Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

Transcription

1 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces Centripetal Force: moving or tending to move towards a center things that bind a state together. Centrifugal Force: moving or tending to move away from a center things that cause a state to fall apart What is a nation? What is a state? State A country defined boundaries, a government, laws, institutions, etc. Nation 1. A feeling of common identity with a group of people in a 2. defined national homeland area that 3.believes they have the right to govern themselves What is the goal of the state system? What is the goal of each state? What are the four centripetal forces?

2 What are four centrifugal forces? What happens when there are more centrifugal forces present than centripetal forces? What are the two ways a country can deal with a nationalist challenge? 1. :-) 2. :-( List below as many situations functioning as centrifugal forces undermining the state in Yemen as you can, and identify them as centrifugal force 1,2,3, or 4. Yemen is called a failed state. What is a failed state? Give me your own definition. What are some other states that might be failed states?

3 History of the State What did we have before states? What were those entities borders like? Where is the hearth of the modern state concept? Timeline of the development of the state idea. Greek and Roman (300 BCE 476 CE) Middle Ages (476 CE 1450 CE) The Late Renaissance (1550 CE 1700 CE) The 18 th Century Enlightenment The 20 th Century

4 Creation of States in the 20 th century timeline WWI Decolonization Fall of Communism Continued Separatist Conflict

5 Type of State Definition Example Nation State Bi/Multinational State Multi State Nation Stateless Nation Consensus Nation State (a type of Nation State!) A nation is the minority in a state dominated by another nation There are two or more nations in one state The territory of a nation and the boundaries of the state coincide; a nation of people sees its goals and values reflected in the apparatus of the government A nation is the minority in more than one state; each state is dominated by a different nation A nation is dominant in multiple states A multiethnic population with many linguistic and religious differences nevertheless sees themselves as a single national community, with a common history and similar values.

6 State Organization Unitary Federal Asymmetric Federal Confederal Example: Example: Example: Example: Type of State likely: Type of State likely: Type of State likely: Type of State likely:

7 The new political divide: How politics is changing The 20 th Century: Left (Liberals) and Right (Conservatives) Liberal Policies Conservative Policies

8 The 21 st Century: Drawbridge Down (Internationalism, Universal Human Rights) and Drawbridge Up (Ethno-Nationalism) Drawbridge Down Draw the Graph! Drawbridge Up Draw the Graph! Ideas Ideas Read the article by John McCain or by Geert Wilders. Quotation Scavenger Hunt Underline and label (by number) where you see their opinions on the following: Countries Countries 1. Immigration and cultural mixing 2. Nationalism 3. International organizations 4. Free trade 5. Universal values human rights and liberty 6. Ethnic purity/diversity 7. The future/the past Evaluate Is this person s political beliefs best summarized by the phrase drawbridge up or drawbridge down?

9 Gerrymandering What are the two houses of the Federal Legislature? How many Senators does each state get? How many Representatives? How many Representatives are there total in the US House of Representatives? How would you figure out how many people a Representative represents? (Those people are called the representative s constituents.) How do we determine which people PRECISELY are the constituents of the representative? Who draws the boundaries of the districts to which people are elected to the House? Do those boundaries stay the same forever? Why or why not? How often do they change? Why are the boundaries drawn in such a seemingly haphazard fashion? How do the boundary drawers KNOW where likely Democrats are? Likely Republicans? What would you predict would be some benefits and drawbacks of gerrymandering? Benefits would be things that make elections more fair, and drawbacks would be things that would make elections less fair. Benefits Drawbacks

10 CGP Grey: Gerrymandering explained At the end of the video, three solutions to Gerrymandering are proposed. Which do you think is the most fair to the democratic process? It is commonly said that Americans hate Congress but love their Congressman. This is due to Gerrymandering. Why would Gerrymandering cause most Americans to love their Congressman? Discuss the following essay question with your partners. What do you think is the question that students would have the hardest time with? What do you think the answers are?

11 State Morphology 1. Geographic Characteristics of states. Characteristics Draw a Advantages picture to illustrate. Large State Disadvantages Small State Landlocked State XXXXXXXXXXXX No advantages Compact XXXXXXXXXXXXX Elongated XXXXXXXXXXXXX Prorupt XXXXXXXXXXXXX Fragmented XXXXXXXXXXXXX Perforated XXXXXXXXXXXXX

12 Exclave Definition Enclave Definition Draw a picture Draw a picture Problems Problems Example of a Simple Exclave Example of Simple Enclave Example of an Exclave that is also an enclave Example of an Enclave that is also an exclave

13 Types of Boundaries and Boundary Disputes Type of Boundary Definition Example Antecedent Subsequent Subsequent Type 1: Consequent Subsequent Type 2: Superimposed Relic Boundary Definition Bank: A boundary drawn after an area is settled In previous historical times, this boundary used to exist. You can now see evidence of the boundary as part of the current cultural landscape. A boundary drawn before an area is settled A boundary drawn without respect to the ethnonational groups inhabiting an area A boundary drawn attempting to accommodate the national homelands inhabiting an area Example bank: Hadrian s wall, built by the Romans, bordering Roman Britain and Scotland The boundaries of Europe The boundaries of Colorado The boundaries of sub-saharan Africa

14 Type of Boundary Dispute Definition Example Positional Territorial Allocational Operational Definition Bank: A dispute over where the boundary should be drawn on the basis that a part of Nation 1 s ethnic homeland is currently in Nation 2. When Nation 1 invades Nation 2 to unify the ethnic homelands, this invasion is called irredentism. A dispute over where the boundary should be drawn on the basis that two countries have unclear documents and treaties which demarcate the boundaries. A dispute over how to administrate the boundary between two countries to what extent should it be patrolled, guarded, etc. How should trade and customs work along the border. Both parties agree the boundary is in the right place. A dispute over where the boundary should be drawn as a result of resource disputes. Nation 1 and 2 both want the resource of area X, so both claim area X. Example Bank: The US/Mexico Border We ll build the wall, you pay for it! Also US federal troops are stationed along the already existing border wall/fence to patrol for undocumented immigrants and occasionally shoot and kill people. We used to read an article about this and debate the issues surrounding it. It was very interesting. I still have the article if you d like to read it. There is also a documentary film about it called The Ballad of Esequiel Hernandez on PBS. There are also other issues at this border (drug/gun smuggling) Hitler invaded the Czech Republic to unify majority German speaking territories in the Sudetenland with the rest of Germany. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait, starting the first Gulf War in the early Chile and Argentina both have documents and historical maps showing their ownership of the same land in the Andes mountains. What do Positional, Territorial, and Allocational Boundary disputes all have in common?

15 Activity: The boundary between the United States and Mexico represents one f the greatest divisions of wealth on Earth. Study the Area and Demographic Data on Pages B-5 and B-6 for the United States and Mexico. What are three key differences that you notice? Specifically mention three data points related to wealth. Analytical Questions 1. The boundary between the US and Mexico is a natural boundary. How is that different from a geometric boundary? 2. What impact does the US/Mexico border have on the lives of people on either side of the boundary? 3. Find two more examples of countries that border each other but have extreme divisions of wealth. 4. How is the border between the US and Mexico demarcated? (visibly marked on the ground) 5. Can you find a US state with entirely natural boundaries? 6. The border between the US and Canada is also demarcated! (Fun CGP Grey Video). What are other places that have demarcated their borders with walls in the 20 th century? Current Events Boundary Dispute in Kashmir 1. Where is Kashmir? 2. What are the types of boundary disputes you see present in India? 3. Which type of boundary dispute MOST CORRECTLY describes the dispute over Kashmir? 4. What ism do you see present at the Pakistan-India border? (think Drawbridge up!)

16 Supranationalism Supranationalism: A collection of three or more states who have banded together to create an organization that serves their mutual needs. Three different types: Type Purpose Example Political Economic Military 1. This organization sends representatives to a large law making body. They make international law and regulation. Their purpose is to reduce conflict among member states and accomplish goals common to all members, like improving human rights, environmental protection, reduction in the drug trade, and economic development. Sometimes, as in the case of the European Union, representatives are elected. Sometimes, as in the case of the United Nations, the representatives are appointed by national leaders. 2. This organization s goal is to make trade agreements, which reduce or eliminate tariffs, making trade between countries easier. 3. This organization s goal is to serve the purpose of mutual defense. If any member is attacked, all members will rise to that member s aid with military support. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) African Union (x2) North American Free Trade Agreement Warsaw Pact (now defunct, although remnants remain) Trans Pacific Partnership (never passed Congress) MERCOSUR (South America) African Union CARICOM (Caribbean) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) European Union (x2) United Nations

17 Deeper Thinking Questions for Discussion 1. Most countries in the world impose tariffs, which are taxes on goods entering their country. Why would they do that? 2. Trade agreements between countries eliminate tariffs. Why would people want to eliminate tariffs? 3. Why do people object to trade agreements? Why do people like trade agreements? Think Economic (positive and negative). Think Environmental (negative) Trade Agreements Good Trade Agreements Bad 4. Some people are worried that the growth of political supranational organizations could erode the sovereignty of nations. Organizations like the E.U. and U.N. make international law. Why would people like international law at the regional or global level? Why would they dislike it? Think Politically. 5. In one sense, countries in the world are deterritorializing people have more allegiance sometimes in Europe to the E.U. than their own state, for example. North America is now one giant integrated economy with labor and products flowing across borders. In another sense, people are now more vigilantly national in the U.S. and Europe they are reterritorializing. Why do some people reject the globalization that results from supranational organizations? Think Socially (culture). Think Politically (nationalism) Social Objections to Supranationalism Political Objections to Supranationalism

18 The EU Explained: The United Kingdom recently voted to leave the European Union (June 2016). Look at the chart below. How would the UK s migration numbers influence Briton s desire to leave the EU?

19 After having read these arguments for and against membership, how would you vote if you were a citizen of the UK?

20 Venn Diagrams NAFTA Similarities NATO United Nations Similarities European Union Between the organizations of NATO, NAFTA, the UN, and the EU, which do you think exercises the most sovereignty (ability to make laws) over the territory it operates in?

21 Geopolitics Age of European Colonialism Cold War American Hegemony Multi-centric World Major powers: British Empire Communism vs Capitalism Definition of Capitalism Free Trade, Capitalism, Democracy Big Powers France Spain Definition of Communism Portugal Belgium US led Globalization Ideological Conflicts Communists Capitalists The Netherlands Likelihood of Conflict: Likelihood of Conflict: Likelihood of Conflict: Likelihood of Conflict:

22 Read the Article Making China Great Again. How is China becoming more nationalist, and how is that translating to how China sees its role in the world? Do you think the United States and Europe should try to rival the power of China with free trade agreements and military intervention? What would be the benefits of rivalling China? The drawbacks? Disintegration of the State

23 Transnational Corporations: Identify and discuss TWO ways that transnational corporations erode the power of the state. Use the article about Apple as a source. Identify and discuss TWO ways that NGO s might erode the power of the state. Use the article about Haiti as a source. Policy Proposal: How should Africa address the problems caused by separatism and the boundaries of African states? Should they continue to divide or should they give more sovereignty to the African Union? Why? What are the benefits and drawbacks of each? African Union Benefits: Increasing Separatism Benefits: Drawbacks: Drawbacks:

24 Pre-Reading Questions: 1. What are the possible goals of a forward capital? a. b. c. d. e. 2. What are some global examples of forward capitals? List five and label them.

25 Niemeyer's Brasilia: Does it work as a city? By Robin BanerjiBBC World Service Oscar Niemeyer the Brazilian architect who died this week will be best remembered for Brasilia, the city he helped design in the late 1950s. Niemeyer's modernist architecture made Brazil's federal capital a Unesco World Heritage site in But does it work as a city? Brasilia was planned from scratch as an ideal city and built on an empty plateau. Niemeyer was the architect and Lucio Costa the urban planner. The idea was, in Niemeyer's words, "to build a new capital to bring progress to the interior of Brazil". Built in the country's heartland, Brasilia was to be the opposite of the old coastal capital Rio de Janeiro. Brasilia would be without the colonial legacy, without baroque and classical architecture, without slums. This was a new city of clean lines, rational planning, and space. Huge amounts of it. Built to be traversed not on foot but in the motorcar.

26 The issue is not whether it's a good city or a bad city - it is just not a city Ricky BurdettLondon School of Economics From the air, the city was designed like an airplane - this was an era in love with air travel. The wings were where Brasilia's bureaucrats would live, the fuselage where they would work in sparkling new ministries. "I didn't design the layout of Brasilia. I just did its architecture. And it's a place where the buildings count for a lot. The city is flat. The horizon stretches away endlessly. "President [Juscelino] Kubitschek wanted to build a new capital. But he didn't want to build just any old capital. He wanted to build a city that would represent Brazil. So I dedicated myself to finding a new solution, something that would attract attention," said Niemeyer in an interview with the BBC in His architecture certainly attracted attention. By common consent his buildings for Brasilia are elegant and astonishing. "Hauntingly beautiful" and "absolutely magical" is how the British architect Norman Foster describes some of Niemeyer's buildings in Brasilia. "A great body of work by a great architect." "There's a wonderful optimism and beauty and light about them. They make life richer for everybody who uses them," says Lord Foster. He calls Niemeyer's presidential palace, in particular, "a gem". But what's it like to live in Brasilia?

27 Brasilia - utopia or concrete carbuncle? "The problem with Brasilia as with anything new is that it has some weaknesses," says Ricky Burdett, Professor of Urban Studies at the London School of Economics. Building Brasilia "The problem is that it's not a city. It's that simple. The issue is not whether it's a good city or a bad city. It's just not a city. It doesn't have the ingredients of a city: messy streets, people living above shops, and offices nearby," Burdett told the BBC World Service in So if Brasilia is not a city then what is it? "It just doesn't have the complexity of a normal city. It's a sort of office campus for a government," says Burdett, who was Chief Adviser on Architecture and Urbanism for the London 2012 Olympics. "People run away on Thursday evenings and go to Sao Paulo and Rio to have fun." Modern urban planners champion mixed use neighbourhoods. In Brasilia, on the other hand, everything was to be zoned. "It's got a place where you go to work. There are places where ambassadors have to sleep, and they are extremely unhappy about that because there isn't a street life," says Burdett.

28 "It's the most extraordinary sight: when you fly over the city, you just see neon lights concentrated in one area because that is where all the shopping is." Continue reading the main story It's difficult as a pedestrian - it doesn't always feel like it's on a scale designed for humans Lucy JordanJournalist But around Niemeyer's soaring structures and Costa's airplane plan, ordinary human life has established itself. "All you have to do is to go out of central Brasilia and you get completely normal plazas and streets with kids playing, and places open every hour of the day and night, selling food and illegal alcohol and everything else," says Burdett. In part the problem with Brasilia is that in some ways it succeeded too well. Designed for about 500,000 people, the city now holds over 2.5 million. The apartment building complexes that communist-sympathising Niemeyer designed to house the rich and the poor, are now home to the rich and the rich. People living in Brasilia appreciate Niemeyer's work but the city can be tough to live in. "It's difficult as a pedestrian. It doesn't always feel like it's on a scale designed for humans," says Lucy Jordan a journalist in Brasilia. "The poor have been shunted out to satellite cities, which range from proper wellbuilt cities to something more like a shanty town. So the utopian ideal hasn't exactly worked out with Brasilia."

29 Whatever the criticisms levelled at Brasilia, Niemeyer stood by his creation. "If you go to see Brasilia, the important thing is this: you may or may not like the buildings, but you could never say you had seen something similar before. Those fine columns, the buildings like feathers touching the ground, all that creates an effect of surprise. "I don't take too much notice of the criticisms that people make. The project is done. Like everything else it has good points and bad points. People who criticise are either doing so out of envy or because they have nothing better to do." Or perhaps, it is simply too soon to tell. "Most of the places that we all adore, all of them, from Cairo to London, took either 5,000 or 6,000 years to get there, or 2,000 or 3,000 years to get there," says Burdett. Brasilia is only a little over 50 years old. "Let's not be unkind. Let's wait another 200 years and then talk about it." Lord Foster, Lucy Jordan and Professor Ricky Burdett spoke tonewshour on the BBC World Service.

30 UNCLOS Many countries have new neighbors. Why? Fighting over tiny specks of sea territory has increased. Why? Hotspots of Sea disputes: South China Sea, Antarctica, and the Arctic Ocean