69 o 25 N, 19 o 10 E Amsterdam = 52 o 21 N, 4 o 55 E Wormer is 13 km to the NW. Climate Polar/tundra = snow Temperate maritime

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1 Chapter 2: Europe Europe before you start! (a) 50 (b) 6th (c) 10% (d) Spain (e) 27 (a) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. (b) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. Ancient Greek, Roman and Ottoman Empires. Figure 1: Tromso, Norway Figure 2: Wormer, Netherlands Latitude (atlas) 69 o 25 N, 19 o 10 E Amsterdam = 52 o 21 N, 4 o 55 E Wormer is 13 km to the NW Climate Polar/tundra = snow Temperate maritime On the coast or inland? coast inland Relief High, steep-sided mountains Flat lowland plain Natural vegetation Coniferous trees Grassland/deciduous trees Land use Port, settlement (town) Pasture, small settlement (town) Industry Fishing, logging farming Other STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS 5. (a) densely populated : many people in one area/crowded. (b) urban: a built up area, e.g. town or city. The opposite of rural. (c) migration: the movement from one place to another. Pearson Education Ltd

2 6. (i) The European Union began in the 1950s with just 6 members. Today it has 27. (ii) The EU is not just a trade bloc, it has a major influence in both Europe and the world. 7. (i) The Netherlands has developed as a major trading nation. (ii) Italy is an important tourist destination in the EU. (iii) The Netherlands is often called the gateway to Europe. (iv) Poland has a long history as a country whose borders have changed frequently. 8. (a) The Colosseum, Rome. (b) may include: winter sports; historic and cultural attractions, e.g. Roman buildings/ruins; Vatican City; canals of Venice; Mediterranean coast; volcanoes Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvius etc. Many others look for different types rather than individual sites. 9. Open borders = travel and work across the EU. Pearson Education Ltd

3 1 Landscape and climate, pages (a) It is a supercontinent a large landmass formed by Asia and Europe together. (b) 20%. It is surrounded by water on three sides, by the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, and joined to the Asian/Eurasian landmass on fourth side. (a) The height and shape of the land, plus drainage (main seas, oceans, rivers and lakes). (b) Selected European mountain ranges Pyrenees Alps Balkan Mountains Carpathian Mountains Ural Mountains Location north east Spain; south west France north Italy; south east France; Switzerland; Austria Serbia; Bulgaria Hungary; Slovakia; Romania Russia STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. 5. Warm summers, hot dry summers for beach holidays; cold, snowy winters for winter holidays/sports. 6. They are a high mountain range, mainly metres high, cold enough for almost permanent winter snow at this latitude. 7. (a) Coastal areas are warmer than inland (differential heating). Answer might mention Gulf Stream (though mentioned later). (b) The temperature range increases: hotter and drier in summer, often very cold in winter. Pearson Education Ltd

4 2 Countries and people, pages (a) (b) Although it is the second smallest continent by land area, it has the second largest share of the world s population (10.6%) and is the second most densely populated continent. (a) explorer: someone who searches for and investigates unknown places. colonise: settling in another area establishing a presence; separated from the home country but ruled by it. trade: buying and selling. industrialise: the development of industry on a large scale often moving from primary industry to secondary industry. (b) People were leaving the countryside (rural areas) to work in factories in urban areas. Places (countries, towns, cities) and boundaries/borders. Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Georgia. 5. Areas with only a small number of people living there are sparsely populated. These are places which are mountainous or remote. Areas with high numbers of people are densely populated. These are usually urban areas like towns and cities. Pearson Education Ltd

5 6. (i) A large continuous built up area where 2 or more urban areas/cities merge together. (ii) may include: A conurbation covering Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague. Home to over 7 million people, with a density of 1500 km (i) sparsely populated, e.g. Norway, Sweden, northern Scotland. (ii) densely populated, e.g. southern UK, Netherlands, Latvia. 8. STUDENT CHOICE of location names and data but need to make the link with climate and relief. 9. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS but may include: birth rate beginning to fall in many countries (less workers). ageing population pressure on resources for elderly populations/pensions/health care. shortage of workers less people of working age to support children/elderly (taxes). migration increased migration to fill jobs. Pearson Education Ltd

6 3 Changing borders, pages The Treaty of Maastrict creates the new European Union (EU) 1993 The Berlin Wall, separating East and West Germany, was taken down 1989 The period of the Cold War Fighting begins as Yugoslavia is split into several nations 1991 The period of the Second World War The Great Depression began 1929 The period of the First World War (a) Main changes include: More (usually smaller) countries. Empires like the Ottoman and Austria Hungary broken up. Majority of countries belong to two opposing alliances NATO (west) and Warsaw Pact (east). NB Good answers will give named examples. (b) Main reasons: The outcome of World War I and World War II. Changing political alliances. The formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. NB Good answers will give named examples. This question is incorrectly posed in the Student s Book. The question was intending to ask for a comparison between 1900 and the present. The answer to the intended question could include: Similarities: The following countries (and borders) are the same Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, UK/GB and N Ireland/Ireland; Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy Differences: Many more countries Austria Hungarian and Ottoman Empire have split up Germany split into Germany and Poland Greece is larger New independent countries include: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Turkey, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Moldovia. Pearson Education Ltd

7 NATO countries (the West ) Warsaw Pact countries (the East ) USA Portugal USSR Canada Greece Poland UK Turkey East Germany Iceland Denmark Czechoslovakia Netherlands France Hungary Belgium Italy Romania Luxembourg West Germany Bulgaria EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH/OPEN ANSWERS. Pearson Education Ltd

8 4 Moving places, pages (a) Moving from one place to another, e.g. from one country to another. (b) Between Match the type of migration with the descriptions below: Moving from one country to another: international Migrating for a short time then returning home: temporary People who choose to move from one place to another: voluntary Moving from one area within a country to another in the same country: internal People who have to migrate, e.g. because of war or a natural disaster: forced Migrating from your home area but not returning: permanent (a) Many of these jobs are temporary and low paid and often local people do not want them. (b) They are only available for certain parts of the year, e.g. work in cafes etc. in summer in tourist resorts; harvesting crops when ripe. (a) The large scale movement and scattering of people away from their homeland. (i) The Jews fleeing Russia and Germany during and after World War II. (ii) The movement of people from the former Yugoslavia across Europe and further afield. Pearson Education Ltd

9 5. (a) Destinations of migrants from the break up of Yugoslavia across the EU Country (b) 20%; one fifth or 1 in 5. Pearson Education Ltd

10 6. (a) Many reasons including: For work. To have a better quality of life, especially for their children. To escape war or persecution. To join family members who have already migrated. In response to advertising campaigns by countries for particular industries/skills. (b) Workers from other countries who respond to requests from host countries to fill jobs, e.g. Germany introduced a guest worker scheme to fill skills shortages, attracting many migrant workers from Turkey. Such workers often have limited rights in the host country, and may be on temporary contracts. 7. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. Pearson Education Ltd

11 5 The Beginning, pages (i) Following World War II when European countries were on opposing sides, peace and cooperation were essential. (ii) The ability to work together was needed for Europe to recover and rebuild. (i) France and the FDR (West Germany). (ii) Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Luxembourg. (iii) To combine coal and steel production in a common marketplace. (a) The Treaty of Rome. (b) The European Economic Community (EEC). (c) One of the original purposes was to trade together in what was literally a common marketplace. The UK, Ireland and Denmark. 5. (i) Removed police and customs checks at borders between most EEC countries. (ii) Strengthened external (non EU) border controls. (iii) Increased cooperation between different police forces. 6. (i) In Poland, the Solidarity movement called a series of strikes, centred around the shipyards. They challenged and eventually defeated the communist government. (ii) The Berlin Wall was dismantled, leading to the reunification of East and West Germany. (iii) The Soviet Union (USSR) started to break up, resulting in major changes to the politics of Eastern Europe and the disappearance of the Iron Curtain. 7. The European Union (EU) was created in 1993 after the Maastrict Treaty was signed. The Treaty also created a single market To apply to join the EU, European countries have to: be a democracy have a market economy put EU laws in place. 8. STUDENT CHOICE of events good answers will cover a wide range but written concisely. Pearson Education Ltd

12 6 Growth of the EU, pages (a) The east. (b) The break up of the Soviet Union: many east European countries moved from communist control to become democracies with market economies, so could apply for membership. (c) Iceland, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Turkey. (d) Switzerland, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Bosnia, Albania, Moldova, Belarus. (a) should include some or all of: freedom of movement of people, goods, services and money across EU member countries. (b) Free movement across the EU and easier trade and travel. (a) Brazil, India, China and South Africa are known as the BRICS countries. These countries have all seen their economies grow rapidly in recent years. They now compete on the world market with countries in Europe and North America. (b) BRazil India China and South Africa. Investment in business; Innovation; Education in new technology. 5. (a) One currency (system of money) used across all Eurozone members in this case the euro. (b) 17. (c) Easier to deal in just one currency saves time and costs and is much quicker. 6. (i) Turkey and the UK. (ii) Germany and Spain. Pearson Education Ltd

13 7. Population in selected EU countries: 2012 and 2025 (estimate) 8. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. Pearson Education Ltd

14 7 How does the EU work?, pages (a) Although it is made up from independent, democratic countries, it has delegated certain decision making processes to EU institutions on behalf of the EU as a whole. (b) (i) To alter the work of the EUs institutions as appropriate. (ii) To adjust to the introduction of new members. The European Commission One minister from each member country. The European Council (EP) 785 elected members (Figure 4). The Council of the European Union President changes every six months. 27 Commissioners. Members sit in political (not national) groups. Used to be called the Council of Ministers. Puts forward new laws. Commissioners serve for 5 years. Suggests directives and regulations. President is chosen by its members. Each Commissioner has a specific policy role. Meets monthly in Strasbourg. Supervises the work of the Commissioners. Approves laws and the EU budget. Number of MEPs is proportional to its country s population. Committees meet in Brussels, with offices in Luxembourg. Ministers have different numbers of votes (Figure 5). The EU s main decisionmaking institution. Mainly meets in Brussels. STUDENT CENTRED/CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. Pearson Education Ltd

15 8 Energy and the Environment in the EU, pages Some energy sources, e.g. fossil fuels, produce large quantities of greenhouse gases which are having an impact on our climate. As a result there is a movement towards cleaner energy sources preferably renewable ones. Students may give a range of specific examples. Over 80 per cent of the EU s CO 2 emissions come from industry. The biggest producers are the energy industries with 35 per cent. Transport, with 30 per cent, produces almost as much. At home we are responsible for 11 per cent of the total. fossil fuels: made from the remains of plants and animals, e.g. oil, coal and natural gas. Give off carbon dioxide when burnt to produce energy. Non renewable. emissions: given off/discharged, e.g. gases, fumes. sustainable: resources/something which can be used over and over again or used at a rate at which they can be replaced. Fossil fuels are non renewable/finite so will run out (not sustainable). They give off greenhouse gases. Europe imports most of its fossil fuels, so it is dependent upon other countries, e.g. in the Middle East. A good energy mix would include an increasing proportion of renewable sources of energy. 5. (i) Almost all of the raw material needed uranium has to be imported. (ii) Suppliers control prices and availability. 6. STUDENT CHOICE. Good answers will show differences in sources and amounts used. 7. reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 per cent compared to increase the total amount of energy produced by renewable energy to 20 per cent for example, from wind, solar and hydroelectric power. (alternative renewables could be named) make sure that 10 per cent of fuels used in cars and lorries is from renewable sources for example, biofuels. improve energy efficiency by 20 per cent. Pearson Education Ltd

16 8. (a) Use less raw material to produce more energy. (b) Many choices including: installing double or triple glazing loft, roof and wall insulation insulation/lagging pipes and boilers energy saving bulbs. 9. Energy type 1990 % 2009 % Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables 7 18 (a) (above) (b) Coal production almost halved; gas fell slightly whilst nuclear increased by a third and renewables more than doubled. (c) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. (d) The using up of finite resources (fossil fuels) and a move to replace them with cleaner fuels, e.g. nuclear and renewables. Pearson Education Ltd

17 9 The future for the EU, pages (a) x The EU had a larger share of world trade in goods than the USA and Japan combined. Japan s share of world trade in goods and services is roughly the same. The US has the second highest share of world trade in goods and services. x China has the lowest world share of both. The EU has by far the biggest share of both (except others). (b) Competition from others, e.g. BRICS like China. (a) More jobs available Better able to compete and trade on the world market x Have to spend money on new EU directives Receive money from the EU budget Can travel to and work in member countries x More resources like food and energy needed (b) Benefit: STUDENT CHOICE. Problem: STUDENT CHOICE. (i) Common currency within Eurozone good for people and businesses. Strength on world market of a currency supported by many countries. Far more convenient than constantly changing from currency to currency. (ii) Tied to a central/common currency valuation, e.g. cannot devalue. Have to comply with Eurozone agreements/regulations or could jeopardise EU membership, e.g. Greece Problems may occur when there is a recession or countries get into debt (can t devalue). (i) 17. (ii) UK, Sweden, Denmark, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH. Pearson Education Ltd

18 10 Energy in the Netherlands, pages (i) The majority (over 80%) comes from coal and gas. Of the remaining amount, 11% is provided by oil with renewables providing just 3% and nuclear 1%. (ii) It is a good idea to use a variety of energy types as prices and availability changes, especially as non renewable resources start to run out. It also allows the development of cleaner, renewable sources as technology changes and greenhouse gas emissions are cut. It helps if countries do not have to import energy, as it can make them vulnerable to political situations. The government is trying to use more sustainable energy sources. The energy mix still has a high percentage of fossil fuels. The energy supply needs to be reliable and affordable. The percentage of renewables needs to gradually increase. Less non renewable energy sources should be used to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Non renewable energy needs to be replaced with cleaner renewable energy. Data/information/description Located Underground inland and offshore % of NL energy mix 38% Production in EU Top producer, for home use an export Employs 100,000 Earns (euros) Over 6 million euros per year Reserves Expected to last until: 2025 once ashore It is stored ready for distribution in the NL and to other EU countries. LNG First Liquefied Natural Gas terminal opened in 2011 (Rotterdam). Takes over 600 times less space than ordinary natural gas. Other Even when North Sea gas runs out, the NL will have a gas industry because of its large modern storage and distribution network (good location). STUDENT CHOICE. Pearson Education Ltd

19 5. (i) 1973 (ii) 2003 (iii) 203 The government now considers nuclear power to be an important part of the country s energy mix, especially as they move towards developing the technology for renewables and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. 6. STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH. Pearson Education Ltd

20 11 The Netherlands: sustainable energy, pages Should include descriptions similar to: Wind turns the turbine blades. The movement generates electrical energy. This energy is transmitted to a sub station. The energy feeds into the National Grid. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. STUDENT CHOICE. (i) Organic material, e.g. plant matter/animal waste. (ii) Energy made from biomass. 5. There is an increased proportion of biofuel (mainly bioethanol) in fuel. An extra 0.25% was added in 2011 and 2012, with a further 0.5% scheduled for 2013 and A large proportion of biofuels today come from crops specifically grown for the purpose, e.g. oilseed rape. There are concerns that more land will be used for this, rather than to grow food, as it may be more profitable. Using waste materials from food and other crops/sources would help overcome this and the fear that food prices will rise as farmland decreases. It would also be a good use of what is now just bio waste. EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. Pearson Education Ltd

21 12 Tourism in the EU s Mediterranean countries, pages (i) People have more leisure time. (ii) Paid holidays. (iii) Travel is cheaper and easier. (i) 6 (ii) 5 (iii) 4 (iv) 2010 million (v) 2011 million Pearson Education Ltd

22 World Top Ten tourist arrivals Pearson Education Ltd

23 (i) Spain, France, North West Italy and parts of the Mediterranean coasts, Corsica, Croatia, Crete, Western Turkey, west Cyprus, North East Egypt. (ii) Risen from 135 million in 1990 to 200 million in It is estimated that it may reach 350 million by (i) On Spain s Mediterranean south west coast, stretching for a total of 160 km around Malaga. (ii) A small, quiet coastal area relying on fishing. (iii) STUDENT CHOICE but include tourist developments/high rise hotels and crowded beaches. (iv) May include: Hot sunny climate Beaches Sea for swimming and water sports Other activities, e.g. golf. 6. infrastructure multiplier effect seasonal urbanisation 7. may include: plastic carrier bags, bottles, paper, general litter. 8. The benefits of tourism: a wide range of jobs/employment opportunities income for the host country improved infrastructure for tourists also benefits locals the multiplier effect. The problems it can cause: many jobs are seasonal and low paid tourists tend to concentrate in certain (honeypot) locations strain on resources, e.g. water, transport, health treatment conflict with locals, e.g. those who have limited access to water impact on the environment waste, pollution, erosion etc. EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. Pearson Education Ltd

24 13 Italy s tourism industry, pages There are many possible answers and locations. Attractions include beaches, volcanic scenery, historical and religious buildings, World Heritage sites good answers should include these with named examples/locations. Vesuvius: On the south west coast south of Naples. Etna: In north east Sicily. Stromboli: On an island north of Sicily and west of the mainland. (i) This is a place (natural or man made) that is defined by UNESCO as being of special cultural or physical significance. (ii) World Heritage sites How many Example 1 Example 2 World 962 Student choice Student choice Italy 47 Student choice Student choice STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. Pearson Education Ltd

25 14 Poland s changing borders, pages Poland joined the EU in 2004 along with ten other new members. It has a population of 38 million the sixth highest in the EU. Over half the land is used for farming. It has over lakes one of the highest numbers in the world. Almost a third of the land is covered by forest. (i) An atlas would be useful for more detail (especially for column 5) (ii) Post World War I (1920) Post World War II (1950 today) Size/area Almost 1000 Same distance About half the Approx. 500 km km east-west north-south, size it was in x 500 km and north- but averaging 1634, approx. almost a square south just 500 km 700 km x 500 shape east-west km Location From the Baltic Same location Only a very East of in the NW north-south: small Baltic Germany, north almost to the west half coastline. of the Czech Black Sea in missing Stretches less Republic and the SE distance east Slovakia. Baltic coast in the north, Belarus and Ukraine to the east Changes Divided into 3 Much of Larger Baltic from western half northern area coast, less land previous forming Prussia lost. in north east. map and Austria Smaller than in the previous three maps. Other information Largest country in Europe Dominant power in Eastern Europe Student choice Student choice Student choice Pearson Education Ltd

26 (c) Many people can become displaced (millions across Europe after World War II), no longer having a real home country. STUDENT CHOICE answers should be concise and cover a range of dates. may include: Accessed the single market. Attracted investment and support. Developed the economy. Travelling and working freely in other EU countries. Higher pay for jobs in the EU. Pearson Education Ltd

27 15 Poland: migration, pages (a) 2 million (b) Approx (c) (i) 97% of registered migrants were in full time employment. (ii) Only 7000 applied for benefits only 10% of these were processed. (iii) Less than 8% of registered migrants brought dependents with them. Push factors: high unemployment and inflation, housing shortages. Pull factors: jobs, higher wages (often enough to send money home), better lifestyle (bright lights etc.) (a) Polish migrant workers employed picking flowers on a farm in Lincolnshire, UK. (b) Graduates pick fruit and flowers whilst qualified accountants serve coffee. Many do so because low wages in the UK are an alternative to having no job at home. 5. Bring a different culture to the UK enriches the UK s multicultural society Set up shops and businesses which help the UK economy. 6. After The Polish currency became worth more when compared to the pound. 6 Almost half those who had migrated to the UK returned home. 5 The Polish government encouraged skilled migrants to return home. 2 The number of jobs fell in the UK. 3 The UK pound was now worth less in Poland than before. 1 Unemployment rates fell rapidly in Poland. EU Case Study: EXTENSION TASK STUDENT CHOICE/Research Pearson Education Ltd