 [Waltz 1959] Nature of (some) States ( Democracies are less warlike ) Individual States ( The US seeks power ) Organiza?on level Nature of Organiza?ons Individual Organiza?ons

15 Three Levels of Analysis: Singer 1960 [Waltz 1959] 3rd Level: Inter- State System Interac?on Interac?on among Units ( Democracies don t akack each other ) Rela?onal Arguments ( Allies don t akack each other ) Structure Distribu?on of Power/Threat/Interests ( Bipolar is more stable than mul?polar ) Posi?onal Arguments ( Hegemons seek power )

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18 STATE- LEVEL (DOMESTIC) ANALYSIS Assumes rela?ve freedom of states in policy making Closer look at the making of na?onal foreign policy Policy type and actor analysis Poli?cal culture 4 factors are important: (i) Power (ii) Wealth (iii) Status and pres?ge (iv) popula?on

19 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (GLOBAL) LEVEL Interna?onal system: A concept that includes a number of key actors (states, na?ons, IGOs, NGOs) and the pakerns of ac?ons among those actors that can be explained by the distribu?on of power and other factors. (i) the interna?onal system is considered as a single whole (ii) within this whole, actors interact with and respond to one another in ways that are predictable. A FOREST?

20 Here s an example: What was the primary cause of the Second World War?

21 The Individual Level - Adolph Hitler was crazy - Winston Churchill hated Germans

22 The State/Unit Level - Autocracies + Democracies = War - Hitler wanted economic s?mulus - German pride was wounded - na?onalism

23 The System Level - Bad distribu?on of power - Offense dominance - Lack of rigorous interna?onal regimes - Economic (dis)integra?on

24 THE ACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL National actors: POLITICS States--dominate the system and are not responsible to any higher authority Non-state actors

25 Non- state actors (i) Interna?onal Governmental Organiza?ons (ii) Non- governmental organiza?ons (iii) Transna?onal corpora?ons (iv) Terrorist organiza?ons

26 Interna?onal Governmental Organiza?ons Interna?onal governmental organiza?ons (IGOs) are interna?onal organiza?ons whose members are na?on states. For example: United Na?ons, World Health Organiza?on, World Bank, Interna?onal Monetary Fund, Interna?onal Court of Jus?ce

27 Non- governmental organiza?ons Members of these organiza?ons are individual. For example: Amnesty Interna?onal, Greenpeace Growing number of interna?onal NGOs:

28 Transna?onal corpora?ons Doing business in global economy These are corpora?ons that may have headquarters on one country but subsidiary factoriesor subcontractors all over the globe. For example, McDonalds, Exxon Oil Corpora?on, MicrosoY, Toyoto, General Motors

29 Transna?onal corpora?ons Why are they more visible? (i) The are not headquartered only in one state (ii) The number of their foreign subsidiaries increased (iii) They are successful ( ExxonMobil is economically larger than Pakistan and New Zealand, Wal- Mart is larger than Cuba and Uruguay) - Mostly American?

30 Terrorist organiza?ons