Migration Report Central conclusions

Transcription

1 Migration Report 2012 Central conclusions

2 2 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions Migration Report 2012 Central conclusions The Federal Government s Migration Report aims to provide a foundation for migration policy decisionmaking for policy-makers and administrators by providing the most up-to-date, comprehensive and appropriately detailed statistical data possible on migration. It is also intended to inform the public about developments that have taken place in migrationrelated events. In addition to the general migration data on Germany and the detailed portrayal of the various types of migration, the Migration Report contains a European comparison of migration-related events and of immigration for asylum purposes. In addition, the report explores the phenomenon of illegal/irregular migration, investigates emigration by Germans and foreigners from Germany, and provides information on the structure and demographics of the population with a migration background. After 2006 saw the lowest immigration figures since Reunification, with roughly 662,000 new arrivals, an increase in immigration numbers was observed in the years which followed. Further growth of 13% was registered between 2011 and 2012, with as many as 1,081,000 arrivals being counted. Such a large number of immigrants had last been observed in The number of emigrants, by comparison, remained relatively constant, fluctuating between 630,000 and 740,000 in the period from 2005 to The number of people moving away rose by 5% year-on-year in 2012, reaching 712,000. The rise in the number of arrivals led to a migration surplus of 369,000 in 2012, this being the highest level since 1995, whilst the number of people leaving rose only slightly. The migration surplus among foreign nationals was +387,000 persons, whilst in 2012 too, more Germans left the country than returned (-18,000 persons). Poland has been the immigrants main country of origin since ,000 arrivals from Poland were registered in This means a year-on-year increase Immigration to and emigration from Germany from 2005 to 2012 Year Immigration Emigration Migration balance (immigration/emigration surplus) Total Foreigners Germans Total Foreigners Germans Total Foreigners Germans , , , , , , , ,717-16, , , , , , , , ,693-51, , , , , , , , ,003-55, * 682, , , , , ,759-55, ,685-66, * 721, , , , , ,988-12, ,506-40, , , , , , , , ,925-26, , , , , , , , ,858-23, ,080, , , , , , , ,149-18,204 * It should be taken into account for 2008 and 2009 that a considerable amount of correction work was carried out in the population registers in these two years because of the nationwide introduction of the personal tax identification number in 2008, and that this led to many people being removed from the registers by the authorities. Since it is impossible to statistically quantify the extent of these corrections from the reports filed by the registration authorities, the actual extent of emigration in 2008 and 2009, as well as the developments in comparison to the previous years, remains unclear. Source: Federal Statistical Office

3 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions 3 by roughly 7%, following on from an increase of more than one-third which had already been observed from 2010 to 2011, and which was primarily caused by the introduction of complete freedom of movement for workers as per 1 May Having said that, the number of people leaving for Poland rose by 7% in 2012 in comparison to the previous year (114,000 emigrants). The number of immigrants from Romania (+23% year-on-year) and Bulgaria (+14% year-on-year) has continued to rise markedly. In the case of Romania, the number of arrivals has increased roughly five-fold since 2006, the year before the country s accession to the EU, and has gone up almost eight-fold in the case of Bulgaria. Unmistakeable migration gains were observed with regard to these two countries in particular. By contrast, an annual migration deficit in relation to Turkey has been observed since Immigration from the Southern European EU Member States which were severely affected by the financial crisis has grown considerably. 42% more arrivals from Greece were registered than in 2011, together with 37% more from Italy and 34% more from Spain. The migration balances to these countries are however much lower than for Poland, Romania und Bulgaria. Immigration and emigration according to the most common countries of origin and destination in 2012 Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary Italy Spain Greece United States Turkey Serbia China France Russian Federation United Kingdom Austria India Switzerland Slovakia Netherlands Croatia 71,152 58,862 33,741 54,827 28,619 45,094 23,378 37,683 17,144 35,811 12,888 30,623 29,543 28,641 32,788 22,735 18,100 21,575 14,887 21,306 16,703 20,714 11,316 18,593 15,506 18,508 19,999 17,474 11,262 16,881 25,829 13,745 8,633 13,082 10,346 12,944 11, , , ,325 0,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80, , , , , , ,000 Immigration Emigration Source: Federal Statistical Office

4 4 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions The share of women is smaller than that of men, both among immigrants (share of women 40%) and among emigrants (share of women 38%). Some countries however come to note for a disproportionately large share of women or of men among immigrants. A large share of women was observed for instance among immigrants from Thailand (75%), Kenya (67%) and Belarus (66%). A large share of men was observed for the countries of origin Bangladesh (84%), Pakistan (79%), Algeria (78%), Croatia (77%) and Slovenia (74%), amongst others. The analysis of third-country nationals by purpose of residence shows that roughly one-fifth moved to Germany for family reasons in % of third-country nationals were given a residence permit for the purpose of employment, whilst 16% moved to Germany in order to study, to attend school or a language course and for other training-related purposes. Arrivals of third-country nationals in 2012 by selected residence purposes Total: 305, % Studying 01.9% Language course, attending school 01.3% Other training 12.6% Gainful employment 03.3% Humanitarian reasons 17.9% Family reasons 01.7% Settlement permit 02.0% EU residence law 12.3% Permission to reside 34.2% Others* * Amongst others, this includes persons who are exempt from a residence title requirement, individuals who have applied for a residence title or persons whose deportation has been temporarily suspended. Source: Central Register of Foreigners

5 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions 5 A differentiated observation of migration-related events according to individual groups of immigrants reveals the following development: Internal EU migration Germany registered a total of 623,000 arrivals among Union citizens in This meant that they accounted for a 58% share of overall immigration. The number of Union citizens moving away in 2012 was 360,000 (51% of overall emigration). All in all, there was a migration surplus between Germany and the other 26 EU Member States (+264,000) in 2012, corresponding to a year-on-year increase of as much as 27%. The migration balance with the EU 14 States continued to increase (+74,000), having been positive in 2010 for the first time since The positive balance with the EU 12 States increased to +190,000 people. A migration surplus of +115,000 was registered with the States which acceded as per 1 May 2004 (EU 10) and of +75,000 with those which acceded as per 1 January 2007 (EU 2). Net migration (migration balance) by Union citizens (EU 14, EU 10, EU 2, EU 12*, EU total) from 2007 to , , , , , , , ,000 73,699 74,742 50,000 0,000 EU-14 EU-10 EU-2 EU-12 EU Total -50, * EU 12: These are the States of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Cyprus (EU 10), which acceded to the EU as per 1 May 2004, as well as the States of Bulgaria and Romania (EU 2), which acceded as per 1 January Source: Federal Statistical Office

6 6 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions Labour migration Following on from 2009, a year which was marked by economic crises when the number of residence titles issued to highly-skilled foreign workers for the purpose of employment was falling, it was possible to observe a renewed increase in most forms of labour migration in the two years after that, particularly among highly-skilled workers. There has been an ongoing increase in immigration by highly-skilled and highly-qualified workers from third countries since After roughly 16,000 highly- skilled and highly-qualified workers had immigrated in 2009, more than 27,000 new arrivals were registered in A total of roughly 38,400 residence permits were issued to third-country nationals who came to Germany for the purpose of employment in Almost threequarters of them took up qualified employment as highly-skilled or highly-qualified workers. This shows that the newly-introduced EU Blue Card is highly significant. The main countries of origin focussed on India, Croatia, the United States, Bosnia-Herzegovina and China. Immigration by highly-skilled and highly-qualified workers from third countries from 2009 to 2012 (entering in the respective year under report) Migration for employment purposes in accordance with Section 18 subs. 4 of the Residence Act (AufenthG) (qualified employment) 14,816 17,889 23,912 23,191 Section 19 of the Residence Act (highly-qualified persons) Section 19a of the Residence Act in conjunction with section 41a subs. 1 of the Employment Ordinance (BeschV) (EU Blue Card, core occupations) Section 19a of the Residence Act in conjunction with section 41a subs. 2 of the Employment Ordinance (EU Blue Card, professions for which there is a particular need) , Section 20 of the Residence Act (researchers) Section 21 of the Residence Act (self-employment) 1,024 1,040 1,347 1,358 Total highly-skilled workers 16,149 19,359 25,946 27,349 Source: Central Register of Foreigners Persons who have acquired their entitlement to study outside Germany (foreigners taking up studies) The number of persons who have acquired their entitlement to study outside Germany who started studying in Germany increased once again in A 9% year-on-year increase was observed, coming to almost 80,000 students. This meant that this number of persons reached record highs in As had been the case in previous years, the largest group of persons who have acquired their entitlement to study outside Germany who started studying at a German higher education institution in 2012 was formed by students with Chinese nationality. The second-largest group was made up of persons from the United States. The other main countries of origin included Spain, France and the Russian Federation. People starting to study (persons who have acquired their entitlement to study outside Germany) by selected nationalities 2000 to 2012 (in each case summer semester and following winter semester) Country of origin China 3,451 3,818 3,856 4,532 5,151 5,613 6,175 7,312 7,874 United States 2,268 2,699 2,645 2,738 3,087 3,386 3,951 4,128 4,403 Spain 2,422 2,706 2,598 2,626 2,814 3,071 3,474 3,986 4,049 France 3,136 3,459 3,404 3,205 3,597 3,685 3,784 3,869 4,006 Russian Federation 2,070 2,474 2,512 2,568 2,760 2,790 3,136 3,394 3,525 Total 45,652 55,773 53,554 53,759 58,350 60,910 66,413 72,886 79,537 Source: Federal Statistical Office

7 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions 7 Asylum-seekers A further, considerable increase was observed in the number of asylum applications. Almost 65,000 first asylum applications were registered in This corresponds to a 41% increase in comparison to Germany is hence the Member State of the European Union which received the largest number of applications. The main countries of origin were Serbia, Afghanistan and Syria. Within the five-year period from 2008 to 2012, the largest numbers of asylum-seekers were from Iraq (15%), Afghanistan (13%) and Serbia (incl. former Serbia and Montenegro), the latter accounting for 10%. The asylum grant rate (all positive decisions in accordance with Art. 16a para. 1 of the Basic Law [GG] and in accordance with section 3 subs. 4 of the Asylum Procedure Act [AsylVfG] in conjunction with section 60 subs. 1 of the Residence Act and in accordance with section 60 subs. 2, 3, 5 and 7 of the Residence Act) was 28% in Above-average asylum grant rates were registered for asylum-seekers from Syria (96%), Iraq (60%), Iran (54%) and Afghanistan (39%). Asylum applicants (first applications) by the ten most common countries of origin in 2012 Total: 64, % Serbia 11.6% Afghanistan 09.6% Syria, Arab Republic of 08.3% Iraq 07.0% Macedonia 06.7% Iran, Islamic Republic of 05.3% Pakistan 05.0% Russian Federation 03.1% Bosnia and Herzegovina 03.0% Kosovo 27.2% other countries of origin Source: Federal Office for Migration and Refugees

8 8 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions Family reunification Almost 41,000 visas for the purpose of spousal and family reunification were issued in Family reunification of third-country nationals has been at a relatively constant level since 2007; higher figures had been registered in the previous years. There is a downward trend in reunification from Turkey, whilst a continuous increase was registered for instance with family reunification from India. Visas for the purpose of spousal and family reunification to Germany from 1998 to ,000 82,838 85,305 80,000 70,750 75,888 76,077 70,000 62,992 65,935 60,000 53,213 50,300 Visas issued 50,000 40,000 30,000 42,219 39,717 42,756 40,210 40,975 40,843 20,000 10,000 0, Wives joining foreign husbands Husbands joining foreign wives Wives joining German husbands Husbands joining German wives Children aged under 18 Other relatives Source: Federal Foreign Office Ethnic German resettlers Immigration by Ethnic German resettlers and their relatives continues to fall. After almost 100,000 Ethnic German resettlers came to Germany with their relatives in 2001, only 1,820 came in This is the lowest value since the first resettlers were received in Migration-related events in a European comparison A European comparison shows us that Germany remains one of the main migration destination countries and that it has become much more attractive still in comparison to the other European states in recent years. By contrast, immigration to Spain, which was the primary host country from 2006 to 2008, has fallen rapidly. The United Kingdom and Italy also record high immigration figures.

9 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions 9 Immigration and emigration in 2011 (according to the UN s definition*) in selected EU States, plus Switzerland and Norway United Kingdom Germany Spain Italy France Poland Switzerland Belgium Greece Austria Sweden Norway Denmark Ireland Finland Hungary Czech Republic Cyprus Luxembourg Portugal Lithuania Slovenia Latvia Malta Slovakia Estonia 82, , ,779 96, ,698 67, , , ,354 67,881 96,467 51,179 70,337 20,349 52,833 41,593 52,301 85,914 29,481 12,660 28,018 15,100 27,114 55,910 23,037 4,895 20,268 9,264 19,667 43,998 15,685 53,863 14,083 12,024 7,253 30,380 5,465 3,806 4,829 1,863 3,709 6, , , , , , , , , , ,044 0, , , , , , ,000 Emigration Immigration * The UN definition differs from the definition used in the official migration statistics, which does not take the (intended) stay into account, in that it requires an (intended) stay of at least one year. This means that temporary forms of migration are not included as a rule, so that the figures for Germany are lower than was previously the case, both for immigration and for emigration. Source: Eurostat, Council of Europe, national statistical offices

10 10 Migration Report 2012: Central conclusions The population with a migration background The Federal Statistical Office includes as persons with a migration background all immigrants who entered the current territory of the Federal Republic of Germany after 1949, as well as all foreigners born in Germany and all persons born in Germany as Germans with at least one parent who immigrated or who was born in Germany as a foreigner. Roughly 16.3 million out of Germany s population of 80.5 million in 2012 had a migration background. All in all, roughly 45% of the population who have a migration background are foreign nationals and 55% are Germans. Two-thirds of persons with a migration background have immigrated themselves (first generation), whilst almost one-third were born in Germany (second or third generation). Composition of persons with a migration background in Germany in % Foreigners with personal migration experience 9.2% Foreigners with no personal migration experience 19.7% Ethnic German resettlers and Germans with personal migration experience, but not naturalised 11.3% Naturalised individuals with personal immigration experience 2.6% Naturalised individuals with no personal immigration experience 21.3% Germans with no personal migration experience (at least on parent immigrated or was born in Germany as a foreigner) Source: Federal Statistical Office, Microcensus