2. What is human geography? (What are the major issues that human geographers are concerned with?)

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1 MID TERM REVIEW AP Human Geography Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically 1. All vocabulary terms (see book) 2. What is human geography? (What are the major issues that human geographers are concerned with?) The study of why and where human activities are located where they are for example, religions, businesses, and cities. Human geographers are concerned with relationships between humans and nature, why places are unique and how they are similar, how places are connected through globalization but still maintain their local diversity, and how mobility effects humans. 3. Eratosthenes The Greek scholar who first used the word geography. This meant literally Earth and to write. 4.What is the importance of mapping to geographers and to humanity in general? It is a tool for storing reference material and a tool for communicating geographic information. Maps allow people to find the shortest route between places, for example. Also allows the reader to understand a places relationship to another part of the Earth. 5. Region An area of Earth distinguished by a distinct combination of cultural and physical features, especially those of the individuals in that area. 6. Scale the relationship between the portion of the Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. 7. What is the difference between small and large scale? Be able to identify. Small scale refers to a map of a large portion of the Earth (i.e. World map). Large scale refers to a map of a small portion of the Earth (i.e. town of Mechanicsburg). This is based on the fraction of the scale (i.e. small scale might be 1/1,000,000 and large scale might be 1/1,000) 8. Cartography The science of mapmaking. 9. Fractional scale Shows the numerical ration between distances on the map and Earth s surface (for example, 1:24,000 means that 1 inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground. 10. Contemporary geographic tools: GIS Geographic Information System a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data. Remote Sensing The acquisition of data about Earth s surface from a Satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance methods. GPS Global Positioning System accurately determines the precise position of a person on Earth 1

2 11. Toponym The name given to a place on Earth. 12. What is the difference between site and situation? Be able to apply. Site describes the physical character of a place. For example, Mountainous, Swampy, Rich in vegetation, on the equator. Situation is the location of a place relative to other places. For example, one might say, Next to the Bering Strait, On top of the mountain, etc. 13. Mathematical Location Know the following: Meridians An arc drawn between the North and South poles measured through longitude Parallels A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians measured through latitude Prime Meridian Passes through the Royal Greenwich Conservatory at 0 degrees longitude. Equator 0 degrees latitude GMT Greenwich Mean Time universal time, the master reference for all points on Earth, passes through Greenwich England International Date Line Moving eastward catching up with the sun because every place to the east goes under the sun earlier therefore, clock goes ahead every 15 degrees longitude. When moving west over the International Date Line (at 180 degrees), clock goes ahead 24 hours When moving east over the International Date Line (Say, from California to Australia), clock goes back 24 hours See practice examples in notes from this unit 14. Cultural Landscape The built forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting the Earth roads, agricultural fields, cities, houses, parks, gardens, commercial buildings, etc) 15. Types of regions and examples of each: Formal Uniform, homogenous region. Area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. Could be culture, language, economic activity, or climate. (i.e. North American wheat belt, the state of Texas, heavily Republican states) Functional (nodal) An area organized around a node or focal point. Characteristic is heavily concentrated at focal point and diminishes outward. (i.e. Television station area, Newspaper delivery area) Vernacular A perceptual region a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. (i.e. Southern United States, Philadelphia Eagles fans region) 16. Projection The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth s surface to a flat map 2

3 17. The major map projections & their distortion: Mercator First map projection used by western cartographers. Africa is too small, while Greenland & Antarctica are too big (most distorted at the poles) Robinson Said to be a more complete view than Mercator map (and accepted most by the College Board!). Distortion is worst at the poles and high latitudes. Goode Probably one of the most accurate because of the orange peel look which prevents polar distortion. Northeast Asia, however, is said to be distorted on the map. Peters Continents are equal area and therefore more accurately represented on a flat map. However, there is distortion both at the poles like the other maps as well as the equator. 18. Culture has to do with two main ideas: What do we care for or care about. 19. What is the difference between environmental determinism and possibilism? Which one do geographers currently take more seriously? Humboldt and Ritter (geographers) claimed that the physical environment causes social development and determines everything about the way people live. According to possibilism, the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment. People can choose their course of action. Possibilism is now taken more seriously. 20. Globalization v. Local Diversity Globalization is a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope. This often clashes with local custom and culture. Really, this is the main theme that prevails throughout human geography. 21. Distribution The arrangement of a feature in a space 22. Define density The frequency with which something occurs in a space Arithmetic density Total number of objects in an area 3 Physiological density The number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture Agricultural density The number of farmers per unit area of farmland 23. Define concentration The extent of a feature s spread over space. Clustered If the concentration of objects is close together Dispersed If the concentration of objects is relatively far apart 24. Space time compression The reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place 25. Distance decay Contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears.

4 26. Define diffusion The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time Relocation diffusion The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another Expansion diffusion Spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing effect HIERARCHICAL Spread from person or nodes of authority CONTAGIOUS Rapid widespread diffusion through the population STIMULUS Spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse Hearth The place of origin from which a phenomenon originates. 1. All vocabulary terms (see book) Chapter 2: Population 2. What are the differences between MDCs and LDCs? Give examples. An MDC contains fewer people that in the past and the number of people is declining. An LDC, because of rapid population growth, struggles to provide food, clothing, and shelter to its people. Virtually all population growth is concentrated in LDCs (mostly in Sub Saharan Africa and South/Southeast/East Asia) 3. Demography The study of population characteristics 4. Approximately how many people are on the planet Earth? 7 billion people 5. What types of physical areas do humans generally avoid? Gravitate to? Human avoid dry, wet, cold, and high lands and tend to gravitate toward warmer, milder climates. 6. Rank the regions of the world by highest population cluster: a. 1/5 of the world s population in EAST ASIA (China, Japan, Koreas) b. 1/5 in SOUTH ASIA (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) c. 1/9 in EUROPE (Russia and Europe) d. SOUTHEAST ASIA (Especially the island of Java in Indonesia) 7. Ecumene The portion of the Earth s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. 4

5 8. What five nations have the highest populations? a. China b. India c. United States d. Indonesia e. Brazil 9. What is the difference between arithmetic density, physiological density, and agricultural density? Give examples and be able to apply to read world situations. (See chapter 1 for definitions). A country with high physiological density will have trouble feeding its population because there is not enough farmland to provide food without imports. A country with high agricultural density is probably poor because people are working heavily in an agrarian (rather than industrial) economy. A country with a high arithmetic density may have problems in terms of overcrowding, especially in urban areas. 10. What is Crude birth rate (CBR)? Where would it be highest? Lowest? Total # of live births per year for every 1,000 people alive. For example, CBR of 20 means that for every 1,000 people, 20 are born over a one year period. Highest = LDCs, Lowest = MDCs. A high CDR might be anywhere between per 1,000. A low CDR might be anywhere between 5 20 per 1, What is Crude Death Rate (CDR)? Where would it be highest? Lowest? Total # of deaths per year for every 1,000 people alive. Can be high in MDCs if large elderly population (Stage 4) or high in LDCs if lack of medical technology. It is important to note that the highest CDRs are more likely in MDCs because of the rising elderly population. 12. What is Natural Increase Rate (NIR)? How is it calculated? How has it changed globally over time? Natural Increase Rate (NIR) is the % by which a population grows in a year Subtract CDR% from CBR% for individual country or for world average Population may still be increasing despite a decreasing NIR (think about the population base) Does not take into account migration into a country/region The world NIR is dropping (currently around 2.1%) despite continued population growth 13. Doubling Time The length of time (years) it takes for the population of the world to double 5

6 14. What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)? What is the current TFR for the world as a whole? How does it vary between MDCs and LDCs? Total fertility rate (TFR) refers to the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15 49) TFR based on current CBR and also attempts to predict the future behavior of individual women depending on the degree of cultural change in a particular society (high rate above 4, low below 2) World as a whole is about What is infant mortality rate (IMR)? Where would it be highest? Lowest? Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births Highest rates are in the poorest countries IMR in Africa exceeds 10% reflects a country s healthcare system (lowest rates in Western Europe) Lower IMRs = better/more accessible doctors US IMR is slightly on the rise as is the maternal death rate subgroups African Americans and other minorities (i.e. Mexican/Latin American immigrants) have much higher IMR comparable to levels in Latin America and Asia because of lack of equal access to healthcare 16. What is life expectancy? Where would it be highest? Lowest? Life Expectancy at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels Same regional differences as in other instances (i.e. Africa, Europe) 6

7 17. Know the Demographic Transition Model, its stages and how it works. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Possible Stage 5 Characteristics: Characteristics: Characteristics: Characteristics: Characteristics: Characterized by high CBR s due to nomadic culture & needed hands. High CDR s due to unpredictable food, disease, famine, war (Highest CDRs of any stage) NIR remains around 0. Characterized by high CBR s due to creation of wealth through technology and invention during the Industrial Revolution of 19 th century RAPID drop in CDR s due to stabilization of food supply, improvement of sanitation techniques, and the medical revolution (diffusion of medical technology from Europe & NA to Africa, Asia, & Latin America) CBR drops, but still is higher than CDR; due to changes in customs, people choose to have fewer children because of changes in female roles, jobs in service/urban areas CDR continues to decline, but at a slower rate CBR declines to the point where it equals CDR; due to Women enter the workforce, more access to birth control methods, more leisure/entertainment time TFR falls beneath the 2.1 replacement rate NIR approaches zero (Zero Population Growth or ZPG) High CDR and irreversible population decline NIR grew at.5% in 19 th century Present day: Present day: Present day: Present day: Present day: No countries are in this stage today Africa still in this stage Asia & Latin America went through this stage in the 2 nd half of the 20 th century (with an NIR around 1.7%... height at 2.2%) Beginning of 20 th century Europe and North America, most of Asia and Latin America by end of 20 th century. Much of Eastern Europe (some Western) and Russia have recently moved into this stage. Has not yet occurred 7

8 18. What is zero population growth? When the NIR approaches zero CBR and CDR even out 19. Know population pyramids and be able to analyze them to draw conclusions 20. Dependency ratio the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years usually divided into 3 groups 0 14, 15 64, 65 older 21. Define overpopulation Too many people compared to available resources. 22. What did Thomas Malthus believe? Why was he wrong? An Essay on the Principle of Population 1798 Malthus argued that population is growing more rapidly than the Earth s food supply because population increases geometrically (exponentially), whereas food supply increases arithmetically. He was incorrect because his predictions were based on England moving into Stage Two of the Demographic Transition he could not foresee advances in agricultural practices that would follow industrial revolution food production has actually grown more than he anticipated 23. What do Neo Malthusians believe? Poor countries = more rapid pop growth; tech = people living longer Outstripping of resources = increase in wars and civil violence Malthusian theory is accurate, to some extent, but in many LDC s (Continued next page) 8

9 24. Know the stages of the Epidemiological Transition: Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Possible Stage 5 Name of stage: Name of stage: Name of stage: Name of stage: Name of stage: Stage of Pestilence and Famine Stage of Receding Pandemics Stage of Degenerative and Human Created Diseases Stage of Delayed Degenerative Diseases Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Characterized by: Characterized by: Characterized by: Characterized by: Characterized by: Infectious and parasitic diseases, accidents and attacks by animals/humans Major diseases: Spread of infectious diseases declines because of improved sanitation and nutrition Major diseases: Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging Decrease in infectious diseases as vaccinations become more widespread Major diseases: Medical advances (i.e. surgery for heart bypass, cancer treatments) lengthen life expectancy even though Stage 3 diseases still exist. Better habit also help increased nutrition, less tobacco, alcohol, more exercise Major diseases: Diseases thought to have been eradicated return and new ones appear. Diseases mutate and evolve to the point where it is difficult to prevent their spread. Major diseases: Black Plague killed ½ of Europe s population, 13 million in China died in 1380 Carried on fleas Cholera industrial cities still had high death rates, but through the study of water sources, could determine how the disease was spreading Cardiovascular (degenerative) and cancers (created by materials associated with industrialization) Same as Stage 3 Malaria H1N1 Swine Flu H5N1 Avian Bird Flu HIV/AIDS Cholera became a problem in LDCs entering Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition mid 20 th century. 25. Epidemiology The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that effect large numbers of people. 26. Pandemic Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population 9

10 1. All vocabulary (see book) Chapter 3: Migration 2. Migration A permanent move from one location to another (a form of relocation diffusion) 3. Emigration migration from a place. A person emigrates from Guatemala 4. Immigration = migration to a place A person immigrates to the US 5. Net migration the difference between the two Net in migration if more immigrants than emigrants Net out migration if more emigrants than immigrants 6. Mobility movements from one place to another. Circular mobility = occurs daily and weekly with routines work, church, school College students follow seasonal mobility. Migration is the most rare type of mobility. 7. What are the differences between push and pull factors? What are the CATEGORIES or types of push/pull factors? Push factors encourage people to move. Pull factors lure people to move to a new location. For example, people think about migrating from where there are few jobs to where there are plenty of jobs. Economic (jobs), Cultural (escaping a political regime, genocide, etc), and Environmental (weather related) push/pull factors. 8. Refugee Person who has been forced to migrate from his/her home and can not return for fear of persecution because of his/her race, nationality, religion, membership in a social group, or political opinion. Refugees migrate because of cultural (political) push factors. 9. Intervening obstacle An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. 10. What is the difference between international and internal migration? Intn l is permanent movement from one country to another internal is within the same country. Two largest groups of international refugees are from? Afghanistan and Palestine Two largest internal groups are within? Sudan and Columbia 11. What is the difference between interregional and intraregional migration? Interregional is a move from one region to the next. Intraregional is a move within a region (i.e. urban to suburban) 10 Where is the population center of the US moving? South and west (current trend) What is the main type of intraregional migration in the U.S.? Urban to suburban What was the Great Migration of African Americans? When machinery started to take the jobs of sharecroppers in the South (early 20 th c.), AA s migrated in large numbers to the Northeast, Southwest, and Midwest. This was the largest interregional migration in U.S. history (even more than the westward movement!)

11 12. What is the difference between forced and voluntary migration? Give examples of both. What types of factors are usually responsible for these types of migrations? Voluntary people choose to move for (usually for economic reasons). Forced compelled to move by cultural factors (most often classified as refugees) 13. What contributions did Wilbur Zelinski make to our understanding of migration patterns? Explain. Identified the migration transition which consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition. The migration transition is a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. It has normally been the case (America being the exception), that people in countries going through Stage 2 of the DTR will migrate to countries in Stages 3 or 4 because there is a need for workers in these countries whose populations may be decreasing. This also proves that most people migrate because of economic push/pull factors. 14. What are the gender/age trends in US immigration? Once heavily dominated by young, single males. Female mothers tend to be overtaking the normally male trend of migrants from Mexico, as they become the breadwinners for their families at home. 11

12 15. Know US Immigration Patterns: FIRST PEAK: 1700s About 1 million Europeans and 650,000 African Americans through slavery. 90% of English heritage FIRST PEAK OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION: 1840s 1850s, 4.3 million people, Northern and Western Europe. Reasons: PUSH Irish potato famine, Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, PULL land in the U.S. and political freedom. SECOND PEAK OF EURO IMMIGRATION: 1870s 1880s,.5 million annually, Northern and Western Europe. PUSH Continued Stage 2 DTR in Europe so not enough jobs, consolidation of farms under enclosure movement in England causing poverty and loss of land, PULL same as first peak. THIRD PEAK OF EURO IMMIGRATION: Late 1890s early 1900s, Eastern European countries. PUSH Industrial Revolution had finally hit Eastern Europe and Stage 2 population growth pushes people out for jobs, shaky political systems in E. Europe (i.e. beginning of Communism) causes unrest, PULL Indust Rev in U.S. and need for unskilled labor, land, political freedom. RECENT IMMIGRATION: 1970s 1980s, Asia. 1990s Present? Latin America, PUSH Stage 2 DTR in these countries so need to find jobs elsewhere, political unrest in Southeast Asia (i.e. wars in Vietnam, Cambodia, Koreas), PULL jobs in U.S. (higher wages for Mexicans), brain drain from Asia in some cases. 12 What nation supplies most of America s Asian immigrants? China What nation has sent the most immigrants to the US in history? Mexico What is important about the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act? Allowed immigrants to gain citizenship within 5 years of application 16. Describe the quota laws throughout the 20 th century and how they effected immigration into the United States: 1921 Quota Act, 1924 National Origins Act o Max limits on immigrants from a given country in a one year period o THIS favored Europeans because it allowed 2% of current # of native born persons from that country in the United States Immigration Act of 1965 o Quotas now based on hemispheres o 170,000 E. Hem o 120,000 W. Hem o Considered to be less racist moving the right direction (note more E. permitted) 1978 o Hemisphere quota changed to 290,000 global quota o 20,000 max per country Present o 480,000 family sponsored admitted annually o 140,000 employment related, skilled workers given preference

13 17. What is the distribution pattern of documented and undocumented immigrants in America? Concentrated in a few states according to economic prospects and country of origin. Heavily concentrated in the Southwestern United States (close to hearth). 18. Brain drain Large scale emigration by talented people, especially occurs from India, China, and Korea 19. Guest Workers Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Europe and the Middle East What is their role in Europe? They work the minimum wage jobs that no one else wants Where to they come from primarily? N. Africa, Middle East, S. and E. Europe, and Asia How are they treated? Poor social conditions (many young, single men) highly segregated communities alienated 20. What were the specific reasons for the following migration flows? Cuba Political refugees from the Castro regime (Cold war communism) Haiti Fleeing from dictatorship originally not granted political asylum in U.S. (not communist) Vietnam Fleeing communist state of North Vietnam after U.S. withdrawal 21. How did Brazil encourage interregional migration? By moving the capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia (inland) 22. In what types of countries does intraregional migration occur from rural to urban areas? Historically, occurred in MDCs (like U.S.) as people sought jobs during industrialization. Today, happens in LDCs in most cases. People looking for jobs in cities. 23. Why does intraregional migration in MDCs occur between urban and suburban areas? People looking more space, leisure, raise a family, good school, etc. 24. Chain migration Migrants from Asia to the U.S. tend to follow this trend. One member of the family will come to the U.S. and gain an education or a job, then gain citizenship, then bring the rest of the family into the States including extended family members Also, members of same ethnic group/country of origin migrate to same areas 25. What are the global trends of net in migration and net out migration? United States has the heaviest net in migration along with many other MDC s. LDC s and, specifically, countries in Africa and Asia tend to have net out migration. 13