HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas

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1 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas

2 MIGRATION

3 Migration Push and pull factors Types of migration Determining destinations

4 Why do people migrate? Push Factors Pull Factors Emigration and immigration Change in residence. Relative to origin and destination Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990 s

5 Migration Basics Long-distance change of residence and activity space Pull and push factors (discuss later) International or internal Voluntary or forced Affects both receiving and sending places

6 Migration Basics

7 Pull & Push Factors Pulls: economic opportunity, natural resources, climate, freedom Pushes: war or conflict, natural disaster, population pressure Political or economic trends Changes in life cycle or career cycle

8 Pull & Push Factors

9 Pull & Push Factors

10 International Migration 3% of world population Wide range of push and pull factors Major cultural and political impacts Remittances to home country

11 International Migration

12 Refugees: Sources and Destinations Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

13 Net Migration (per population) Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers. Brown means more people are coming in, dark blue means more people are leaving.

14 International Migration

15 International Migration

16 International Migration

17 International Migration

18 Obstacles to Migration Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws Temporary migration for work Time-contract workers Economic migrants or refugees? Cultural problems living in other countries U.S. attitudes to immigrants Attitudes to guest workers

19 Guest Workers in Europe Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe

20 Emigration from China Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries

21 Migration of Vietnamese Boat People Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975 Later boat people were often considered economic migrants

22 Migration to the U.S.

23 U.S. Immigration Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Two Big Waves: : W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910 Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.) Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and South Korea Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991.

24 Aerial View of Ellis & Liberty Island

25 U.S. Immigration Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York Caribbean: Florida or New York Chinese and Indians: New York & California Other Asians: California

26 Migration from Asia to the U.S. Migration in 2001 (just one year). The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

27 Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

28 Undocumented Immigration: Mexico to Arizona The complex route of one group of undocumented migrants from a small village north of Mexico City to Phoenix, Arizona

29 U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois

30 U.S. Immigration Policies 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended) 1921 Quota Act - country by country quotas 1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas 1965 Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West 1978 Immigration Act - global quota of 290, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum

31 U.S. Immigration Policies 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675, , visas issued Preferentially: 480,000 - to relatives of people here 140,000 - to those with special skills and education 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia) Current Total: 675,000

33 US Population by Race and Ethnicity,

35 Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998

36 Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)

44 Interregional Migration in the U.S.

45 Interregional Migration U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications)

46 Interregional Migration

47 Interregional Migration

48 Internal Migration Rural to urban migration Push: land or income shortage Pull: jobs Historically goes with industrialization Population shift in developing countries

49 Types of Migration Voluntary Migration The migrant makes the decision to move Most migration is voluntary Forced Migration Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process Slavery About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867 In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States Refugees Military conscription Children of migrants

50 Voluntary or Forced

51 Types of Migration Circular migration A type of temporary migration Associated with agricultural work The migrant follows the harvest, moving from one place to another Very common in the US Southwest and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers

52 Key Term: Forced Migration

53 Slaves Reaching British North America, (in 1,000s)

54 Forced Migration

55 Where to? Hierarchy of destination decision-making Different scales mean different factors Country Region or city Neighborhood

58 Where to? Channelized migration: historical patterns matter Great Migration ( ) 500,000 African- Americans Economic/social push Economic pull North to South and rural to urban

59 Voluntary African-American Migrations Blacks moved to The Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and California during labor shortages.

60 Where to? Return migration: back to place of origin Up to 25% of all migrants Unsuccessful trip, or the goal all along Guestworkers: intended to be temporary

61 U.S. Immigration and the West Unrestricted immigration till 1880s Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 National Origins Act of restrictions on Filipinos Bracero program of Today, preference to families or skilled workers

Chapter 3. Migration

Chapter 3. Migration Chapter 3 Migration Terms Migration a permanent move to a new location. Emigration movement from a location (Exit) Immigration movement to a location (In) Net Migration Total number of migrants. Immigration