American Revolution : A Message From Below
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2 American Revolution : A Message From Below
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4 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s
5 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand
6 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand --Britain confirmed its primacy as the world s greatest capitalist power by defeating France in he Seven Year s War in 1763
7 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand --Britain confirmed its primacy as the world s greatest capitalist power by defeating France in he Seven Year s War in protects and enlarges its lucrative colonial empire
8 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand --Britain confirmed its primacy as the world s greatest capitalist power by defeating France in he Seven Year s War in protects and enlarges its lucrative colonial empire --opens vast new territories in North America and the Caribbean
9 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand --Britain confirmed its primacy as the world s greatest capitalist power by defeating France in he Seven Year s War in protects and enlarges its lucrative colonial empire --opens vast new territories in North America and the Caribbean --imperial triumph at time of a new cycle of sailor and slave rebellion
10 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand --Britain confirmed its primacy as the world s greatest capitalist power by defeating France in he Seven Year s War in protects and enlarges its lucrative colonial empire --opens vast new territories in North America and the Caribbean --imperial triumph at time of a new cycle of sailor and slave rebellion --riots destabilized imperial civil society
11 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand --Britain confirmed its primacy as the world s greatest capitalist power by defeating France in he Seven Year s War in protects and enlarges its lucrative colonial empire --opens vast new territories in North America and the Caribbean --imperial triumph at time of a new cycle of sailor and slave rebellion --riots destabilized imperial civil society --pushed America toward the world s first modern colonial war for liberation
12 --defeat of slave revolts and urban insurrections of the 1730s and 1740s --allows slavery and maritime trade to expand --Britain confirmed its primacy as the world s greatest capitalist power by defeating France in he Seven Year s War in protects and enlarges its lucrative colonial empire --opens vast new territories in North America and the Caribbean --imperial triumph at time of a new cycle of sailor and slave rebellion --riots destabilized imperial civil society --pushed America toward the world s first modern colonial war for liberation --America Revolution was neither an elite nor a national event
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14 --the motley crew: the driving force of a revolutionary crisis in the 1760s and 1770s
15 --the motley crew: the driving force of a revolutionary crisis in the 1760s and 1770s --multi-ethnic, sociopolitical formation of the 18 th century port or town
16 --the motley crew: the driving force of a revolutionary crisis in the 1760s and 1770s --multi-ethnic, sociopolitical formation of the 18 th century port or town Sailors:
17 --the motley crew: the driving force of a revolutionary crisis in the 1760s and 1770s --multi-ethnic, sociopolitical formation of the 18 th century port or town Sailors: --led a series of rots against impressment beginning in the 1740s
18 --the motley crew: the driving force of a revolutionary crisis in the 1760s and 1770s --multi-ethnic, sociopolitical formation of the 18 th century port or town Sailors: --led a series of rots against impressment beginning in the 1740s --Thomas Paine in Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence list impressment as a major grievance
19 --the motley crew: the driving force of a revolutionary crisis in the 1760s and 1770s --multi-ethnic, sociopolitical formation of the 18 th century port or town Sailors: --led a series of rots against impressment beginning in the 1740s --Thomas Paine in Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence list impressment as a major grievance England declared war against Spain in 1739
20 --the motley crew: the driving force of a revolutionary crisis in the 1760s and 1770s --multi-ethnic, sociopolitical formation of the 18 th century port or town Sailors: --led a series of rots against impressment beginning in the 1740s --Thomas Paine in Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence list impressment as a major grievance England declared war against Spain in sailors battled press-gangs in every English port
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22 ...the highest notions of the rights and liberties of Englishmen, and indeed are almost Levellers... Admiral Peter Warren, 1745
23 ...the highest notions of the rights and liberties of Englishmen, and indeed are almost Levellers... Admiral Peter Warren, naval vessels pressing in the Caribbean have had their Boats haul d up in the Streets and going to be Burned, & their Captains insulted by 50 Arm d Men at a time, and obliged to take shelter in some Friends House... Commander Charles Knowles, 1743
24 ...the highest notions of the rights and liberties of Englishmen, and indeed are almost Levellers... Admiral Peter Warren, naval vessels pressing in the Caribbean have had their Boats haul d up in the Streets and going to be Burned, & their Captains insulted by 50 Arm d Men at a time, and obliged to take shelter in some Friends House... Commander Charles Knowles, captain of the H.M.S. Shirley dared not set foot on shore for four months for fear of being prosecuted or murdered by the mob for pressing.
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26 Adams used the riots to formulate a new ideology of resistance, in which the natural rights of man were used for the first time in the province to justify mob activity.
27 Adams used the riots to formulate a new ideology of resistance, in which the natural rights of man were used for the first time in the province to justify mob activity. --the mob embodied the fundamental rights of man against which government itself could be judged.
28 Adams used the riots to formulate a new ideology of resistance, in which the natural rights of man were used for the first time in the province to justify mob activity. --the mob embodied the fundamental rights of man against which government itself could be judged. dilemma: how to watch a crowd of Africans, Scotsmen, Dutchmen, Irishmen, and Englishmen battle the press-gang and then describe them as being engaged simply in a struggle for the rights of Englishmen?
29 Adams used the riots to formulate a new ideology of resistance, in which the natural rights of man were used for the first time in the province to justify mob activity. --the mob embodied the fundamental rights of man against which government itself could be judged. dilemma: how to watch a crowd of Africans, Scotsmen, Dutchmen, Irishmen, and Englishmen battle the press-gang and then describe them as being engaged simply in a struggle for the rights of Englishmen? 1748: All Men are by Nature on a Level; born with an equal Share of Freedom, and endow d with Capacities nearly alike.
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31 --not a sin to transgress an iniquitous law such as the one that legalized impressment
32 --not a sin to transgress an iniquitous law such as the one that legalized impressment --agued for both civil disobedience and a right to resistance that utilized force
33 --not a sin to transgress an iniquitous law such as the one that legalized impressment --agued for both civil disobedience and a right to resistance that utilized force --passive nonresistance, he claimed, was slavery
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35 Economic Foundations of British Empire
36 Economic Foundations of British Empire Mercantilism--Assumptions and Implementation:
37 Economic Foundations of British Empire Mercantilism--Assumptions and Implementation: --Navigation Acts--cornerstone of mercantilist system
38 Economic Foundations of British Empire Mercantilism--Assumptions and Implementation: --Navigation Acts--cornerstone of mercantilist system --staples--tobacco, sugar (W.Ind.), indigo, navel stores (tar, turpentine), rice molasses
39 Economic Foundations of British Empire Mercantilism--Assumptions and Implementation: --Navigation Acts--cornerstone of mercantilist system --staples--tobacco, sugar (W.Ind.), indigo, navel stores (tar, turpentine), rice molasses Impact Oppressive?:
40 Economic Foundations of British Empire Mercantilism--Assumptions and Implementation: --Navigation Acts--cornerstone of mercantilist system --staples--tobacco, sugar (W.Ind.), indigo, navel stores (tar, turpentine), rice molasses Impact Oppressive?: --argument that colonies derived benefits from the Acts and their relationship to Britain
41 Economic Foundations of British Empire Mercantilism--Assumptions and Implementation: --Navigation Acts--cornerstone of mercantilist system --ships manned by British; English-owned ships; enumerated items to be shipped to England first --staples--tobacco, sugar (W.Ind.), indigo, navel stores (tar, turpentine), rice molasses Impact Oppressive?: --argument that colonies derived benefits from the Acts and their relationship to Britain
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43 --protection of British Navy
44 --protection of British Navy --massive expansion of New England shipbuilding industry
45 --protection of British Navy --massive expansion of New England shipbuilding industry --colonists are British subjects and own ships
46 --protection of British Navy --massive expansion of New England shipbuilding industry --colonists are British subjects and own ships --specific (enumerated) industries singled out, foreign competitors at a disadvantage when competing with colonials
47 --protection of British Navy --massive expansion of New England shipbuilding industry --colonists are British subjects and own ships --specific (enumerated) industries singled out, foreign competitors at a disadvantage when competing with colonials --mercantilist system offered degree of security/stability by providing wider markets/network of trade through London
48 --protection of British Navy --massive expansion of New England shipbuilding industry --colonists are British subjects and own ships --specific (enumerated) industries singled out, foreign competitors at a disadvantage when competing with colonials --mercantilist system offered degree of security/stability by providing wider markets/network of trade through London --navigation laws may have been the cement of the Empire
49
50 Sovereignty--definition:
51 Sovereignty--definition: English position: assumption that sovereignty "unitary," "indivisible," located in central institution/individual (king)
52 Sovereignty--definition: English position: assumption that sovereignty "unitary," "indivisible," located in central institution/individual (king) Colonial Expectations
53 Sovereignty--definition: English position: assumption that sovereignty "unitary," "indivisible," located in central institution/individual (king) Colonial Expectations Urbanization--growth encouraged by colonial policies
54 Sovereignty--definition: English position: assumption that sovereignty "unitary," "indivisible," located in central institution/individual (king) Colonial Expectations Urbanization--growth encouraged by colonial policies --important mercantile classes develop in urban centers
55 Sovereignty--definition: English position: assumption that sovereignty "unitary," "indivisible," located in central institution/individual (king) Colonial Expectations Urbanization--growth encouraged by colonial policies --important mercantile classes develop in urban centers --increased sense of confidence--in ability to run political/cultural institutions
56 Sovereignty--definition: English position: assumption that sovereignty "unitary," "indivisible," located in central institution/individual (king) Colonial Expectations Urbanization--growth encouraged by colonial policies --important mercantile classes develop in urban centers --increased sense of confidence--in ability to run political/cultural institutions --parent/child metaphor waning
57 Sovereignty--definition: English position: assumption that sovereignty "unitary," "indivisible," located in central institution/individual (king) Colonial Expectations Urbanization--growth encouraged by colonial policies --important mercantile classes develop in urban centers --increased sense of confidence--in ability to run political/cultural institutions --parent/child metaphor waning --by 1760/70s colonialists talk of mutuality, contractual understanding, reciprocity
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59 --Colonials expect a certain degree of political autonomy
60 --Colonials expect a certain degree of political autonomy powers over financial matters--frame financial bills, issue paper money, appoint judges
61 --Colonials expect a certain degree of political autonomy powers over financial matters--frame financial bills, issue paper money, appoint judges --wealthy urban classes expect to by allowed to freely participate in social and governmental and economic affairs
62 --Colonials expect a certain degree of political autonomy powers over financial matters--frame financial bills, issue paper money, appoint judges --wealthy urban classes expect to by allowed to freely participate in social and governmental and economic affairs --expect personal independence
63 --Colonials expect a certain degree of political autonomy powers over financial matters--frame financial bills, issue paper money, appoint judges --wealthy urban classes expect to by allowed to freely participate in social and governmental and economic affairs --expect personal independence --only truly virtuous people are independent
64 --Colonials expect a certain degree of political autonomy powers over financial matters--frame financial bills, issue paper money, appoint judges --wealthy urban classes expect to by allowed to freely participate in social and governmental and economic affairs --expect personal independence --only truly virtuous people are independent --taxation taken out of local hands--violation --taxed without personal consent--servile being
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66 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War
67 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts:
68 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory:
69 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs
70 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs huge debt domestic taxes larger empire
71 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs huge debt domestic taxes larger empire War economy:
72 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs huge debt domestic taxes larger empire War economy: --economic boom encouraged by military spending
73 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs huge debt domestic taxes larger empire War economy: --economic boom encouraged by military spending --wages go up
74 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs huge debt domestic taxes larger empire War economy: --economic boom encouraged by military spending --wages go up --most colonials benefit
75 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs huge debt domestic taxes larger empire War economy: --economic boom encouraged by military spending --wages go up --most colonials benefit --post-war depression
76 Aftermath of Fr. and Indian War War debts: --costs of victory: --huge empire potentially a huge benefit or a drain b/c administrative costs huge debt domestic taxes larger empire War economy: --economic boom encouraged by military spending --wages go up --most colonials benefit --post-war depression --inefficient tax collecting system
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78 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up
79 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up Imperial Action:
80 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up Imperial Action: Options
81 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up Imperial Action: Options 1) appeal to patriotism--ask people to help requisitioning
82 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up Imperial Action: Options 1) appeal to patriotism--ask people to help requisitioning --not effective b/c individual colonies refused b/c war did not affect them
83 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up Imperial Action: Options 1) appeal to patriotism--ask people to help requisitioning --not effective b/c individual colonies refused b/c war did not affect them 2) tax the colonists--tell them that you're paying for your own defense to assuage hot spots
84 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up Imperial Action: Options 1) appeal to patriotism--ask people to help requisitioning --not effective b/c individual colonies refused b/c war did not affect them 2) tax the colonists--tell them that you're paying for your own defense to assuage hot spots --reformed system to get rid of absentee tax collectors
85 --unemployment goes up; food production drops; food prices go up Imperial Action: Options 1) appeal to patriotism--ask people to help requisitioning --not effective b/c individual colonies refused b/c war did not affect them 2) tax the colonists--tell them that you're paying for your own defense to assuage hot spots --reformed system to get rid of absentee tax collectors --paperwork for colonists to curb smuggling
86
87 Revenue Act, 1764 (Sugar Act):
88 Revenue Act, 1764 (Sugar Act): Colonial Reaction
89 Revenue Act, 1764 (Sugar Act): Colonial Reaction "Does England have the right to do this?"
90 Revenue Act, 1764 (Sugar Act): Colonial Reaction "Does England have the right to do this?" The "sacred right of Englishmen is to be taxed only at our consent."
91 Revenue Act, 1764 (Sugar Act): Colonial Reaction "Does England have the right to do this?" The "sacred right of Englishmen is to be taxed only at our consent." Result of protest:
92 Revenue Act, 1764 (Sugar Act): Colonial Reaction "Does England have the right to do this?" The "sacred right of Englishmen is to be taxed only at our consent." Result of protest: Talk of rights of Englishmen
93 Revenue Act, 1764 (Sugar Act): Colonial Reaction "Does England have the right to do this?" The "sacred right of Englishmen is to be taxed only at our consent." Result of protest: Talk of rights of Englishmen --colonials afraid this will set precedent for future actions by K and P.
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