Northern Ireland during World War II
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1 Northern Ireland during World War II
2 POLITICAL BACKGROUND N.I. as part of U.K. involved in war from start. Unionists welcomed chance to stress their loyalty in contrast to Free State neutrality. P.M. Craigavon elderly and in poor health. Did little to prepare for war believed N.I. in little danger. London happy to concentrate defence measures in other cities.
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4 Lord Craigavon and J.M. Andrews (with moustache next to Craigavon)
5 WARTIME ECONOMY Depression in the 1930 s war yearsexperienced a boom. Unemployment fell from 30% 5%- no. of factors Expansion of industry Enlistment in army, navy etc... Migration to British factories Some industrial unrest- although strikes illegal over 250 occurred- 6,000 workers imprisoned for interfering with war effort.
6 Ship-building 140 warships produced by Harland & Wolfe (also merchant ships, tanks and aircraft) Shorts Bros. built 1,200 Stirling bomber planes. Naval equipment manufactured in Antrim. 1943: Brit. Govt. took over H & W and Shorts Brosmerged them.
7 Textile Industry Linen Industry disrupted: Russia, Belgium & Francehad been main source of flax. However textile Industry benefited from war: 2 million parachutes uniforms tents etc... manufactured in N.I. employed high no. of women.
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9 Farming N.I. produced agricultural produce for Britainvital. By end of war 800,000 acres under tillage (compulsory) - oats, potatoes & wheat. Cattle: ¾ million in million by end of war. Farmers got govt. grants, subsidies & guaranteed prices for their produce.
10 Food being grown in grounds of Queens University
11 Preparing for war-insufficient? 1st 6 mths. food rationing, travel restrictions and censorship introduced. But life in Ulster remained largely unchanged at beginning of war. Genuine belief at highest levels that war would not affect N.I. -too insignificant militarily. Therefore lack of preparation to cope with attackbelfast City Council did little to make provisions for attack i.e. organising drills, building bomb shelters & supplying gas masks. Many felt this was responsibility of Central Govt. therefore when war broke out Belfast was poorly defended.
12 Preparing for bombing raids The Air Raid Precautions Act, set up structures to deal with fire-fighting, gas attacks, evacuation of children, building of air raid shelters and blackout. Weeks leading up to war Belfast s fire services put on full alert. Belfast Corporation painted all kerbs, lampposts & telephone poles blackout. Public transport vehicles painted dull blue- drove with lights dimmed. Stormont castle painted dark colour to avoid it being bombed
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14 Other measures taken Trenches dug in public parks and schools to use in case of surprise attack. 1 million sandbags distributed by Ministry of Home Affairs- help protect public buildings from blast damage. 1 million gas masks requested only 420,000 received. Bomb shelters built (insufficient numbers)
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16 The Stormont Government preparations for war In 1939 Craigavon in poor health Cabinet were mostly older Government do not seemed to have realised threat to N.I. From war Responded to crisis by establishing the Ministry of Public Security (led by John McDermott) responsibility for civil defence. Andrews replaced Craigavon (1941) Brooke replaced Andrews (1943)
17 Recruitment 1939: Military Training Act- introduced conscription in Britain. but not extended to N.I. (because of protests by nationalists & Catholic bishops- accepted by Chamberlain much to disgust of Craigavon). Unionist Govt. called on people to join British forces- embarrassment at slow response- 2,000 p/m 1,000 p/m by mid-1940.(in all 38,000 joined British forces in N.I. about 50% southerners who crossed border to join up).
18 Local Defence Volunteers-Home Guard 1939: Major Frank Eastwood appointed as full-time air raid precautions officer. Called for 16,000 vols. to join Local Defence Volunteers (LDV) force- part time army. Only got 3,000- unwillingness to volunteer problem for duration of war. LDV renamed Home Guard in 1940 by Churchill.
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20 Recruitment to LDV May 1940: Sir Basil Brooke (Min for Agriculture) appointed to spearhead drive for recruits for LDV and organise recruitment for Army. Odd choice- known to be v. sectarian. (insisted B Specials form basis of new body- feared nationalists getting guns or training through LDV) Craigavon considered withholding employment assistance from those who refused to enlist for LDVrejected for fear of backlash.
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23 Changes after the Fall of France, 1940 After fall of France in 1940 fears of invasion increasedlikely S. Ire would be used. Britain stationed 100,000 troops in North. Apart from soldiers war made little impact on everyday life in Some foods unavailable. Shopping queues. -Rationing alleviated by cross-border smuggling. -Townspeople grew own veg. & kept poultry. -Blackout not strictly enforced.
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25 A new Prime Minister for Northern Ireland 1940 J.M. Andrews replaced Craigavon (died Nov. 40) death changed little. Seemed more concerned with nationalist threat than that posed by Hitlerurged only loyal people be employed by govt.
26 Increased risk of bombing by Germany With cities in Britain under constant attack there was little anti- aircraft material to spare for defence of Belfast. City now prime target for enemy attack- now marked improvements in attempt to defend North against attack. Belfast now of vital military importance. Belfast (& Derry) bases for anti- submarine and convoy protection groups. Extra anti- aircraft machinery put in place along coastlines of Antrim and Derry.
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28 CASE STUDY: BELFAST DURING WORLD WAR II
29 Nov. 1940: reconnaissance flights by Luftwaffe- took photos of city incl. main factories
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31 1st attack on Belfast: 7th April 1941 (the 'Dockside Raid') Carried out by 6 German bombers Targeted dockside area of the city No air raid siren warned of attack 13 deaths & 81 injured 17 fires as a result Dockyards damaged However relatively small-scale attack Govt. played down threat hampered evacuation attempts and recruitment of badly needed firemen and volunteers
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33 2nd attack on Belfast: 15th /16th April 1941 (The Easter Tuesday Raid) Luftwaffe carried out mass raid 180 aircraft- lasted 5 hrs 200 hundred tonnes of high explosives droppedmuch landed on terraced houses occupied by the poor of Belfast. 76 landmines dropped Huge loss of life (900 estimated), 600 injured (estimate) & destruction to property 1000,000 temporarily homeless- mass exodus from city
34 Damage caused in April bombing of Belfast th th Road, rail tracks & tramways also damaged Telephone network seriously disrupted Public warned to boil water fear of poisoning Electricity output at half power & gas at 75% Industrial output fell to 25% of pre-blitz levels. 140 separate fires blazing- Home Guard unable to cope
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36 Free State and the Belfast Bombing 15th-16th April 1941 McDermott asked Dublin to help- DeV agreed. (in breach of policy of strict neutrality) 13 engines and 70 firemen rushed to Belfast through the night from Dublin, Dun Laoghaire, Dundalk & Drogheda. Decision may have been influenced by Cardinal Joseph McRoryfeared Protestant areas would get priority. Free state fire fighters shocked at conditions in Belfast. Bombs had cut through water mains- without high pressure hoses little they could do. Small gesture but very important- 1st official contact between north and south in almost 2 decades. Govt. and people of N.I. grateful for assistance.
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43 3 attack on Belfast: 4 /5 May 1941 (the Fire Raid) rd th th Luftwaffe s last major attack on Belfast 3 hr attack 200 aircraft dropped 100,000 bombs & 237 tonnes of high explosives. Over 200 buildings destroyed H &W shipyard badly damaged incl. several ships in process of building. 6th mths before production could resume. Few people died- bombs fell in less populated areas & many had been evacuated.
44 Destruction of housing Nearly 60,000 houses in Belfast destroyed or damaged. 150,000 permanently homeless & 100,000 temporarily. Public morale at all-time low- many fled city.
45 Evacuation Ministry of Public Security- organised evacuation of the city. Mothers of small children, the old and the sick priority. Housed in hotels and hostels awaiting evacuation. 19th April: 25,000 left city by train. By June ,000 temporarily left Belfast. (5,000 to Dublin) Many evacuees were middle-class caused resentment among the working class- left to struggle in ruined city.
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47 Destruction Estimated 1,100 died in bombing raids in Belfast. 20 million worth of damage to property. Widespread destruction to property of Belfast required massive programme of reconstruction after the war.
48 Northern Nationalists and the War Ambivalent about the war. Not encouraged by unionists to become involved. (i.e. Brooke & Andrews) 1939: some nationalists refused to observe blackout & burned their gasmasks. Attitude changed somewhat after the bombing of Belfast in Many nationalists joined British forces- they had highest unemployment rate.
49 The Northern I.R.A. and the War Internment imposed in 1939 after bombing in Britain. Internment also introduced by the Free State government. 700 I.R.A. interned in Northern Ireland IRA had more support among community in north than in South Revival in activity by new leaders after 1942 Killed members of RUC Internment in North and South made it difficult for I.R.A. to remain active for long. By end of war I.R.A. seriously weakened.
50 Churchill s Offer of Unity P.M. shocked by Churchill s offer of unity to Dev. Sir Basil Brooke (replaced Andrews as P.M. in 1943) more pragmatic felt may be necessary to save Brit. from Nazi occupation.
51 Sir Basil Brooke
52 Widened gulf between North and South Free State neutrality- distanced itself from Britain whilst N.I. strengthened position in U.K. by being part of war effort. War brought prosperity to North but economic stagnation to South. In North contact with wider world through foreign troops (Americans stationed in North from 1941). No similar experience in South. North- horrific bombing. South- only minor damage. Widened gulf between North and South that had become apparent in the 1930 s. By 1949 when Free State left the Commonwealth partition had become entrenched.
53 American Forces in Northern Ireland 1942 American troops stationed in N.I. By ,000 US troops there Benefitted the local economy Some conflicts with locals About 1,500 NI women married US soldiers Advice for soldiers based in Northern Ireland: Every American soldier is an ambassador of good will. Don't criticize the food, the beer, the cigarettes. Avoid arguing religion or politics. Don't throw your money around. Don't tell them - let them tell you. In dealings with the people of Northern ireland, let this be your slogan : It's common decency to treat your friends well; it is a military necessity to treat your allies well.
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