Complementary activities (Chapter 2)

Transcription

1 COMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES Complementary activities (Chapter 2) PART 1 The colonization of New France in the early 17th century Textbook, pp Consult Document 7, on page 62 in your textbook. What was France s goal in applying mercantilism? IO Establish connections between facts Its goal was to accumulate precious metals. 2 Match each type of colony with its definition. Trading post Settlement colony Post that the Europeans established and operated in order to sell raw materials and establish an organized society like those of the Native nations. Territory that the Europeans appropriated in order to exploit raw materials and permanently settle colonists. An organized society was formed there. Territory that the Europeans appropriated and exploited in order to organize a temporary society there in the image of that of the mother country. Post that the Europeans established and operated in order to trade raw materials. Few in number, the Europeans settled on a temporary basis in order to administer the post and protect the interests of the mother country. 3 Match each definition with the correct term. A. Mother country B. Monopoly C. Raw material Definition The exclusive exploitation of a resource by a merchant or company. A natural resource that has not yet been transformed into a consumer product. A state that has colonies or territories beyond its borders. Term B C A 4 What reasons prompted the king of France, Henry IV, to establish a settlement colony in North America? He wanted to better control the territory and thereby protect the fur trade. Chapter 2 D2-29

2 5 Consult Document 8, on page 63 in your textbook. What advantage did the king grant to chartered companies and merchants in exchange for their commitment to bring colonists to the colony? IO Establish connections between facts They received a fur trade monopoly. 6 What objectives informed the relations the French maintained with Native peoples? Strengthening ties with Native peoples who obtained furs for them and evangelization of Native peoples 7 Why were the French interested in strengthening their ties with Native peoples? The French were few in number and were still not very familiar with the territory. 8 What was France s goal in establishing alliances with Native peoples? It established alliances in order to consolidate its trade network. 9 Match each definition with the correct term. A. Conversion B. Evangelization C. Domicilié D. Missionary E. Mission Definition A person belonging to a religious order sent to a non-christian territory with the goal of evangelizing the population. The act of changing religion or choosing another religion. Teaching the Gospel and Christian rites and values to non-christians. A Native person who settles permanently in a village administered by a religious community. A place where people belonging to a religious order settle to receive and evangelize Native people. Term D A B C E 10 Summary How was the fur trade with Native peoples included in France s policy of mercantilism? Through the chartered companies that it granted a monopoly to, France obtained furs from Native peoples. The furs were transformed into hats that were sold to other European countries, which brought in coins, a source of precious metals. D2-30 Chapter 2

3 PART 2 New France from 1627 to 1663 Textbook, pp Indicate if the following statements, regarding chartered companies and merchants with a fur trade monopoly, are true or false. If you indicate that a statement is false, correct it. Statement True False a) Companies and merchants that obtained a fur trade monopoly had no obligation to the king. b) The companies and merchants neglected to populate New France. c) The king of France revoked the monopoly from a company or merchant on several occasions. d) The companies and merchants that held a fur trade monopoly had no interest in populating the colony. e) The companies and merchants that held a fur trade monopoly needed French labour to obtain furs. Corrections: a) They had an obligation to populate New France. e) They did not need French labour since they obtained their furs from Native people. 2 Among the following statements, circle the ones that do not correspond to obligations of the Company of One Hundred Associates. A. Develop the colony. B. Fish cod. C. Discover a route to Asia. D. Populate the colony. E. Evangelize Native people. F. Hunt whales. Chapter 2 D2-31

4 3 Consult Document 18, on page 70 in your textbook. a) Indicate the cause of the seizure of the city of Québec by the Kirke brothers in IO Determine causes and consequences They seized the city of Québec because France and England were at war. b) What were the consequences of the seizure of the city of Québec by the Kirke brothers? Many French had to leave the colony. The Company of One Hundred Associates lost a great deal of money and many of its associates. 4 Describe Trois-Rivières at the time of its founding. Trois-Rivières was a fort, which contained a building used to store furs. 5 Consult pages 69 and 70 in your textbook regarding the events pertaining to the time when the Company of One Hundred Associates held the fur trade monopoly in New France. Place the statements in chronological order, numbering them from 1 to 5. IO Situate in time Event a) Capture of four ships belonging to the Company of One Hundred Associates by the Kirke brothers (1628) Order 2 b) Seizure of the city of Québec by the Kirke brothers (1629) 3 c) Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632) 4 d) Founding of the Company of One Hundred Associates (1627) 1 e) Founding of Trois-Rivières (1634) 5 D2-32 Chapter 2

5 6 Consult Document 19, on page 72 in your textbook. Match each responsibility with the appropriate person. IO Establish connections between facts 1 Seigneur 2 Censitaire a) Be loyal to the king of France. b) Pay an annual rent in money or produce. c) Reserve any metal ores or oaks for the king. d) Work their land. e) Use the flour mill on the seigneury and give a portion of the milled grain. f) Build a flour mill and keep it in good condition. g) Provide an average of three days of unpaid labour a year. h) In the event of the sale of the seigneury, give one-fifth of the value of the sale to the king. i) Maintain the roads that passed through the censive. j) Inform the state authorities of the state of the seigneury (population, income, etc.). k) Give a censive to someone who agreed to certain requirements Fill in the missing words in the following text. When a censitaire obtained a censive, he first had to clear the forest. This could take several years. Only once this work was done was it possible to start cultivating the land and living off the harvest. He worked the land with a plough, planted in the spring and harvested at the end of the month of August. He raised oxen or cows as well as pigs. He also raised turkeys and hens. His land provided what was necessary to survive. Chapter 2 D2-33

6 8 Consult Document 21, on page 73 in your textbook. Match each element of a seigneury with its definition. IO Establish facts Range road and perpendicular road Seigneur s estate Commons Censives Uncleared land Church land Gristmill Element Censives Definition a) Land belonging to the censitaires. Uncleared land b) Forestland that had not yet been granted to colonists. Gristmill Range road and perpendicular road c) Place where the censitaires were required to mill their grain. d) Roads used to travel on the seigneury. Commons e) Place where the animals grazed. Seigneur s estate f) Part of the seigneury reserved for the seigneur s needs. Church land g) Place on the seigneury reserved for the needs of the Church. 9 Explain why the Church was favourable to immigration to the colony. The Church was convinced that a well-established Catholic French colony would serve as a model for Native people and further the goal of evangelization. D2-34 Chapter 2

7 10 Compare the locations chosen to establish the city of Québec (Document 9, page 64 in your textbook), Trois-Rivières (Geo Take note! box, page 70 in your textbook) and Ville-Marie (Geo Take note! box, page 75 in your textbook). Indicate the common points of the three sites. IO Identify similarities They are located at the confluence of waterways. They made it possible to monitor the surrounding area. They were ideal meeting places for the fur trade. 11 Indicate if the following statements, regarding the Church s role in providing support and guidance, are true or false. If you indicate that a statement is false, correct it. Statement True False a) The Catholic Church was the only Christian church in New France. b) The Church exerted a powerful influence over the colonists. c) Catholicism played a secondary role in colonial life. d) The colonists generally obeyed the priest s instructions and paid the tithe. e) Some colonists did not respect the Church s instructions, mostly through negligence. f) The colonists practised various religious rites, but did not attend mass except during important celebrations. g) The Church approved of dances. h) During Sunday mass, the priest read out the bishop s instructions and pastoral letters to the colonists. Corrections: c) Catholicism played a key role in colonial life. f) The colonists regularly attended mass. g) The Church disapproved of dances. Chapter 2 D2-35

8 12 Consult Documents 23 and 27, on pages 74 and 77 in your textbook. Indicate the precise point upon which both authors agree with regard to the Canadiens. IO Identify similarities The problem with the way the Canadiens dressed (poorly or inappropriately) 13 Match each Native nation with its European allies. a) Innu Dutch b) Iroquois c) Algonquin French d) Maliseet e) Huron Wendat English 14 What factors slowed the demographic drop among Native peoples after 1650? Native population movements, the development of immunity following epidemics, natural growth through births as well as the isolation and low population density of certain peoples 15 Consult Document 40, on page 83 in your textbook. Indicate a consequence of the Iroquois attacks on the fur trade. IO Determine consequences The fur trade was threatened and experienced a difficult period. 16 Summary What were the relations between the emerging colony and Native peoples? Allied with certain Native nations, the French entered into conflict with the Iroquois Confederacy. Confrontations occurred and the colony was threatened. In contact with the French, Native nations underwent a degree of acculturation, and the devastating impact of disease reduced their population. 17 Summary How did the French authorities ensure support and guidance for the colonists who came to settle in New France? The colonists social relations were organized in part by the seigneurial system. Moreover, the colonists received support and guidance from the Catholic Church, which also provided education and health care. D2-36 Chapter 2

9 PART 3 New France from 1663 to 1701 Textbook, pp Among the following statements, circle the ones that correspond to the king s two main objectives when he established the royal government in New France. A. Find a route to Asia. B. Stimulate the exploitation of the colony s resources and diversify its economy. C. Develop trade with the Dutch. D. Increase the population of the colony. E. Evangelize Native people. F. Keep British colonists out of the Great Lakes region. 2 Consult Document 43, on page 87 in your textbook. Match each actor in the royal government of New France, as of 1663, with the role he played (the same actor can play more than one role). IO Establish facts 1 King 2 Minister of the marine 3 Sovereign Council 4 Governor general 5 Intendant 6 Militia captain a) Recruits militiamen b) Holds all the power c) Is responsible for internal affairs (finance, trade, justice, etc.) d) Is responsible for the French colonies e) Serves as a court of appeal f) Acts as the highest authority in New France g) Assigns tasks for required labour h) Manages the colony s military affairs i) Is responsible for economic development and populating the territory j) Is composed of the governor general, intendant, bishop and members k) Is responsible for external affairs (relations with Native peoples and English colonies) l) Appoints secretaries of state m) Conveys the leaders orders to the people Chapter 2 D2-37

10 3 Explain how the leaders of the colony were limited in their decision-making powers. The leaders of the colony were subject to the king s authority. They could make decisions in terms of administering the colony and ensuring its development and security, but key political, economic and military decisions were made in France. For example, they could not declare war or sign peace treaties with other states. 4 What did the leaders of New France have to do to report back to the minister of the marine on their work and decisions? They had to write letters and memorandums explaining their decisions, and submit a yearly report of their activities. 5 Do the following statements pertain to regular soldiers or militiamen? Write the letter that corresponds to each statement in the table. A. They ensured security and maintained order in the colony. B. They were rarely paid for their services. C. They wore official uniforms. D. Their immediate commander was usually a militia captain. E. They were paid wages by the state. F. They were obligated to serve and take part in wars under the king s orders. G. They carried out various tasks, such as transporting munitions. H. They were not part of the army. I. They had a greater presence in the cities and forts of New France. Regular soldiers Militiamen A C E F I B D G H D2-38 Chapter 2

11 6 Indicate if the following statements, regarding the security and defence of the colony, are true or false. If you indicate that a statement is false, correct it. Statement True False a) In 1663, the king sent the first major military contingent to the colony: the Carignan-Salières regiment. b) The Carignan-Salières regiment s mission was to ensure the security and defence of the colony, and to fight the Iroquois. c) Soldiers also served as police in the colony. d) Forts only served to defend the colony. e) Trading posts were the only way to maintain diplomatic and trade relations with local Native populations. Corrections: a) The Carignan-Salières regiment was sent to the colony in d) Forts also served as outposts for carrying out attacks against the Iroquois and English colonies in times of war. They also allowed contact as well as diplomatic and trade relations to be maintained with local Native populations. e) Forts also served this purpose. 7 Indicate three consequences for the nations in the Iroquois Confederacy as a result of the arrival of the Carignan-Salières regiment in New France. Three nations proposed a peace agreement with the French. Mohawk crops and villages were burned. The Mohawk and the Oneida signed a peace treaty with the French in Consult Document 49, on page 92 in your textbook. Explain why the gap between the numbers of men and women in the colony was reduced. IO Determine causes The Filles du Roy arrived. Chapter 2 D2-39

12 9 Complete the statements below regarding the measures that were taken to promote population growth in New France. a) To promote population growth in New France, ship captains were obligated to take a certain number of colonists. b) Fathers were fined by the state for not having their sons married by the age of 20 and their daughters by the age of 16. c) The king gave a dowry to poor women and Native women who married a French colonist. d) Certain prisoners and smugglers were given the right to settle in New France, which was an opportunity for them to start a new life. e) Soldiers and officers were given a chance to settle in the colony. Soldiers could receive a censive and officers, a seigneury. 10 Provide proof that the measures to promote marriage did not yield the desired results. Men were still getting married late in life. OR Based on the 1681 census, about 90% of men between the ages of 15 and 29 were single. 11 Consult Document 56, on page 95 in your textbook. What explains the phenomenon illustrated in this document? IO Determine causes An exceptional rate of natural increase due to the quality of life in the Vallée du Saint-Laurent 12 Why was France prepared to temporarily put aside certain aspects of its mercantilist policy by authorizing New France to manufacture certain finished products? France thought that if New France became more prosperous, it would lead to a wealthier, more powerful kingdom. D2-40 Chapter 2

13 13 Consult Document 58, on page 96 in your textbook. Among the following statements, circle the ones that do not correspond to the measures implemented by Jean Talon in an attempt to diversify New France s economy. IO Establish facts A. Diversifying artisanal work B. Encouraging the cultivation of hemp, flax and hops C. Opening a forge D. Building a naval shipyard E. Importing corn F. Encouraging animal husbandry G. Selling black slaves H. Exploring for iron, copper and coal I. Imposing fishing rights J. Bringing over a variety of seeds K. Building a brewery 14 Indicate whether the measures put in place by Jean Talon allowed him to achieve his objectives for the colony. Explain. The measures did not yield the desired results. There were no agricultural surpluses for export, the transportation of certain goods, such as timber, was expensive and the economic sectors that Talon sought to develop were profitable only if they were subsidized by the state. Therefore, the economy of New France was still largely based on fur. 15 Match each actor in the fur trade with the correct definition. A. Coureur de bois B. Merchant C. Voyageur Definition A person hired by someone who holds a congé de traite to collect furs on Native territory. A person who, after the introduction of the system of congés de traite, continued to trade furs without a permit. A person who holds a congé de traite authorized to engage in the fur trade with Native people. Actor C A B Chapter 2 D2-41

14 16 Explain what the beaver crisis was. The quantities of furs obtained surpassed market demand. Their abundant supply resulted in a significant drop in prices, and merchants in the colony experienced major financial loss. 17 Consult Documents 60 and 62, on pages 98 and 99 in your textbook. Determine which document illustrates the cause of what is presented in the other. Explain. IO Determine causes Document 62 presents the cause because it was exploration that enabled the increase in the trade territory and therefore the number of beaver pelts exported. 18 Why did some of the French want to keep the forts and trading posts open? They wanted to maintain relations with Native people and prevent them from building commercial, political and military ties with the English. 19 Give two examples to illustrate that Native peoples allied with the French did not blindly carry out the wishes of the French, but negotiated with them on equal footing. They first defended their own interests and objectives. They imposed their rituals at diplomatic meetings. 20 Summary What actions demonstrate the taking over of the colony by the French Crown? establishing a royal government in the colony sending troops in order to ensure security in the colony and maintain order implementing measures to increase the population implementing Talon s measures, which were designed to diversify the economy in order to increase the wealth of the mother country controlling the fur trade through congés de traite D2-42 Chapter 2

15 PART 4 New France in the first half of the 18th century Textbook, pp Consult Document 68 and the accompanying box, on page 103 in your textbook. Where did the most affluent members of society in New France live? IO Establish facts The colonial elite settled in Canada s cities (Montréal, Québec, Trois-Rivières). 2 Identify two categories of slaves in the colony and indicate the tasks they were given. Native slaves (Pawnee) who were often canoeists for merchants Black slaves, the majority of whom were domestic workers for wealthy families or for religious communities 3 Indicate a similarity between the cultural characteristics of the French and those of the Canadiens and the Acadians. The French language 4 Consult Document 72, on page 105 in your textbook. Determine changes that illustrate the adaptation of the Canadiens. IO Determine changes The adoption of the toboggan and snowshoes 5 In the first half of the 18th century, what was attempted in order to promote the prosperity of the mother country? Efforts were made to integrate New France into a trade network with France s colonies in the West Indies. Chapter 2 D2-43

16 6 Indicate if the following statements, regarding the measures taken by intendants Bégon and Hocquart, are true or false. If you indicate that a statement is false, correct it. Statement True False a) Intendants Bégon and Hocquart returned to old practices and did not pursue the work started by Jean Talon. b) Michel Bégon encouraged hemp cultivation and timber exploitation. c) Gilles Hocquart established naval shipyards in the city of Québec to build warships and other vessels. d) Under Hocquart, the timber industry as well as hemp and flax cultivation declined. e) The Chemin du Roy between the cities of Québec and Montréal was built during the Hocquart administration. f) The presence of copper in the Trois-Rivières region led to the building of the Forges du Saint-Maurice. Corrections: a) Bégon and Hocquart pursued the economic diversification efforts started by Talon. d) The timber industry as well as flax and hemp production continued to develop. f) It was due to the presence of iron ore. 7 Consult Document 78, on page 107 in your textbook. Indicate if the main export product was derived from the economic activity practised by the majority of colonists. Explain. IO Establish connections between facts No. Fur was the main export product, while the majority of colonists practised farming. The fur trade required little European labour. D2-44 Chapter 2

17 8 Consult Document 80, on page 108 in your textbook. Explain why trade between France and its colonies was called triangular trade. IO Situate in space The geographic locations of France, New France and the West Indies situated them on the three points of a triangle that linked the maritime routes. 9 Consult Document 81, on page 108 in your textbook. Why was Louisbourg s port important? IO Establish connections between facts Because of its strategic location on the Atlantic Ocean and the fact that it was free of ice year-round 10 Under what condition could merchants in the colony set up fishing operations? They had to obtain a concession from the French authorities. 11 Name some of the trades practised by the artisans who settled in New France. Carpenters, masons, coopers, blacksmiths, painters, sculptors, etc. 12 Summary How was economic diversification in the colony limited by the mother country s mercantilist policy? Mercantilism did not favour the manufacture of finished products in the colony. 13 Summary What factors led to the creation of a distinct culture among the Canadiens? The need to adapt to a harsh climate, the long distance from the mother country, contact with Native people, the vastness of the territory, etc. Chapter 2 D2-45

18 PART 5 War between France and Great Britain Textbook, pp Explain why the English colonies needed a larger territory. The English colonies experienced rapid development and high population growth. They needed more space to settle new colonists. 2 Consult Documents 84, 86 and 88, on pages 111, 113 and 115 in your textbook. Explain how rivalries between the French and the British led to military actions against civilian populations. Your answer must specify each of the elements below and establish connections between them. the rivalry between the French and the British a conflict and a treaty between the French and the British an action against civilian populations IO Establish causal connections France and Great Britain fought to expand their territory and control the fur trade in North America. (the rivalry between the French and the British) They fought against each other in the War of Spanish Succession, which ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in which Great Britain obtained part of Acadia and took possession of some of the contested territories. (a conflict and a treaty between the French and the British) The British did not trust the Acadian population and wanted to offer fertile lands to the colonists settling in Nova Scotia. They therefore deported Acadians. (an action against civilian populations) 3 Consult Document 86, on page 113 in your textbook. Why was control of the Ohio Valley so important to the French? IO Situate in space AND Establish connections between facts Control of this region by the French allowed them to block British access to the Great Lakes region and to maintain trade relations with Native peoples in this region. D2-46 Chapter 2

19 4 Consult Document 87, on page 114 in your textbook. Indicate the particular aspect that distinguished the conflict that broke out between France and Great Britain in 1754 from previous conflicts. IO Establish facts It began in North America. 5 Compare the priorities of the French and the British, their territories, their resources and the military forces they devoted to their defence after the start of the Seven Years War. What is your conclusion? France had a vast territory in North America, but devoted few resources to its defence since it sought to expand its territory primarily in Europe. It was completely the opposite for Great Britain. 6 Complete the table below regarding the battles between France and Great Britain during the War of the Conquest. Confrontation Date French Commander British Outcome of the battle Capture of Louisbourg July 26, 1758 The fortress capitulated and the British then controlled access to the Fleuve Saint-Laurent. Battle of Montmorency July 31, 1759 Montcalm Wolfe The battle was a failure for the British. Battle of the Plains of Abraham September 13, 1759 Montcalm Wolfe The city of Québec capitulated and the British took possession of the city. Battle of Sainte-Foy April 28, 1760 Lévis Murray The French won, but the British retreated back to the city. Chapter 2 D2-47

20 7 What dashed the hopes of the French of recapturing the city of Québec after the Battle of Sainte-Foy? The arrival, in May, of British supply ships and the absence of new supplies from France 8 Consult Document 87, on page 114 in your textbook. Place the events related to the War of the Conquest in chronological order, numbering them from 1 to 6. IO Situate in time a) Clashes in the Ohio Valley Event (1754) Order 1 b) Siege of the city of Québec and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759) 5 c) Start of the Seven Years War in Europe (1756) 3 d) Battle of Sainte-Foy (1760) 6 e) Deportation of the Acadians (1755) 2 f) Capture of Louisbourg (1758) 4 9 Consult Documents 93 and 95, on pages 118 and 119 in your textbook. Compare the Battle of the Plains of Abraham and the Battle of Sainte-Foy and indicate how they differed. IO Identify differences On the Plaines d Abraham, the British attacked the city of Québec, whereas during the Battle of Sainte-Foy, they defended it. OR On the Plaines d Abraham, the French defended themselves, whereas at Sainte-Foy, it was the French who attacked. OR On the Plaines d Abraham, the British won whereas at Sainte-Foy, the French won. 10 Summary In North America, what were the issues behind the rivalries between Great Britain and France? The possession of the territory and control of the fur trade 11 Summary What consequence did the conflicts between France and Great Britain have for the colonies? When the mother country was at war, the colony was automatically involved. Each conflict between France and Great Britain led to battles in the colonies. D2-48 Chapter 2