Evolution of the European Union, the euro and the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis
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1 Evolution of the European Union, the euro and the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis Brexit? Dr. Julian Gaspar, Executive Director Center for International Business Studies & Clinical Professor of International Finance Mays Business School, Texas A&M University.
2 World s Ten Largest Economies: US $ 2014 Country United States GNI (billions) % of World GNI Population (millions) GNI per Capita ($) 17, ,200 China 10, , ,400 Japan 5, ,000 Germany 3, ,640 France 2, ,960 United Kingdom 2, ,430 Brazil 2, ,530 Italy 2, ,270 India 2, , ,570 Canada 1, ,630 World 78, , ,787 01/03/2016 2
3 World s Ten Largest Economies: PPP Basis World's Ten Largest Economies: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Basis* (US$2014) Country PPP GNI** (billion US$) % of World PPP GNI Population (million) PPP GNI/capita (US$) China 17, , ,170 United States 17, ,860 India 7, , ,630 Japan 4, ,920 Germany 3, ,850 Russia 3, ,710 Brazil 3, ,590 France 2, ,610 United Kingdom 2, ,040 Italy 2, ,700 Eurozone (19) 13, ,959 World Total 108, , ,931 Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2015, Table 1.1, Size of the Economy *PPP conversion factor is the number of units of a country's currency that is required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market that a U.S. dollar would buy in the United States. **GNI is the total value of goods and services produced by a country plus net receipts of employee compensation and property income from abroad. 01/03/2016 3
4 World's Largest Economies: PPP Basis (US$2014) PPP GNI 2014 (billions) Real GNI Growth p.a. est. PPP GNI 2020 (billions) Population (millions) 2014 Population Growth rate Population (millions) 2020 PPP GNP per Capita , % 26,964 1, % ,169 17, % 20, % ,858 7, % 10,945 1, % ,630 4, % 5, % ,931 3, % 4, % ,848 3, % 4, % ,104 3, % 4, % ,590 2, % 2, % ,622 m 2, % 2, % ,039 2, % 2, % ,715 PPP per 202 ) 13, % 14, % , , % 127,204 7, % ,931 01/03/2016 4
5 01/03/2016 5
6 Treaty of Paris (1951): Creation of the European Coal and Steel Community 01/03/2016 6
7 Europe s Founding Members 1951 Founding Members (B) Belgium (F) France (D) Germany (I) Italy (L) Luxembourg (NL) The Netherlands 01/03/2016 7
8 Treaty of Rome (1957): Formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) 01/03/2016 8
9 The European Treaties The European Union is based on Treaties and the rule of law This means that every action that is taken must be founded on some treaty or other The treaties are negotiated with member states, agreed and then ratified by respective parliaments The treaties are amended with time 01/03/2016 9
10 The Single European Act (1986) Paved the way for completing the single market Going beyond free trade and customs union to free movement of labor and capital, essentially creating a single European market for goods and services 01/03/
11 Treaty of Maastricht (1992): Formation of the European Union 01/03/
12 Criteria for Joining the euro (2000), Economic & Monetary Union Growth and Stability Pact (convergence criteria): Inflation: Not to exceed 1.5% points above the average of the best three Eurozone countries Interest Rates: Long-term (10-year) sovereign bond rates not to exceed 2% points above the average of the best three Eurozone countries Fiscal Deficit/GDP ratio: Not to exceed 3% Public Debt/GDP ratio: Not to exceed 60%. 01/03/
13 The 19 eurozone Countries 01/03/
14 Copenhagen Criteria (1993) : Foundation of Enlargement Process 01/03/
15 Copenhagen Criteria I Applicant countries must have stable institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and protection of minorities (the political criteria) 01/03/
16 Copenhagen Criteria II Applicant countries must have a functioning market economy, and the capacity to cope with competitive pressures (the economic criteria) 01/03/
17 Copenhagen Criteria III Applicant countries must have the ability to take on the obligations of membership (to apply effectively EU rules and policies --acquis communautaire) 01/03/
18 Fourth Enlargement: 1995 (15 countries) 1951 Founding Members 1995 (B) Belgium (A) (F) France (SF) (D) Germany (S) (I) Italy (L) Luxembourg (NL) The Netherlands 1973 (DK) Denmark (IRL) Ireland (GB) The United Kingdom 1981 (GR) Greece 1986 (P) Portugal (E) Spain 1990 East Germany Austria Finland Sweden 01/03/
19 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997): Established the beginning of a Common Foreign and Security Policy 01/03/
20 Treaty of Nice (2001): Established a democratic voting system to accommodate EU enlargement. 01/03/
21 Fifth Enlargement: 2004 (25 Countries) EU (15 countries) EU Membership 2004 Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia EU Membership 2007 (B) Bulgaria (R) Romania EU Membership 2013 (HR) Croatia EEA 01/03/
22 Sixth Enlargement: 2007 (27 Countries) EU (15 countries) EU Membership 2004 Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia EU Membership 2007 (B) Bulgaria (R) Romania Candidate Countries (T) Turkey (HR) Croatia EEA 01/03/
23 Seventh Enlargement: 2013 (28 Countries) EU (15 countries) EU Membership 2004 Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia EU Membership 2007 (B) Bulgaria (R) Romania 2013 (HR) Croatia Candidate Countries (T) Turkey (MK) Macedonia (UK) Ukraine 01/03/
24 Future of the European Union The Lisbon Summit (2000): Goal of making the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010
25 The Lisbon Treaty (2007) To streamline decision-making mechanism for the effective functioning of current 28-member Union A meaningful full-time president for the EU Create a new foreign policy body and minister with increased political clout in global affairs Change European Commission voting procedures so that fewer decisions would require majority votes 01/03/
26 The Challenge: Lack of European Identity «Now we have Europe! What we need now is Europeans» B. Geremek 01/03/
27 The EU: A United States of Europe? A la carte European Union? Conflict between Federalism and National Sovereignty Limits to the European Union: Political Union British concern: Schengen Agreement (1985) eliminating border controls; free movement of labor; refugees and welfare payments; exemption from joining the Eurozone; independence of Bank of England from following banking reforms/regulations imposed by the ECB; and desire to adopt own foreign/defense policies --the Trojan Horse! British referendum on June 3, /03/
28 Identity (1): Geography 01/03/
29 Identity (2a): Religion 01/03/
30 Identity (2b): Religion 01/03/
31 Identity (3): Languages 01/03/
32 Candidate : Turkey 01/03/
33 Candidate : Macedonia 01/03/
34 Candidate: Ukraine 01/03/
35 Business Challenge (1): Non-uniform Corporate Taxes: A race to the bottom? Sustainability? Corporate Income Tax Germany 30% France 33% Luxemburg 22% Hungary 19% Latvia 18% Lithuania 15% Estonia 0% 01/03/
36 Business Challenge (2): Non-uniform Value Added Taxes Country VAT Rate Standard Reduced Austria 20% 10% Cyprus 15% 5% Denmark 25% Estonia 18% 5% France 19.6% 2.1% Germany 16% 7% Luxembourg 15% 3% Sweden 25% 6% 01/03/
37 Business Challenge (3): Immigration Policy Migration World Two individuals seeking Asylum in Europe 01/03/
38 European Union: Symbols of Harmony (1) 01/03/
39 European Union: Symbols of Harmony (2) 01/03/
40 European Union: Symbols of Harmony (3) 01/03/
41 THANK YOU! Questions?
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