DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION

Transcription

1 DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION GOVT. OF NCT OF DELHI Support Materia ( ) CLASS : XI SOCIOLOGY Under the Guidance of: Ms. Punya Saia Srivastava Secretary (Education) Ms. Padmini Singa Director (Education) Dr. Sunita Shuka Kaushik Add. DE (Schoo & Exam) Coordinators : Ms. Savita Dra Ms. Sharda Taneja Dr. Satish Kumar DDE (Exam) OSD (Exam) OSD (Exam)

2 Production Team Ani Kumar Sharma Pubished at Dehi Bureau of Text Books, 25/2, Institutiona Area, Pankha Road, New Dehi , by D.K. Upadhayay, Secretary, Dehi Bureau of Text Books and Printed at Tan Prints (India) Pvt. Ltd., Distt. Jhajjar, Viage Rohad, Haryana

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6 SUPPORT MATERIAL CLASS-XI SUBJECT SOCIOLOGY Name of Team Leader: Name of the Experts: Dr. Renu Bhatia Principa and Group Leader S.K.V Moti Bagh-I, New Dehi Mr. A.M.AMIR ANSARI Sr. Lecturer Socioogy S.B.M. Sr. Sec. Schoo (Govt. Aided) Shivaji Marg, New Dehi-15 Ms. Seema Banerjee Lecturer Socioogy Laxman Pubic Schoo Hauzkhas, New Dehi Mr. M. Zafar Hussain Lecturer Socioogy Ango-Arabic Sr. Sec. Schoo Ajmeri Gate, Dehi Ms. Anuradha Khanna PGT-Socioogy Banyan Tree Schoo, Lodhi Road, New Dehi Cass XI : Socioogy

7 SOCIOLOGY CLASS XI COURSE STRICTURE Theory Paper First Term (SA-I) 50 Marks Second Term (SA-II) 80 Marks Practica Examination 20 Marks (weightage 50% = 25 Marks) (weightage 44% = 55 Marks) (weightage 100% = 20 Marks) Tota = 100 Marks A. Book One (Introducing Socioogy) 1. Society, Socioogy and reationship with other socia sciences 6 Marks 2. Basic Concepts 8 Marks 3. Socia Institutions 10 Marks 4. Cuture and Society 10 Marks 5. Practica Socioogy : Methods & Techniques : Evauated through Practica B. Book Two (Understanding Society) 1. Structure, Process and stratification 10 Marks 2. Socia Change 10 Marks 3. Environment and Society 10 Marks 4. Western Socia Thinkers 8 Marks 5. Indian Socioogists 8 Marks Practica Examination A. Project (undertaken during the academic year at schoo eve) 10 Marks 1. Statement of the purpose 2 Marks 2. Methodoogy/Technique 2 Marks 3. Concusion 3 Marks B. Viva - based on the project work 2 Marks C. Research design 8 Marks 1. Overa format 1 Marks 2. Research Question/Hypothesis 1 Marks 3. Choice of technique 2 Marks 4. Detaied procedure of impementation of technique 2 Marks 5. Limitation of the above technique 2 Marks Cass XI : Socioogy 2

8 CLASS - XI CBSE BOARD SYLLABUS A. INTRODUCING SOCIOLOGY Unit 1: Society & Socioogy and Reationship with other socia sciences Introducing Society: Individuas and coectivities. Pura Perspectives Introducing Socioogy: Emergence. Nature & Scope. Reationship to other discipines Unit 2: Basic Concepts Socia Groups Status and Roe Socia Stratification Socia contro Unit 3: Socia Institutions Famiy and Kingship Poitica and Economic Institutions Reigion as a socia Institution Education as a Socia Institution Unit 4: Cuture and Society Cuture Vaues and Norms: Shared, Pura, Contested Sociaization: Conformity, Confict and the shaping of Personaity Unit 5: Practica socioogy: Methods & Techniques Toos and Techniques: Observation, Survey, Interview The Significance of Fied works in Socioogy 3 Cass XI : Socioogy

9 B. UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY Unit 6: structure, Process and Stratification Socia Structure Socia Processes: Cooperation, Competition, Confict Socia stratification: cass, Caste, Race and Gender Unit 7: Socia Change Socia Change: Types and Dimensions; Causes and Consequences. Socia Order: domination, Authority & Law; Contestation, Crime & Vioence Viage, Town & city: Changes in Rura & Urban Society Unit 8: Environment and Society Ecoogy and Society Environmenta Crises and Socia Responses Unit 9: Western Socia Thinkers Kar Marx on Cass confict Emie Durkheim on Division of Labour Max Weber on Bureaucracy Unit 10: Indian Socioogists G. S. Ghurye on Race and Caste D. P. Mukerji on Tradition and Change A. R. Desai on the State M. N. Srinivas on the Viage Cass XI : Socioogy 4

10 SOCIOLOGY-XI BOOK-1 - INTRODUCING SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIETY POINTS TO REMEMBER Socioogy studies human society as an interconnected whoe and how society and the individua interact with each other. The socia esteem for an individua depends on the cuture of his/her reevant society. Individua in modern times beongs to more than one society. Socioogy is a systematic and scientific study of society, distinct from phiosophica and reigious, refection as we as our everyday common sense observation about society. Distinct way of studying society can be better understood when we ook back historicay at the inteectua ideas and materia contexts within which socioogy was born and ater grew. Goba aspect and the manner in which socioogy emerged in India is of great significance. Introducing Socioogy Socioogy is the study of human socia ife, groups and societies. Its subject matter is our own behaviour as socia being. 5 Cass XI : Socioogy

11 Its concern is with the way norms and vaues function in actua societies. Empirica study of societies invove observation and to coect findings. Socioogy has from its beginning understood itsef as a science. Socioogy is bound by scientific cannons of procedure. Statements that the socioogist arrive at must be arrived at through the observations of certain rues of evidence that aow others to check or to repeat to deveop his/her findings. Puraities and Inequaities among Societies In the contemporary word, we beong to more than one society. When amidst foreigners reference to our society may mean Indian society, but when amongst feow Indians we may use the term our society to denote a inguistic of ethnic community, a reigious or caste or triba society. Inequaity is centra to differences among societies. Some Indians are rich, others are not. Some are educated, others are iiterate, some have great opportunities for advancement in ife; others ack them atogether. The Inteectua Ideas that went to the making of Socioogy Infuenced by scientific theories of natura evoution and findings about pre-modem societies made by eary traveers, coonia administrators, socioogists and socia anthropoogists sought to categorise societies into types and to distinguish stages in socia deveopment. Auguste Comte, Kar Marx and Herbert Spencer made efforts to cassify different types of societies. (i) (ii) Pre-modern societies such as hunters and gatherers. Modern societies such as industriaised societies. Darwin s ideas about organic evoution were a dominant infuence on eary socioogica thought. The Enightenment, an European inteectua movement of the ate 17th and 18th century emphasised reason and individuaism. Cass XI : Socioogy 6

12 Thinkers of the eary modern era were convinced that progress in knowedge promised the soution to a socia is. Auguste Comte, the French schoar ( ), founder of socioogy beieved that socioogy contributed to the wefare of humanity. The materia issues that went into the making of Socioogy The industria revoution was based upon a new dynamic form of economic activity-capitaism. Capitaism invoved new attitudes and institutions. Entrepreneurs engaged in the sustained, systematic pursuit of profit. The markets acted as the key instrument of productive ife : goods, services and abour became commodities. It ed to degradation of abour, the wrenching of work from the protective contexts of the guid, viage and famiy. Urban centres expanded and grew. The industria cities gave birth to competey new kind of urban word. Marked by the soot and grime of factories, by over crowded sums of the new industria working cass, bad sanitation and genera squaor. Aso marked by new kinds of socia interactions. The factory and its mechanica division of abour were seen as a deiberate attempt to destroy the peasant, the artisan, as we as famiy and oca community. Another indicator of the emergence of modern societies was the new significance of cock-time as a basis of socia organisation. Labour increasingy came to be set by the cock and caendar. Work-rhythms were set such as the period of dayight, break between tasks. Factory production impied the synchronisation of abour. Time is now money, it is not passed but spent. 7 Cass XI : Socioogy

13 Socioogy and its reationship with other socia sciences. The scope of socioogica study is extremey wide. It can focus its anaysis of interactions between individuas and examine goba socia processes. Socioogy is one of a group of socia sciences which aso incudes anthropoogy, economics, poitica science and history. A share a certain range of common interests, concepts and methods. To differentiate the socia sciences woud be to exaggerate the differences and goss over the simiarities. There is a greater need of interdiscipinary approach. A. Socioogy and Economics Economics is the study of production and distribution of goods and services. The socioogica approach ooks at economic behaviour in a broader content of socia norms, vaues, practices and interests. The arge investment in the advertisement industry is directy inked to the need to reshape ifestyes and consumption patterns. Trends within economics such as feminist economics seek to broaden the focus, drawing in gender as a centra organising principe of society. Economists known for the precision of their terminoogy and exactness of their measures. Socioogy encourages questioning and critica perspective thereby faciitates discussion. Recent trends have seen a resurgence of economic socioogy because of its wider and critica perspective. B. Socioogy and Poitica Science Socioogy is devoted to the study of a aspects of society. Socioogy stresses the inter-reationships between sets of institutions incuding government where as poitica science tends to turn attention towards the processes within the government. Socioogy ong shared simiar interests of research with poitica science. Cass XI : Socioogy 8

14 Studies have aso been conducted in membership of poitica organisations, process of decision making in organisations, socioogica reason for support of poitica parties, the roe of gender in poitics etc. C. Socioogy and History History studies concrete detais whie the socioogist moves to abstract from concrete reaity, categorise and generaize. Historians today are equay invoved in doing socioogica methods and concepts in their anaysis. History is more socioogica as it ooks at socia patterns, gender reations, mores, customs and other important institutions. D. Socioogy and Psychoogy Psychoogy is defined as the science of individua behaviour. Socia psychoogy serves as a bridge between psychoogy and socioogy and concerns itsef in which the individua behaves in socia groups, coectivey with other individuas. Socioogy attempts to understand behaviour as it is organized in society, that is the way in which personaity is shaped by different aspects of society. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What do you understand by the term society? 2. Who is regarded as the father of socioogy? 3. What is Socioogy? 4. Mention the inequaities that exists in Indian society? 5. What do you understand by the term capitaism? 6. What is meant by empirica investigation? 7. List any two consequences of urbanisation? 8. Differentiate between micro and macro socioogy? 9 Cass XI : Socioogy

15 4 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain the main characteristics of society. 2. What do you know about the emergence of socioogy in India? 3. Bring out the reationship between socioogy and history. 4. Discuss the changes that occured in society due to industriaisation. 5. What were the reasons for the critica condition of Indian craftsmen during cooniaism? HOTS 6 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain the reationship between socioogy and other socia sciences? 2. Describe the materia issues that contributed to the making of socioogy. 3. Trace the growth of socioogy in India. 4. How is socioogica knowedge different from common sense observations? Expain with suitabe exampe. Higher Order Thinking Skis (HOTS) 1. In the modern society the cock injected a new urgency to work. Do you agree with the statement Expain giving exampes. VALUE BASED QUESTION Do you think inequaity is centra to differences among societies - Eaborate in context to Indian Societies. Cass XI : Socioogy 10

16 CHAPTER 2 TERMS, CONCEPTS AND THEIR USE IN SOCIOLOGY POINTS TO REMEMBER Socia group refers to a coection of continousy interacting persons who share common interest; cuture, vaues and norms within a given society. Characteristics of socia group (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) persistent interaction to provide continuity a stabe pattern of these interactions a sense of beonging shared interest acceptance of common norms and vaues a definabe structure Types of socia group (1) Primary and secondary group (2) In group and out group (3) Community and society or association (4) Reference group (5) Peer group 11 Cass XI : Socioogy

17 Primary group refers to sma group of peope connected by intimate and face-to-face association and co-operation. for e.g. famiy, viage and groups. Secondary group is the group in which there is ack of intimacy, e.g., different poitica group, economic association etc. Characteristics of primary group: (1) Sma size of group (2) Physica proximity (3) Continuity and stabiity of reationship (4) Genera responsibiity (5) Common-aim Characteristics of secondary group: (1) Large size (2) Indirect reationship (3) Fufiment of specia interest (4) Limited responsibiity (5) Impersona reationship Difference between ingroup and outgroup : (1) We feeing exists. (1) Lack of We feeing. (2) Face to face reationship. (2) Far reationship. (3) Feeing of sacrifice and (3) Lack of feeing of sacrifice cooperation among and cooperation among members. members. (4) Domestic and perfect (4) Working reationship and reationship. imperfection of reationship. Reference groups : There aways exists a group which acts as a mode for the individua or any group. This mode group is treated as reference group. For instance Cass XI : Socioogy 12

18 Caste a person/individua copies or emuates the ife stye of any fim actor or artist. Aggregates are coections of peope who are in the same pace at the same time but share no definite connection with one another. Eg. Passengers, at an airport or bus stop. These are often termed quasi groups Peer groups : Peer group is a sort of primary group where members have come together to pursue a simiar activity. Peer groups are usuay of the same age. Cassmates in a schoo, coeagues at office or co-participants in the aerobics casses are a exampes of peer groups. Community refers to human reationships that are highy persona, intimate and enduring. For eg. Famiy, rea friends etc. Society or association refers to everything opposite of community. It is impersona, superficia and transitory reationships of modern, urban ife Eg: Commerce and industry set-up. Socia Stratification Socia stratification refers to the existence of structured inequaities between groups in society, in terms of their access to materia or symboic rewards. Four basic systems of stratification have existed in human societies - savery, caste, cass and estate. In a caste, stratification system an individua s position totay depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth rather than achieved. Each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its purity or poution reative to others. The Brahmin priesty castes, are superior to a others and the Panchamas. The traditiona system is generay conceptuaised in terms of the four fod varna of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. There are innumerabe occupation based caste groups, caed jatis. The caste system in India has undergone considerabe changes. 13 Cass XI : Socioogy

19 Stratification on the basis of cass: (1) Stratification on the basis of cass is not dependent on birth, but it depends on profession, abiity, ski, education, science etc. (2) Cass is an open institution. (3) An individua can change his/her cass and can acquire high status in socia stratification. (4) Kinds of cass : Higher cass, Midde cass, Lower cass, Agricutura cass. Difference between Caste and Cass: Caste Cass STATUS & ROLE (1) It depends on birth. (1) It depends on socia circumstances. (2) It is cosed group. (2) Cass is an open system. (3) There is rigid rues (3) Cass has no rigidity regarding marriage, eating-habits, etc. (4) Caste system is a (4) It is ess stabe than caste permanent/stabe system. organisation. (5) It is not prodemocracy (5) It is not an obstace for democracy and nationaism. Status refers to the socia position with defined rights and duties. (1) Ascribed status depends on birth and it is granted without any strugge. Foowing are the bases of ascribed status: - Caste - Kinship Cass XI : Socioogy 14

20 - Birth - Race - Age (2) Achieved Status The posts or eves/paces achieved by the person on the basis of persona merits or quaifications is caed achieved status. Bases of achieved status: - Education - Training - Weath - Occupation - Poitica authority Status and prestige are interconnected. Every status is accorded certain rights and vaues. Vaues are attached to the socia position e.g., the prestige of a doctor may be higher in comparison to a shopkeeper. Roe : This is performed according to status. Roe confict : When a person has many roe-sets, performance of one roe may be in confict with another roe. This situation is caed as roeconfict. For instance, a teacher on invigiation duty might find the son of a friend cheating. Roe stereotyping is a process of reinforcing. Some specific roe for some member of the society. For eg. men and women are often sociaised in stereotypica roes as a bread winner and home maker respectivey. Socia Contro It refers to the various means used by a society to bring its unruy members back into ine. Socia contro : Socia contro is considered essentia because its main objective is to maintain baance in socia system and to deveop cooperative attitude in the individuas. 15 Cass XI : Socioogy

21 Importance of the need of socia contro: (1) To estabish socia order (2) To contro human behaviour (3) To protect origina eements of cuture (4) Socia security (5) Unity in the group Types of Socia Contro: (1) Forma Socia Contro: It incudes contro by state, aw, poice, bureaucracy, army, poitica power, education etc. The state exercises ega power to contro the individua and group behaviour. It shoud be codified and systematic. (2) Informa Socia Contro: It incudes contro by reigion, custom, tradition, mores, convention etc. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What is a group? 2. What is reference group? 3. What do you understand by roe? 4. Express two differences between ascribed and achieved status 5. Define primary group. 6. Describe/Write any two differences between ingroup and outgroup. 7. What do you understand by community? 8. What is peer group? 9. What do you mean by socia stratification? 10. Define socia contro. Cass XI : Socioogy 16

22 11. What do you understand by caste based stratification? 12. Describe two bases of changing norms of caste system. 13. Write down the two bases of cass stratification. 14. What do you understand by roe-confict? 4 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain the meaning socia status and write its two forms. 2. What is secondary group? Give its any two characteristics. 3. Describe the characteristics of socia group. 4. Discuss the characteristics of socia stratification. 5. Distinguish between caste and cass. 6. Write down the importance of socia contro. 7. Discuss the types of socia contro with exampes. 8. Expain the roe stereotyping with exampes. 9. What is achieved status? State its two bases with exampes. 6 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Caste is a cosed stratification whie cass is an open stratification, expain the statement. 2. Status and prestige are interconnected terms, expain the statement. 3. What do you mean by roe taking and roe expectation with reference to roes? 4. What do you understand by ascribed status? Describe any four bases of ascribed status. HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (1) Do you think that honour kiings shoud be a way of socia contro in modern India - Justify your answer. 17 Cass XI : Socioogy

23 VALUE BASED QUESTIONS (1) Do you think in contemporary times working cass women face roe conficts? Give exampes to support your answer. (2) Do you think peer groups can act as an infuencing factor in a person s ife both positivey and negativey? Give exampes. Cass XI : Socioogy 18

24 CHAPTER 3 UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS POINTS TO REMEMBER Socia institutions are a compex set of socia norms, beiefs, vaues and roe reationship that arise in response to the needs of the society. The important socia institutions are: (a) (b) famiy, marriage and kinship (informa) aw, education, etc. (forma) Famiy is a group of persons directy inked by kin connections, the adut members of which assume responsibiity of caring for chidren. Diverse famiy forms are found in different societies. (a) (b) (c) Rue of residence a matrioca and patrioca Authority and dominance a patriarcha and matriarcha Descent and inheritance a patriinea and matriinea. Famiy of orientation (famiy of birth) and famiy of procreation - (the famiy in which person is married) Kinship ties are connections between individuas, estabished either through marriage orthrough bood. - Kin who are reated through bood are caed consanguina kin. - Kin who are reated through marriage are caed affines. Marriage is a sociay acknowedged and approved sexua union between two adut individuas. 19 Cass XI : Socioogy

25 Different forms of marriage Monogamy (restricts the individua to one spouse at a time) Poygamy (marriage to more than one mate at one time) Poygyny (one husband with two or more wives) Poyandry (one wife with two or more husbands) Rues of marriage: Endogamy - marriage within a cuturay defined group. Exogamy - requires the individua to marry outside of his/her own group. Work can be defined as the carrying out of tasks requiring the expenditure of menta and physica effort, which has as its objective - the production of goods and services that cater to human needs. Characteristics of economic system of modern society (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) highy compex division of abour. Trained peope perform speciaised task and receive a wage for this work. Managers supervise the work to enhance worker s productivity and discipine. Shift in the ocation of work. Advances in industria technoogy. Factories owned by capitaist enterpreneurs. Enormous expansion of economic interdependence. Transformation of work: (a) (b) Industria processes were broken down into simpe operations. Mass production demands mass markets. Cass XI : Socioogy 20

26 (c) (d) Significant innovation was the construction of a moving assemby ine. Fexibe production and decentraisation of work. Poitica institutions are concerned with the distribution of power in society. Two important aspects of poitica institituions are (a) (b) Power - The abiity of individuas or groups to carry out their wi even when opposed by others. Authority - Power is exercised through authority. Authority is that form of power which is accepted as egitimate. Modern states are defined by sovereignty, citizenship and the ideas of nationaism. Sovereignty - The undisputed poitica rue of a state over a given territoria area. Citizenship rights incudes: (i) (ii) (iii) Civi rights-freedom of speech and reigion etc. Poitica rights - right to participate in eection etc. Socia rights - heath benefit, socia and wefare rights. Reigion refers to unified system of beief and practices reated to supernatura power. Common characteristics shared by a reigions are: (i) (ii) (iii) Set of symbos, invoking feeings of respect. Rituas or ceremonies. A community of beievers. Rituas associated with reigion are very diverse. Socioogy and Reigion - Reigion has a very cose reationship with power and poitics. 21 Cass XI : Socioogy

27 - Views of cassica socioogists, Max Weber, Cavin demonstrate how socioogy ooks at reigion. - Socia forces aways and invariaby infuence reigious institutions. Conversey, reigious norms infuence socia understanding. Education is a ife ong process invoving both forma and informa institutions of earning. Education functions as a stratifying agent (a) (b) different kinds of schoos depending on our socio-economic background. Intensifies the existing divide between the eite and the masses. Chidren going to priviedged schoos earn to be confident as compared to the deprived ones. Chidren who cannot attend schoo or drop out. Gender and caste discrimination impinges upon the chances of education. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What do you understand by the term socia institutions? 2. Cite exampes of forma and informa socia institutions? 3. What is famiy? 4. What is marriage? 5. Differentiate between monogamy and poygamy forms of marriage? 6. Give the meaning of the term kinship? 7. Who are consanguina kins? 8. What is affines? 9. What do you understand by work? 10. Give the meaning of the term decentraisation of work. 11. What is a poitica institution? Cass XI : Socioogy 22

28 12. What do you understand by the term nationaism? 13. What is sovereignty? 14. What do you mean by stateess societies? Do they exist? 15. State the characteristics that a reigions share? 4 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain functionaist and confict views to understand socia institutions. 2. Famiy and kinship have undergone a change due to economic processes. Discuss with exampes. 3. Expain femae headed househods with suitabe exampe. 4. Expain the rues reated to marriage 5. Distinguish between poyandry and poygyny? 6. Write a note on diverse famiy forms that exist in different societies. 7. Census reveas famiy is gendered in India. Expain. 8. Power is exercised through authority. Discuss. 9. Citizenship rights incude civi, poitica and socia. Discuss. 10. Socioogica study of reigion is different from theoogica study of reigion. Expain. 11. Rituas associated with reigion are very diverse. Expain. 12. Highight the importance of reigion in society. 13. Highight the views of different socioogist reigion. 14. How does education function as a main stratifying agent in society? Expain. 6 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Marriage is a socia institution. Eaborate. 2. Highight the distinctive characteristics of the economic system of modern societies. 23 Cass XI : Socioogy

29 3. Eaborate on the concept of state. 4. Education is a ife ong process. Discuss. Higher Order Thinking Ski (1) Enumerate the different factors that give rise to femae headed house hods in the rura areas. Vaue based question (1) Do you fee that the preference for son exists in the modern Indian Society? What may be the possibe reasons for the same. (2) Despite women emancipation programs women are inadequatey represented in every sphere of ife. Do you think 33% reservation for women in pariament wi make a difference in the future? Cass XI : Socioogy 24

30 CHAPTER 4 CULTURE AND SOCIALISATION POINTS TO REMEMBER Cuture is earnt and deveoped through socia interaction with others in society. According to Tyor - Cuture is that compex whoe which incudes knowedge, beief, art, moras, aw, custom and any other capabiities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Cuture is (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) a way of thinking, feeing, beieving. tota way of ife of peope. an abstraction from behaviour. earnt behaviour. a storehouse of pooed earning socia egacy the individua acquires from his group. set of standardised orientations to recurrent probems. normative reguation of behaviour. Emergence of diverse ways of ife or cuture is because of different settings. Having access to modem science and technoogy does not make modern cutures superior to the triba cutures. 25 Cass XI : Socioogy

31 Dimensions of cuture (i) (ii) (iii) Cognitive aspect of cuture : refers to understanding, how we make sense of a the information coming to us from our environment. Normative aspects : consists of fokways, mores, customs, conventions and aws. There are vaues that guide socia behaviour in different contexts. Socia norms are accompanied by sanctions that promote conformity. Materia aspects of cuture : refers to toos, technoogies, machines, buidings and modes of transportation as we as instruments of production and communication. There are two principa dimensions of cuture: (a) (b) Materia dimension is crucia to increase production and enhance the quaity of ife. Non-materia: Cognitive and normative aspects are non-materia. - For integrated functioning of a cuture the materia and nonmateria dimensions must work together. - Materia dimensions change rapidy, the non-materia aspects ag behind in terms of vaues and norms which is caed Cutura Lag. Difference between aw and norms (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Norms are impicit rues, aws are expicit rues. Law is a forma sanction defined by government as a rue. Laws are appicabe to the whoe society and vioation of the aw attracts penaties and punishment. Laws are universay accepted whie norms vary according to status. Identities are not inherited but fashioned both by the individua and the group through their reationship with others. Every person in modern society pays mutipe roes. Cass XI : Socioogy 26

32 In a cuture, there are many sub-cutures, for e.g. eite, working cass youth. Sub cutures are marked by stye, taste and association. Ethnocentrism : is the appication of one s own cutura vaues in evauating the behaviour and beiefs of peope from other cutures. Ethnocentrism is the opposite of cosmopoitanism, which vaues other cutures for their difference. - Cosmopoitanism ceebrates and accommodates different cutura propensities within its fod and promotes cutura exchange. - A modern society appreciates cutura difference. - In a goba word, communication is shrinking distances between cutures. - Cosmopoitan outook aows diverse infuences to enrich one s own cuture. Cutura change is the way in which societies change their patterns of cuture. Sources of change can be interna and externa. (a) (b) Interna : New methods of farming boosting agricutura production. Externa: Intervention in the form of conquest or coonisation. Cutura change can occur through changes in the natura environment, contact with other cutures or processes of adaptation. Cuture is aso transformed by revoutionary change Sociaisation Radica changes can be initiated through poitica intervention, technoogica innovation or ecoogica transformation, for e.g. French Revoution aboishing monarchy, expansion of media both print and eectronic. A process by which we earn and internaise sociay acceptabe behaviour. It is a ife ong process. 27 Cass XI : Socioogy

33 Primary and secondary sociaisation. Every individua performs mutipe roes simutaneousy. The process of earning the norms, attitudes, vaues or behavioura patterns of different groups begin eary in ife and continues throughout one s ife. Norms and vaues may differ within a society in different famiies beonging to different castes, regions, socia casses etc. Agencies of Sociaisation A chid is sociaised by severa agencies and institutions. (a) Famiy Nucear famiy : parents are the key sociaising agents. Joint & extended famiy : grandparents, parents, unce, cousin pays significant roe in sociaisation. chidren pick up ways of behaviour characteristics of their parents or others in their neighbourhood or community. diversity of sociaising agencies eads to many differences between the outooks of chidren, adoescents and parenta generation. (b) Peer groups are friendship groups of chidren of a simiar age. In sma and traditiona societies, peer groups are formaised as agegrades In a peergroup, a chid discovers a different kind of interaction within which rues of behaviour can be tested out and expored. peer reationships remain important thoughout a person s ife. shape individua s attitudes and behaviour. (c) Schoos Schooing is a forma process. There is both a forma curricuum and a hidden curricuum. (d) Mass Media Cass XI : Socioogy 28

34 An essentia part of our everyday ives. Both eectronic and print medias are of great importance. Disseminates information and aso infuences peope by giving exposure to areas of experience distant from one s own. (e) Other sociaising agencies Work is, in a cutures, an important setting within which sociaisation processes operate. Reigion, socia caste/cass etc. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What do you understand by the term cuture? 2. Differentiate between materia and non-materia cuture? 3. What do you understand by sub-cuture? 4. What do you mean by cutura change? 5. Give the meaning of the term sociaisation. 6. What do you understand by cutura evoution? 7. Name the three dimensions of cuture? 8. What are norms? 9. What do you understand by the term cutura ag? 10. What is ethnocentrism? 4 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain the term cuture. 2. Describe the cognitive and normative dimensions of cuture? 3. Expain the materia aspects of cuture. 4. Ethnocentrism is opposite of cosmopoitanism. Discuss. 29 Cass XI : Socioogy

35 5. Expain the stages of sociaisation. 6. Differentiate between aw and norm. 7. Expain the concept of revoutionary change with suitabe exampes 6 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain the concept of different cutures in diverse settings. 2. Expain the various dimensions of cuture. 3. Identities are not inherited but fashioned both by the individua and the group. Discuss. 4. Describe briefy the various agencies of sociaisation. HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL(HOTS) (1) Is mass media paying its roe as an agency of sociaisation especiay for teenagers? Do you think there may be a negative infuence on the younger generation. Justify your answer with suitabe exampes. VALUE BASED QUESTION (1) Do you think there is a distinct gender bias between the sociaisation of boys and girs in India? Give exampe to support your answer. (2) Do you fee students earn more from the hidden curricuum of schoo rather than from the forma curricuum? Expain. Cass XI : Socioogy 30

36 SOCIOLOGY-XI BOOK-2 - UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY CHAPTER 1 SOCIAL STRUCTURE, STRATIFICATION AND PROCESSES IN SOCIETY POINTS TO REMEMBER The term socia structure points to the fact that society is structured, organised in a particuar way. There are reguarities, patterns in how peope behave and in the reationships they have with one another. According to Durkheim, socia structure constrains our activities to constructed frameworks and patterns of organisation and directs our behaviour. Socia stratification refers to the existence of structura inequaities between groups in society, in terms of their access to materia or symboic rewards. Modern societies are often marked by wide difference in weath and power. Socia stratification indicates patterns of inequaity. Peope with superior position have certain privieges. 31 Cass XI : Socioogy

37 Three basic forms of advantage enjoyed by privieged groups are: (i) (ii) (iii) Life chances : Materia advantages which improve the quaity of ife. It incudes both economic and other benefits. Socia status : Prestige or high standing in the eyes of other members of the society. Poitica infuence: Abiity of one group to dominate others. Understanding socia processes in Socioogy According to functionaist perspective (Marx and Durkheim) human beings have to cooperate to meet their basic needs, to produce and to reproduce themseves and their word. Concerned with functiona requisites and pre-requisites necessary for the system s existence. (i) (ii) (iii) the sociaisation of new members. a shared system of communication. methods of assigning individuas to roes. Different parts of the society have a function or roe to pay for the maintenance and functioning of the whoe society. The confict perspective emphasised that groups and individuas are paced differenty and unequay within the system of production reations. Societies are divided by castes or cass or patriarch or some groups are disadvantaged or discriminated against. Co-operation, competition and confict are universa features of a societies. Reationship between cooperation, competition and confict is often compex and not easiy separated. Cooperation and Division of Labour The roe of division of abour impies cooperation to fufi certain needs of society. Durkheim distinguished between mechanica and organic soidarity. Cass XI : Socioogy 32

38 Traditiona cutures with a ow division of abour are characterised by mechanica soidarity. Because most members are occupied in simiar occupation, they are bound together by common experience and shared beiefs. Societies characterised by organic soidarity are hed together by peope s economic interdependence and a recognition of the importance of other s contributions. Reationships of economic reciprocity and mutua dependency come to repace shared beiefs in creating socia consensus. This eads to aienation. It refers to the oss of contro on the part of workers over the nature of the abour task, and over the products of their abour. Competition as an Idea and Practice In the contemporary word, competition is the dominant norm and practice. Modern capitaist society ays stress on greater efficiency and greater profit maximisation. The foowing are the underying assumptions of capitaism: (a) (b) (c) (d) expansion of trade division of abour speciaisation rising productivity The ideoogy of competition is the dominant ideoogy of capitaism. Competition aong with the aissez-fair economy in the 19th century has made important contribution in promoting economic growth. Confict and Cooperation The term confict impies cash of interests. Scarcity of resources in society produces confict as groups strugge to gain access to and contro over these resources. The bases of confict vary. It coud be cass or caste, tribe or gender, ethnicity. 33 Cass XI : Socioogy

39 Conficts change in nature and form at different stages of socia deveopment. Socia change and greater assertion of democratic rights by disadvantaged and discriminated groups made the confict more visibe. Confict appears as a discord or overt cash ony when it is openy expressed. There exists a reationship between confict, invountary cooperation and resistance. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What is socia stratification? 2. Give the meaning of the term aienation. 3. What do you understand by the term socia structure? 4. Name the schoars associated with functionaist and confict perspective. 5. What do you understand by division of abour? 6. What do you understand by the term confict? 4 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What are Kar Marx s views on cooperation? 2. Distinguish between mechanica and organic soidarity. 3. What are the three basic forms of advantage which privieged groups enjoy? 4. Expain with a suitabe exampe the concept of overt confict. 6 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain the two perspectives of understanding socia processes in socioogy. 2. The ideoogy of cooperation is the dominant ideoogy in capitaism. Comment. Cass XI : Socioogy 34

40 3. Expain with suitabe exampes the reationship between confict, invountary cooperation and resistance. Higher Order Thinking Skis (1) Is competition a necessary component for the progress of mankind? Discuss. Vaue based question (1) Do you think generation gap exists and does it give rise to conficting situations - Eaborate (2) Aienation exists in modern societies a over the word - Do you think it brings about a sense of separation and affects the we being of the individua. 35 Cass XI : Socioogy

41 CHAPTER 2 SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL ORDER IN RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY POINTS TO REMEMBER Socia change refers to changes in structure and cuture of the society. Changes can be both intensive and extensive. Darwin proposed the theory of evoution and emphasized on the surviva of the fittest. Darwin s theory of evoution has been adapted to the socia word and termed as Socia Darwinism, a theory that emphasised the importance of adaptive change. In contrast to evoution revoutionary change is quick, sudden and overthrows the existing system. Exampe French Revoution. Changes in vaues and beiefs can aso ead to socia change. Causes of Socia change Interna (endogenous) Externa (exogenous) Five broad types of sources or causes of socia change: Change are environmenta, technoogica, economic, poitica and cutura. (a) Environment : Nature, ecoogy and the physica environment and its infuence on the structure and shape of society. Cass XI : Socioogy 36

42 (b) (c) Technoogy and economy : Technoogy aong with economic change has been responsibe for immense socia changes, for e.g., Industria revoution. Poitics : Poitica forces have been the most important causes of socia change, for e.g., history of warfare. - India s strugge for independence. - Nepa s rejections of monarchy. - Biggest poitica change in history: universa adut franchise. (d) Cuture : Ideas, vaues beiefs are important in shaping peope s ife. Changes in their beiefs hep to transform society. - Women s strugge for equaity. No singe factor can account for socia change. Causes of socia change are often inter-reated. Pace of change in modern and contemporary times is much faster than before. Socia Order : refers to active maintenance and reproduction of particuar pattern of socia reations and of vaues and norms. Ways of achieving order: (a) (b) When peope spontaneousy wish to abide by a set of rues and norms. When peope are compeed in various ways to obey norms. Authority : is defined by Max Waber as egitimate power - that is, power considered to be justified or proper, e.g. authority of a teacher, a poice officer, etc. Law : is an expicity codified norm or rue. It is usuay written down, and there are aws that specify how aws are to be made or changed. Laws appy to a citizens of a country. Contestation : refers to broad forms of insistent disagreement. It incudes dissent or protest against aws or awfu authorities. Crime : is an act that vioates an existing aw. The mora worth of the act is not determined soey by the fact that it vioates existing aw. If the 37 Cass XI : Socioogy

43 existing aw is beieved to be unjust, e.g. a person may caim to be breaking it for highest mora reason, e.g. when Mahatama Gandhi broke the sat aw, he was committing a crime. Vioence : is the enemy of socia order, and an extreme form of contestation that transgresses not ony the aw, but important socia norms. Vioence in society is the product of socia tensions. It is aso a chaenge to the authority of the state. Socia Order and Socia Change in Viages, Town and City: - Viages emerged as part of the major changes in socia structure brought about by the transition from nomadic ways of ife based on hunting, gathering food and transient agricuture to a more setted form of ife. - Investment in and and technoogica innovations in agricuture created the possibiity of producing surpus. - Advanced division of abour created the need for occupationa speciaisation. A these changes together shaped the emergence of the viage as a popuation settement based on a particuar form of socia organisation. Distinction between viages and cities: Viages - significant proportion of its popuation is invoved in agricutura activities, ow density of popuation as compared to cities and towns. City - Majority of peope engaged in non-agricutura pursuits. Popuation density i.e. (the number of persons per unit over, such as square km) is higher than viages. Socia Order and Socia Change in Rura Areas: - Change is sower to arrive in viages than in towns because of personaised reationships and as traditiona socia practices are stronger. - New modes of communication has acceerated the pace of change in viages. - Land reforms have atered the structure of and ownership. Cass XI : Socioogy 38

44 - Changes in the technoogica organisation of agricuture aso has a arge and immediate impact on rura society. - Sudden fuctuations in agricutura prices, droughts or foods can cause havoc in rura society. - Large scae deveopment programmes aimed at the rura peope can aso have an enormous impact e.g. Nationa Rura Empoyment Gurantee Act of Socia Order and Socia Change in Urban Areas: - Urbanism as a way of ife for arge segments of the popuation is a modern phenomenon. - City ife and modernity go very we together. - City fosters the deveopment of group identities, based on factors ike race, reigion, ethnicity etc. - High popuation density paces a great premium on SPACE and creates very compex probems of ogistics. - City ife presents formidabe chaenges of panning, impementation and maintenance. - Shortage of housing for the poor eads to homeessness and the phenomenon of street peope. It is aso the eading cause for the emergence of sums. - Where and how peope ive in cities is based on socio-cutura identities. Creation of ghettoes through the conversion of mixed composition neighbourhoods into singe community neighbourhoods (ghettosiation) is common in cities a over the word. - City centres are experiencing a reviva in many major western cities as attempts are made to regenerate community ife. A reated phenomenon gentrification which refers to the conversion of a previousy ower cass neighbourhood into a midde and upper cass one. - Changes in modes of mass transport may aso bring about significant socia change in cities. 39 Cass XI : Socioogy

45 2 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What do you understand by the term socia change? 2. What are the sources of socia change? 3. Give the meaning of the term evoution. 4. Who proposed the theory of surviva of the fittest? 5. What is revoutionary change? 6. Give any two exampes of revoutionary change. 7. Give exampes of technoogica revoution. 8. What is cutura change? 9. What do you understand by universa adut franchise? 10. What is socia order? 11. What are aws? 12. Give the meaning of the term gentrification. 13. What is counter-cuture? 14. What do you understand by the term egitimation? 15. What do you understand by the term ghettosiation? 4 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Distinguish between evoutionary and revoutionary forms of socia change. 2. Nature, ecoogy and physica environment has significant infuence on the structure and shape of society. Discuss. 3. Expain how Socia order is maintained. 4. Give the distinction between viage, town and city. 5. Authority is defined by egitimate power. Expain. 6. Expain dominant castes with exampes. Cass XI : Socioogy 40

46 7. How do changes in vaues and beiefs ead to socia change? 8. What is the roe of poitics in bringing about socia change? 6 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Briefy expain the causes of socia change. 2. How is authority reated to domination and the aw? 3. Discuss socia order and socia change in rura areas. 4. What are the chaenges to socia order in urban areas? HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (1) Are gated communities a common feature of urban areas - Comment. VALUE BASED QUESTION (1) After a natura disaster the peope who are the survivors fa prey to human trafficking. Do you think it brings about socia change in the fabric of the society. (2) Is Contestation positive or negative? - Comment with exampes. 41 Cass XI : Socioogy

47 CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY POINTS TO REMEMBER The term Ecoogy denotes the web of physica and bioogica systems and processes of which humans are one eement. Ecoogy has been modified by HUMAN ACTION - aridity or food proneness is often produced by human intervention. Socia Environments emerge from the interaction between biophysica ecoogy and human interventions. This is a two-way process. The interaction between environment and society is shaped by socia organisation e.g. if forests are owned by the government, it wi have the power to decide whether it shoud ease them to timber companies or aow viagers to coect forests produce. Different reationships between environment and society aso refect different socia vaues and norms as we as knowedge systems - the vaues underying CAPITALISM have supported the COMMODIFICATION of nature, sociaistic vaues of equaity and justice have ed to the seizure of ands from arge andords and their redistribution among andess peasants. There are different perspectives on the environment and its reationship to society. Environmenta management is a very difficut task. - As not enough is known about biophysica processes to predict and contro them. Cass XI : Socioogy 42

48 - Human; reations with the environment have become increasingy compex. - Spread of industriaisation, resource extraction has affected ecosystem in unprecedented ways. - We ive in risk societies, e.g. occurence of nucear disasters. Environmenta probems and risks There are many gobay recognised environmenta probems: - Resource depetion : Using up non-renewabe resources is one of the most serious probems. - Poution : There are many kinds of poution - air poution, indoor poution through chimneys speciay in rura househods, noise poution through vehices and factories, water poution, etc. - Goba warming : The reease of particuar gases (carbon- dioxide, methane and others) creates a green house effect by trapping the sun s heat and not aowing it to dissipate thus causing significant rise in goba temperatures. China and India are increasingy significant contributors to word carbon and green house gas emissions. - Geneticay modified organisms : It is a new technique of gene spicing which aows scientists to import genes from one species into another, e.g. Bacius Thuringiensis have been introduced into cotton species, making it resistant to the boworm. - Natura and man-made environmenta disasters: Natura disasters are those which occur naturay e.g. Tsunami. Man-made disasters are generated by human intervention ike Bhopa gas tragedy. Environmenta probems are aso socia probems - Socia status and power determine to what extent peope can insuate themseves from environmenta crises or overcome it. - Securing the pubic interest e.g. construction of dams may actuay serve the interests off particuar poiticay and economicay 43 Cass XI : Socioogy

49 powerfu groups but hurt the interests of the poor and poiticay weak. Environment-Society conficts: Different socia groups stand in different reationships to the environment and approach it differenty, e.g. A forest department geared to maximising revenues from suppying arge voumes of bamboo to the paper industry wi view and use forest very differenty from an artisan who harvests bamboo to make baskets. Their varied interests and ideoogies generate environmenta conficts. Thus environmenta crises have their roots in socia inequaity. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. What do you understand by ecoogy? 2. What is meant by socia ecoogy? 3. What is goba warming? 4. List the advantages of genetic modification. 5. Mention/List the consequences of goba warming. 6. Give exampes of natura and man-made disasters. 7. How is indoor poution from cooking fires a serious source of risk for women in rura areas? 8. Which socia institutions and organisations payed a roe in the industria disaster of Bhopa? 4 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Expain with exampes how ecoogy has been modified by human action. 2. Socia environments emerge from the interaction between biophysica ecoogy and human interventions. Expain. Or Expain how nature shapes society and society shapes nature. Cass XI : Socioogy 44