Introduction Culture Worlds

Transcription

1 Introduction Culture Worlds Defining Geography There are two basic kinds of geography: Regional geography focuses on places and the physical and cultural factors that make every place unique and different. Systematic geography focuses on processes physical, economic and social that affect how places develop. The Context of Geography Geography overlaps many other fields. What is fundamental isn t the subject matter it s the idea of space. Geographers: A Field Guide Physical Geomorphologists Climatologists Biogeographers Cultural Cultural Geographers Cultural Ecologists Historical Geographers Economic Geographers Political Geographers Urban Geographers Gender Geographers Tools & Techniques Cartographers Remote Sensing Analysts GIS Analysts 2007 Alan Rice Osborn Page 1 of 22

2 Basic Geographic Questions Where? Location What's there? Description How are things arranged? Patterns Why here? Cause & effect What's changed? Trends What if...? Modeling Maps: A Tool for Understanding One of the most important tools we use in geography is the map. Maps are models simplified representations of the real world. Although this is not a course in maps or map reading, you will be dealing with many maps in this class. To help you understand just what maps do, and what they are, there are some basic concepts about maps that you will need. Maps & Mapping All maps are made for a specific purpose. Although they re not always labeled, all maps have four characteristics: Scale the relationship between distance on the map and distance on the ground. Projection a way of showing the round earth on a flat map. Symbols arbitrary shapes, colors or patterns that make distributions or arrangements clear. Grid system a system of coordinates; a way of determining a place s location. Scale Scale can be expressed in three ways: Verbal one inch equals one mile. (traditionally you use a Fractional 1:63,360 ":" for fractions on maps instead of a " " or "/") Graphic Each method has advantages and disadvantages none is right or wrong Alan Rice Osborn Page 2 of 22

3 large & SMALL Scale is expressed as a fraction Stupid question & answer session: Stupid question: Which is bigger: 1 / 10 or 1 / 100? Stupid answer: 1 / 10, of course! o But isn't "100" bigger than "10"?!? o Sure but these are fractions! Since scale is expressed as a fraction: 1:25,000 is large scale 1:250,000 is small scale "Large Scale" means Large fraction Large detail Maps of small areas Small Scale Small fraction Less detail Maps of large areas Large Scale Small Scale Maps produced using NASA Worldwind 1.4: The Problem of Projection The problem: You can t go from round to flat without something being distorted! Every flat map is distorted in some way but the mapmaker can choose the kind of distortion, such as: Shape Area Distance Direction These maps were produced using Versamap: Alan Rice Osborn Page 3 of 22

4 Projections Cylindrical (Mercator Projection) Azimuthal Conic Source: Symbols A variety of symbols are used on maps. There are basically four categories of symbols: Pictures: RSTVWYZ[] Dots: OfOff Colors & patterns:!!!!! Lines ========== Symbols: Color & Shading This is a shaded relief map a map in which elevation is indicated using colors. Like all map symbols, color is useful but if you don t know what the colors actually mean, a map like this can be very misleading! Maps & Legends The map legend explains the meaning of the symbols. Without a legend symbols on a map are meaningless. This map was produced using ICEMAPS2 online: Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 4 of 22

5 Symbols: Colors & Lines There are many ways to show data on a map. Sometimes colors and shading patterns are effective. At other times, using various kinds of line symbols may be a better choice. Consider this map of San Diego County. Some of the information here (cities, bodies of water) is conveyed using colors, some (highways, areas of congestion) using lines. Source: Isolines Isolines ( isopleths ) are lines on a map connecting points of equal value. Isoline maps can efficiently convey information about spatial patterns. Isolines: Contour Lines If you know how to interpret them, contour lines isolines connecting points of equal elevation can tell you an amazing amount of information about a place. This map was produced using Global Mapper ( ) and digital elevation models from Grid Systems Cartesian coordinates (named for French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes ( )) are an example of a grid or coordinate system. Using the horizontal ( x ) axis and vertical ( y ) axis, we can specify the position of any object. Latitude & Longitude Using parallels of latitude we determine the angular distance (in degrees) north or south of the equator, from 0º to 90º North or South. Using meridians of longitude we determine the angular distance (in degrees) east or west of the prime meridian, from 0º to 180º East or West Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 5 of 22

6 Other Grids: UTM There are several other grid systems you may encounter studying the United States. The Universal Trans-verse Mercator (UTM) grid divides most of the world into numbered rectangles 6º wide and 8º high. Other Grids: Township & Range The oddly-named township and range surveying system was first used in Each square ( township ) is divided into 36 sections. Each section is one square mile (640 acres). Most of the land in the Central and Western US was surveyed using this system. The All-Purpose Map All maps are made for a specific purpose to show something the map maker thinks is interesting or worthwhile. All-purpose or general use or multipurpose maps are also made for a specific purpose to be useful to the widest possible number of users. To do this, general purpose maps have to include a lot of information. To do that they use a lot of different symbols colors, lines, pictures, etc. Is This a Map? Source: Source: NO! This is a NASA Space Shuttle photograph (taken September 13 th 1994). A photograph is not a map the image is not projected, the scale may vary from top to bottom or side to side, there is no legend, etc. Source: Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 6 of 22

7 Globalization: 12 World Regions? Or Just one? Global communication and transport systems link all regions today. Transnational/multinational corporations are more economically powerful than many states. International financial institutions allow money to flow anywhere, anytime. Global agreements promote trade. Market-based economies have replaced almost all centrally-planned economies, and in many places basic functions (water, electricity) are now privatized. A consumer culture exists just about everywhere, demanding the least expensive, best quality, regardless of where it comes from. People (and jobs) now move from place to place, continent to continent, to satisfy the needs of the global marketplace. Global Consumer Culture The global consumer culture that exists today has reduced local diversity. Global culture spreads via media (especially TV) and most international media tends to promote US and European cultural ideas. This isn t a one-way process but it is a concern in many parts of the world. Source: McDonald's in China. Source: Geopolitics There are a number of major regional and global organizations now that attempt to unify at some level the world s nations. The largest is the United Nations. There are only two widely recognized countries today that are not members of the UN: Taiwan and Vatican City. Source: Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 7 of 22

8 The Global Environment There are a number of major environmental problems today that can only be dealt with at the global scale. Ironically, these are issues that globalization has also helped to create! Ozone hole, Source: Global Interaction Migration and trade are a fundamental part of globalization and they aren t always legal. This map showing the movement of drugs shows that centers of production, distribution, finance, and consumption though widely separated are deeply and intimately interconnected. Source: So Is Globalization Good or Bad? Good! Globalization is a logical step in a capitalist world. A global world is a more efficient world, producing more and better goods for more and more people. The poor will sell to the rich and become rich themselves. Everyone will benefit in the long run. Bad! Globalization isn t natural or logical, it s the result of deliberate policies. Inequality is increasing, not disappearing. Poor countries are being forced to specialize in exports, becoming more dependent on foreign capital. In the long run we re all dead! Income Inequity To give you some kind of context here, the Census Bureau estimates that in the US the top 20% of population has about 50% of all the wealth, and the bottom 20% has less than 4%. Source: Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 8 of 22

9 Themes In World Regional Geography: Population & Settlement The 6½ billion people who live on earth today are not evenly distributed. Rising populations in some parts of the world (and declining rates of growth in others) are a source of concern. Source: Basic Population Measures: Birth, Death & Natural Increase Crude Birth Rate CBR = (births per year)/(total population) Crude Death Rate CDR = (deaths per year)/(total population) Rate of Natural Increase CBR CDR = NI Note: The CBR & CDR are usually expressed in per thousand, while NI is usually expressed in percent. Population Rates: Two Examples Mexico 2004 (July est., CIA World Factbook) Population: 104,959,594 Births: 2,250,334 Deaths: 496,459 o CBR = 2,250,334/104,959,594 = 21.44/1,000 o CDR = 496,459/104,959,594 = 4.73/1,000 o NI = = 16.71/1,000 = 1.67% US 2004 (July est., CIA World Factbook) Population: 293,027,571 Births: 4,190,294 Deaths: 2,443,850 o CBR = 4,190,294/293,027,571 = 14.13/1,000 o CDR = 2,443,850/293,027,571 = 8.34/1,000 o NI = = 5.8/1,000 = 0.58% Conclusion: Mexico's NI is about three times the US rate Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 9 of 22

10 Doubling Time: Interest Simple vs. Compound Interest Initial amount: $100 Interest: 10% Simple $ $10.00 = $ $ $10.00 = $ $ $10.00 = $ $ $10.00 = $ $ $10.00 = $ $ $10.00 = $ $ $10.00 = $ $ $10.00 = $ Compound $ $10.00 = $ $ $11.00 = $ $ $12.10 = $ $ $13.31 = $ $ $14.64 = $ $ $16.10 = $ $ $17.72 = $ $ $19.49 = $ Conclusion: At 10% it takes less then 8 years for compound interest to double the initial amount. If we continued, we'd find that the amount tripled in 12 years, quadrupled in 15 years, etc. Doubling Times & Population Growth The rate of natural increase declined between 1950 and 2000 but the number of people added to the world s population each year has remained fairly steady for about 40 years. Why? Because global population increased from 2.5 billion to over 6 billion during this time period! Other Population Measures Total Fertility Rate (TFR) An estimate of how many children a woman will have during her childbearing years. Assumes women in the future will act exactly as women today do. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Deaths of infants less than 1 year old, divided by total births per year. (total infant deaths)/(total births) = IMR Life Expectancy An estimate of the number of years a child born today can expect to live at current mortality levels Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 10 of 22

11 The Demographic Transition Q: Why do the US and Mexico have different rates of natural increase and different fertility rates? Why do these rates change? A: The Demographic Transition The demographic transition is a model of how birth and death rates change over time Birth and death rates change because of Changes in the economic system (from traditional to post-industrial) Changes in information about health and health care (sanitation, etc.) Changes in people s attitudes about family size The Demographic Transition Model Population Pyramids One way of visualizing how a country is changing (and how it may change in the future) is by using a population pyramid, a kind of bar chart that shows the age and sex structure of the population. Source: Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 11 of 22

12 US Population Pyramids: Note how the bulge of the Baby Boom shifts through decades. Sex Ratios: (number of males per hundred females) 10 Highest 10 Lowest 189 Qatar 83 Latvia 174 UAE 87 Ukraine 133 Bahrain 87 Cape Verde 124 Saudi Arabia 88 Russia 113 Oman 89 Belarus 112 China 89 Estonia 111 Guam 89 Lithuania 110 Brunei 92 Georgia 109 Samoa 92 Hungary 109 Kuwait 92 Moldova Data Source: (1999) 2007 Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 12 of 22

13 What do the countries with the highest numbers of men to women have in common? Almost all are countries where there are enormous numbers of workers in male-dominated industries (oil, fishing). The only exception: China (we'll discuss the reasons later in the course). What do the countries with the lowest numbers of men to women have in common? Almost all were part of the former Soviet Union (or were dominated by the Soviet Union), and have experienced social, medical and economic disruption during the last 20 years. The only exception: Cape Verde, where a large percent of the male population has traditionally gone overseas, looking for work. Overpopulation? The only rational way to define over-population is to say that if the population is too great for the local environment to support it, a place is overpopulated. Any other definition is based on cultural values. BNG NTH JPN IND UK EGY USA CAN Mean Density (km2) ,000 Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus ( ), British clergyman and economist. Published An Essay on the Principle of Population in Crucial insight: Population tends to grow faster than the food supply. Population growth can be stopped: FAMINE MORAL RESTRAINT Was Malthus right? For animal populations yes. For people not so far! Neomalthusians vs. cornucopians Reducing Natural Increase The rate of natural increase can only decline if either birth rates decline or death rates increase. Of the two, most normal people prefer the first but even this approach is controversial! Reducing birth rates: Economic development Contraception 2007 Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 13 of 22

14 Population Growth: China vs. India By 2050 India will probably have a population of 1.6 billion, a large percentage of whom will be in (or entering) the childbearing years. China will probably have a population of 1.4 billion, but with a much smaller percentage in (or entering) the childbearing years, and a much older population overall. Source: Migration Something like 3% of the world s population today are migrants or displaced persons that s roughly 200,000,000 people (and the numbers are increasing). Why do people migrate? Push and pull factors. There are three basic kinds of push & pull factors: ECONOMIC PUSH & PULL FACTORS o Resources (minerals, land for agriculture, etc.) o Jobs (better, or just trying to get work) CULTURAL PUSH & PULL FACTORS o Political Instability (war and civil war) o Prejudice and persecution (refugees) o Political Stability (a pull not usually a push!) o Slavery (Please note that slavery is not just of historical interest. It is estimated that there are more than 20 million people today living in some form of slavery (Source: ENVIRONMENTAL PUSH & PULL FACTORS o Health and Disease o Water (flood, drought, reliability) o Amenities (pleasant places to live and work) 2007 Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 14 of 22

15 Intervening Obstacles Migrants can t always go to the places they want there may be obstacles in their way. Intervening obstacles may be either Environmental Cultural In the past, obstacles were mostly physical; today, they are mostly cultural. Border fence, Tijuana Mexico Source: International Migration: Forced vs. Voluntary Voluntary: the migrant chooses to move. Forced: the person migrant has no choice. Traditionally, people who move for economic or environmental reasons are automatically considered to be voluntary migrants. The category of forced migrants is usually limited to two groups: slaves and refugees. Since most people move for economic reasons most migrants are considered to be voluntary. Refugees Who is a refugee? In the US [under the Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(a)(42)]: The term 'refugee' means: (A) any person who is outside any country of such person's nationality who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, or (B) in such circumstances as the President may specify, any person who is persecuted or who has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Note that the US is not obligated to accept all refugees, but has agreed not to return people who face persecution to their home country. However, under the 1996 Illegal Immigration and Immigrant Responsibility Act, foreign nationals who come to this country without proper documentation can be summarily expelled unless they expressly state a fear of return (the shout rule ). In 2004 the US returned 3,100 Haitian and 1,500 Cuban asylum seekers it interdicted on the high seas while they were trying to reach Florida (for more information see Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 15 of 22

16 Global Refugees There are about 20,000,000 refugees or internally displaced persons worldwide, (estimates vary a lot). The top 10 sources of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in 2005 were: Afghanistan: 1,908,100 Sudan: 693,300 Burundi: 438,700 DR Congo: 4430,600 Somalia: 394,800 Vietnam: 358,200 Palestinians: 349,700 [or more than 4,300,000, depending on definitions] Iraq: 262,100 Azerbaijan: 233,700 Liberia: 231,100 An Urban Planet Greater urban population today in More Developed Countries. Greater urban growth today in Less Developed Countries. Increasing urbanization: % urban. Data sources: % urban % urban? Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to the More Developed Countries. Themes in World Regional Geography: Tradition & Change Cultural Coherence and Diversity Culture is a hard word to define. Your book says it can be thought of as the weaving that keeps the world s diverse social fabric together, and that culture shared in common by a group of people, giving them a way of life.'. What happens when cultures collide? It depends sometimes they react violently, sometimes they hybridize. When modern global culture comes in contact with traditional cultures the results are often bad. The results of either cultural imperialism or cultural nationalism can both be disastrous. Source: Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 16 of 22

17 The World s Languages Source: Language is not just a way of communicating language is fundamental to identity and culture. Although English is the most widespread language today, more people probably speak Chinese (officially) than any other language but almost all of them are concentrated in or near China. The World s Religions The world s religions can be classified into universalizing and ethnic religions. Universalizing religions seek converts anybody can join. Ethnic religions are usually confined to a particular group of people. Religious Membership Membership figures for religions are notoriously unreliable but it s usually assumed that out of the world s population of 6½ billion there are about: 2007 Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 17 of 22

18 o 2 billion Christians. o 1¼ billion Moslems. o 1 billion Hindus. o 1 / 3 billion Buddhists. o ½ billion members of other religions. o Plus about 1 billion who have no religious beliefs. Themes in World Regional Geography: Fragmentation & Unity Geopolitics focuses on power, territory and space. Issues in geopolitics today include: Global Terrorism The role of Nation-States Centrifugal & Centripetal forces Colonialism and its legacy Terrorism Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or to coerce a government into granting its demands. Terrorist acts differ from political assassinations in that they are mostly directed at ordinary people, not at political leaders or military targets. Historically, the use of the term terrorist has been applied to groups outside of any government (or at least not controlled by a government). Calling someone terrorist is often controversial; one faction s terrorist can be another s freedom fighter. Hardly anyone thinks of him or herself as a terrorist ; people think of themselves as patriots and partisans. Individual Terrorists: Foreign Terrorist Organizations Individual terrorists usually work in groups. As of October 2005 the US Department of State had designated 42 groups as Foreign Terrorists. According to the 2001 USA Patriot Act, to be legally designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO): It must be a foreign organization. It must engage in terrorist activity, or terrorism, or retain the capability and intent to engage in terrorist activity or terrorism. The organization's terrorist activity or terrorism must threaten the security of U.S. nationals or the national security (national defense, foreign relations, or the economic interests) of the United States Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 18 of 22

19 US Designated FTOs Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) (International) Abu Sayyaf Group (Philippines) Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (Palestine) Ansar al-islam (Iraq, Kurdistan) Armed Islamic Group (GIA) (Algeria) Asbat al-ansar Aum Shinrikyo (Japan) Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) (Spain, France) Communist Party of the Philippines Continuity Irish Republican Army (Northern Ireland) Gama'a al-islamiyya (Egypt) HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) (Palestine) Harakat ul-mujahidin (HUM) (Kashmir) Hizballah (Translates: Party of God) (Lebanon) Islamic Jihad Group Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) (Uzbekistan) Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Kashmir) Jemaah Islamiya organization (JI) (South East Asia) al-jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad) (Egypt) Kahane Chai (Kach) (Israel) Kongra-Gel (KGK, formerly PKK) (Kurdistan) Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) (Kashmir) Lashkar i Jhangvi (Pakistan) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Sri Lanka) Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) (Libya) Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (Morocco) Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (Iran) National Liberation Army (ELN) (Colombia) Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (Palestine) Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) (Palestine) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PFLP-GC (Palestine) al-qa ida (Global) Real IRA (Northern Ireland) Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Colombia) Revolutionary Nuclei (formerly ELA) (Greece) Revolutionary Organization 17 November (Greece) Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (Turkey) Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC) (Algeria) Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso, SL) (Peru) (QJBR) (al-qaida in Iraq) (Iraq) United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia Individual Terrorists: US Domestic Terrorists The FBI has 3 categories of domestic terrorist organizations in the US: Right-wing extremist groups (mostly religious, racist, antigovernment groups). Left-wing and Puerto Rican extremist groups (anarchist, socialist, communist groups; Puerto Rican separatists). Special interest extremists (focused on specific issues: Animal Liberation Front (ALF), Earth Liberation Front (ELF), etc.) Note that "FBI investigations of domestic terrorist groups or individuals are not predicated upon social or political beliefs; rather, FBI investigations are based upon information regarding planned or actual criminal activity." At present the US does not publish a formal list of domestic terrorist groups (although the Department of Homeland Security is reportedly preparing a draft for future release). However, The Southern Poverty Law Center's Intelligence Project counted 803 active hate groups in the United States in Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 19 of 22

20 Domestic Terrorist Organizations & Hate Groups: A Selection American Front American Christian Nationalists Animal Liberation Front (ALF) Arizona Patriots (AP) Armed Forces of National Liberation Army of God Aryan Nations (AN) Aryan Resistance Army (ARA) Black Panthers Black Revolutionary Assault Team Coalition to Save the Preserves (CSP) Covenant Sword and Arm of the Lord (CSA) Earth Liberation Front (ELF) Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy (EMETIC) Fourth Reich Skinheads Hammerskin Nation Jewish Defense League (JDL) Ku Klux Klan (KKK) May 19 Communist Order Montana Freemen National Association for the Advancement of White People Oklahoma Constitutional Militia Omega-7 The Order Puerto Rican Armed Resistance Revolutionary Force Seven Sheriff's Posse Comitatus Weather Underground Organization White Aryan Resistance World Church of the Creator State-Sponsored Terrorism Historically, many States have used volunteers and irregular combatants, in wars, including privateers (a kind of state-sanctioned pirate) and guerillas in asymmetrical warfare. States sponsor terrorism and terrorist organizations in several ways: Sanctuary providing a safe place or base of operations for terrorists. Supplies giving aid, either in the form of money, or weapons. Services providing intelligence, helping to plan terrorist actions. The US Department of State today lists six countries as State Sponsors of Terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria. States & States "States" are political units that have: Defined territories; A permanent population; Are fully independent and sovereign. "States" are political units that are: Part of a federal government; Have limited independence (or sovereignty). Country is roughly equivalent to state. Nations & Nation-States "Nations" are communities or groups of people the share Common culture, with a sense of unity, shared beliefs and customs; Usually have a strong attachment to a place. Nation-States are "states" occupied by a single "nation." Considered ideal; No perfect examples, but some (e.g. Japan, Norway, Lesotho) come fairly close. Can nation-states be created? Maybe! 2007 Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 20 of 22

21 Centrifugal & Centripetal Various forces cultural, economic, environmental can rip a state apart. These centrifugal forces may be balanced by factors that tend to hold a country together the centripetal forces. In recent years a number of states Yugoslavia, the USSR, etc. have come apart. Colonialism: The Colonial World, 1914 Themes in World Regional Geography: Development Wealth and Poverty Development income, wealth, manufacturing, etc. has increased enormously at the global scale in recent decades. Economic development is usually considered desirable it brings prosperity to more and more people, it lets people improve their lives, their health, their societies. Or at least it should. Development is extremely uneven at the global scale. About half of the world s population is living on $2 per day and at the same time, income in developed countries is increasing. Measuring Development How do you measure development? How do you come up with a valid measure that works to describe conditions in nearly 200 countries? For many years the basic measure used to compare the development was economic gross domestic product (total value of a country s goods and 2007 Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 21 of 22

22 services). The term used today is Gross National Income. But conditions for a country as a whole aren t very well described by GDI alone. So, starting in 1990, building on the work of Indian economists Partha Dasgupta and Amartya Sen, the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq worked to devise a better measure: the human development index (HDI). The HDI The United Nations creates the human development index (HDI) using a combination of measures: One economic indicator of development. Two social indicators of development. One demographic indicator of development. A single value an index number is then computed, and every one of the nearly 200 countries in the world can be ranked. The variables the UN currently uses to compute the HDI are: ECONOMIC: Adjusted Gross Domestic Product (this is calculated in terms of purchasing power parity, in dollars, and is actually the logarithm of income). SOCIAL: Education (this is calculated based on adult literacy and on total school enrollment; literacy is weighted at 2 / 3, and enrollment at 1 / 3 ). DEMOGRAPHIC: Life expectancy at birth The 2006 HDI Figures HDI= ( 1 / 3 * economic)+( 1 / 3 * social)+( 1 / 3 * demographic) The top 10 countries are: Norway Iceland Australia Ireland Sweden Canada Japan USA Switzerland Netherlands Source: Alan Rice Osborn Geography Department, SDSU Page 22 of 22