ECER s Space in Europe: in between science, research and politics? A research report
|
|
- Laurel Blair
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 European Educational Research Journal, Volume, Number 4, 00 RESEARCH REPORT ECER s Space in Europe: in between science, research and politics? A research report MARTINA KENK University of Frankfurt, Germany ABSTRACT The sciences of education in Europe are situated in between national, European and international spaces, challenged by Europeanisation processes and European research policy. The author takes up the debates at European Conferences on Educational Research (ECERs) on the formation of a European educational research space by academic actors versus the foundation of a European (Educational) Research Area by European Union (EU) policy. This report provides results of the author s investigation of the Europeanness of the European Educational Research Association (EERA) and ECER, thereby sketching an exemplary picture of the current state of the sciences of education in Europe, indicating tendencies over the last few years, while analysing the European dimension of EERA and ECER. The representation of educational scientists from a variety of (not only) European countries points to three problematic issues: the dominance of EU member states, especially of the United Kingdom; the tendency towards marginalisation of European non-member states; and a clearly biased European educational research space.. Introduction In my research report I take up questions which arose during my first participation in the European Conference on Educational Research (ECER) in 00, in Lisbon. These questions are linked to my research context and dissertation project in the field of comparative research on the sciences of education in Europe. My background lies in the German sciences of education, 64
2 ECER S SPACE IN EUROPE where one finds a nationally and disciplinary closed academic tradition (Keiner, 999). Thus, German sciences of education display a rather low interest in European issues and networking. Due to my experiences as a doctoral student in the science business (i.e. at conferences of the German Association of Sciences of Education [DGfE] and at ECER), I started to work on the following questions: what kind of space do the European Educational Research Association (EERA) and the ECER take up in Europe? How can one describe their so-to-speak Europeanness? What role do they take on in the context of current processes of Europeanisation in research? I am especially interested in () the education and research policy of the European Union (EU), which addresses researchers and scholars in the field of education, and in () the contribution of these academic actors to Europeanisation processes, with regard to structural aspects of organisation and networking in the sciences of education, to knowledge production on European issues, and to academic policy advice. The following examples are used to gain a deeper understanding about the emergence of a European educational research space.[] The first part refers to aspects of the educational research policy of the EU, while the second part focuses on the space of ECER and its European dimension.. Aspects of the Educational Research Policy of the European Union Focusing on the EU as one core political agency in the process of Europeanisation, there are indicators showing a mutual communication and interaction between politics and research, especially when looking at relationships between European educational research policy and the European academic community. I briefly discuss three indicators.. The first indicator is the political interest in the EERA. EU representatives wanted to provide the Commission with a platform and a vehicle to approach educational researchers as the occasion arises (Plomp, 99, quoted by Gretler, 00). They actively brought researchers, politicians and associations together. At the same time, international organisations like the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) needed a representative European contact partner in educational research (Gretler, 00).[] Thus, the EERA can be used by political agencies to address the European academic community, to express their interests, goals and agendas and to negotiate the definition of research quality standards and benchmarks.. The second indicator is the selective EU policy of funding educational research. In the 990s, the European Commission started to consider education as a research issue worth being supported, and in 994, education was, for the first time, included in the forth EU framework programme. From the outlines of these programmes, given the placement of educational issues, agenda-setting and steering mechanisms in research, one could conclude that the EU regards educational research as subordinated to the social sciences. 65
3 Martina Kenk. The third indicator inversely refers to the European academic community addressing European research policy. At ECER meetings with researchers and EU policy actors, the European dimension of education and of educational research is discussed.[] The twofold function of this exchange consists of EU representatives informing researchers, and academic actors expressing their standpoints and advising policy.[4] These indicators point to a connection, communication and influence, in a hybrid space, situated in between politics and research. These system transgressing spaces could take on a specific organisational form with flat, informal, unstable and varying structures. They emerge as social networks, where political actors can exploit scientific knowledge. From this stance, the political actors are able to exert power by means of scarce resources (Sirota et al, 00; Keiner, 00).. The Space of ECER and its European Dimension The social actors and knowledge producers in the sciences of education contribute in some way to a European educational research space. The EU research policy aims at the formation of a European Research Area (ERA) and formulates basic requirements for such an area. From this background it is necessary to ask how far the academic organisational structure and community in Europe meet the criteria of the EU (Agalianos et al, 00). I again use the EERA as an example. Founded in 994, the EERA is an organisational structure of and for academic knowledge producers in the field of education in Europe. () It provides researchers with an infrastructure and a platform for communication and knowledge distribution. () The EERA s policy is to offer membership also to non-eu member states, thus aiming at the integration of other European countries. () A focus on the European dimension beyond national and transnational issues is required (EERA website 00).[5] Thus, the foundation and maintenance of the EERA contributes to some extent to a European educational research space. But what kind of Europe is represented by the EERA? In regard to official or formal representation of European countries at the level of executive committee, member institutions and associations, and network conveners, the EERA is clearly biased. At all levels, the United Kingdom is dominant, followed by Sweden, Finland, Germany and the Netherlands. Interestingly, Canada and Australia two non-european countries are included at the level of network conveners (see Table I). However, this formal structure of the EERA is only one aspect, but it might affect the national and cultural structure of the EERA with regard to its active participants. More important are the social actors who participate in the EERA s annual European Conference on Educational Research (ECER). ECER can be regarded as the main event and meeting of educational researchers in Europe. The knowledge presenters at ECER are actively focused at a European level 66
4 ECER S SPACE IN EUROPE and contribute beyond national and specialised educational sciences to the European dimension of an educational research space. An analysis of the countries represented by these educational scientists gives a more thoroughly informed picture of this Europe. EERA UK Swe Net Fin Ger Fra Spa Bel E.committee 0 Institutions Associations 0 Conveners Total EERA Ita* Den Nor Slo Por Cze* Ire Aut* E.committee Institutions Associations Conveners 4 Total EERA Gre* Swi Lux Pol Lit Ice Can* Aus* E.committee Institutions Associations Conveners Total Table I. EERA s formal organisational structure representation of countries (Executive committee total: ; Institutions: 4; Associations: 4; Conveners: 86). Source: EERA website, August 00. The countries marked * are not members of EERA. The information on the website might not be up to date, but I use it as this is the official and broadly accessible information; and after ECER 00 in September there might have been changes as well, probably on the level of network conveners. Remarks on the Research I would like to present some results of a small and low-level investigation about ECER and the space represented by the participating researchers. I compare three ECER conferences, the first official one in 998 in Slovenia, the fourth in 00, in France, and this year s ECER in Germany. I consider this selection the beginning, a middle point and the actual state as sufficient to get a first impression and to draw some careful conclusions. Of course, it would be better to extend the research to all ECER conferences in order to get a more thoroughly informed picture of the development over time. 67
5 Martina Kenk As sources I used the conference programmes, which are available on the Education-line website. The data presented here do not mirror the actual reality but only the announced programme; therefore later changes, cancellations etc. cannot be taken into account on the basis of this source. As I am interested only in the active knowledge production, distribution and its national linkage, I counted the presentations at the ECER conferences according to the national affiliation of the presenters institution, based on the information given in the conference programmes. Thus, passive participants without presentation are not included here. The focus is not epistemic on the content of the knowledge distributed through a presentation. For instance, a Lithuanian researcher working at a university in the United Kingdom on a comparison of teacher training in the United Kingdom and Lithuania would be counted as United Kingdom. Such a complexity or mixture of epistemic, institutional and cultural or national affiliation is unfortunately not reflected in my research, as it takes only the country of the researcher s institution into account. For each presentation listed in the programme, I counted the national affiliation for each country. If there was more than one presenter and they came from different countries, all of these countries were counted, but only once. Therefore it is possible that the sum of representations is higher than the total of presentations in the programme. (In 998, the sum is lower, because some presentations were not accessible and could not be counted. In 00, the presentations with only names and without institution [0] were excluded.) Thus, the higher the sum of representations, the more the presentations are nationally mixed. This is especially the case for this year s ECER, where the difference is relatively high compared to the other years. These explanations are important to consider the extent of bias in my data collection. In contrast to this bias, the following aspects point to effects that become visible in the results. A remark is necessary on the level of comparison which can be used here. I only work with absolute numbers from my data collection and percentages based on these. It would add another dimension and level of comparison if the number of presentations from one country could be related to the number of researchers and scholars in the field of education in that country. So, when looking at the results, one might consider assumptions about the size of the educational academic population in the respective countries. The existence of national or specialised associations in a country and its membership in EERA could also affect the extent of participation in ECER. Another aspect that I found is what I call the host country phenomenon. Every year, ECER takes place in a different country. Thus, the number of presentations or representations from the respective host country is probably higher than in other years. So, when looking at the data of Slovenia, France and Germany, one should consider this bias. Additionally, there are local or other effects relating to the timing of ECER, which influence the number of presentations from some countries. One 68
6 ECER S SPACE IN EUROPE example is the ECER in France, where at the same time the annual conference of the French association of educational research was held (Agalianos et.al, 00, p. 85). One could assume that two big events at the same time and addressing a similar audience reduce the number of participants in both conferences. Thus, in the case of France, the host country effect is probably reduced. Research Results I would like to present my results from two viewpoints: () viewing ECER s Europe according to the EU status of the respective countries, and () searching for ECER s Europe based on the ranking of countries according to the extent of their representation. Figures - follow the commonly used differentiation of Europe. They display the percentages of presentations given at ECER in the years 998, 00 and 00 according to the national affiliation of the presenter s institution, sorted by the EU status of the countries. 7% 0% EU member states % new member states % applicant countries 70% other European countries non-european countries Figure. ECER 998. Number of Presentations countries. Source: ECER 998 programme on Education-line website, own calculations. % 5% 4% 6% 7% EU member states new member states applicant countries other European countries non-european countries Figure. ECER 00. Number of presentations countries. Source: ECER 00 programme on Education-line website, own calculations. 69
7 Martina Kenk % 6% 9% 7% 77% EU member states new member states applicant countries other European countries non-european countries Figure. ECER 00. Number of presentations countries. Source: ECER 00 programme on Education-line website, own calculations. ECER n % n % n % EU member states (UK) (7) (64) (94) New member states Applicant countries 6 4 Other European countries Non-European countries Total Table II. ECER 998, 00, 00 number of national representations according to EU status of the countries. Source: ECER programmes of 998, 00, 00 on Education-line website, own calculations. The non-european countries representation varies between 0% in 998, % in 00, and 9% in 00 with a variation of about countries. When looking at the absolute numbers, there is a clear increase between 998 and 00, and only a slight increase in 00.[6] One could assume an international interest in ECER, and one could add that European issues are not only of interest for Europeans, but in the context of globalisation they are processes of importance, especially when regarded as a counterweight to Americanism or in competition with the USA or Asia. Remarkable is the share of presenters from the United Kingdom. In every year, their share is higher than that of all non-eu member states together. In relation to the EU member states, the UK share decreased from nearly half of the EU share in 998, with a fall in 00 to under a third of the EU share [7], to a third in 00. The ECER in 00 seems to be characterised by a clear reduction in all these aspects, which is compensated by an increase of presentations from EU member states. 60
8 ECER S SPACE IN EUROPE The main difference between the three years is that the percentage of presenters from the new member states decreases while the one from the EU member states increases. In contrast to the EERA s aim of integrating new member states, their share was relatively higher in 998 than in 00, with a clear fall in absolute numbers in 00. A second, differing image of European representation at ECER can be drawn when looking at the countries with the highest numbers of presentations, presented as a ranking (see Figures 4, 5 and 6). ECER United Kingdom Sweden Finland Germany The Netherlands France Spain Slovenia Portugal Norway USA Belgium Turkey Australia Ireland Figure 4a. Countries represented in three ECERs. Source: ECER 998, 00, 00 programme on Education-line website, own calculations. 6
9 Martina Kenk ECER Poland Canada Italy Switzerland Japan Greece Estonia Czech Republic Austria Israel Denmark South-Africa EU Iran Russia Figure 4b. Countries represented in three ECERs. Source: ECER 998, 00, 00 programme on Education-line website, own calculations. The first positions in this ranking are held by EU member states, which also have a dominant position in EERA. Considering the question, if the status of membership or the formal representation in the EERA of a country corresponds with its representation in ECER, one can observe an effect in some cases, i.e. for the non-members Italy, Czech Republic, Canada, Australia. The first non-european countries in this ranking are the USA, Australia and Canada. While the position of the USA is declining over the years, and Australia s is more or less steady, with a small increase in 00, Canada s and Japan s positions are more marginal, except for ECER 00 probably a 6
10 ECER S SPACE IN EUROPE language effect in the case of Canada. Israel, South-Africa, and Iran are represented every year; other non-european countries do not participate in ECER regularly (see Figures 5 and 6). ECER Croatia Lithuania Brazil Hungary Malta Taiwan Serbia Romania New Zealand Figure. 5. Countries represented in two ECERs. Source: ECER 998, 00, 00 programme on Education-line website, own calculations. Conclusions These results seem to correspond with the dominance of the United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland and Germany, which can be observed in view of the formal structure of the EERA. The ECER representation of Europe covers most European countries, regardless of their political status and relation to the EU. But, when looking at the number of contributions, i.e. the visible knowledge capital, from each country, the picture shows a very little Europe [8] of only a few western EU member states. With regard to the enlargement of the EU, the EERA s goal to include European non-eu member states is highly ambitious. The number of these countries represented at ECER has slightly increased up to 00, and the number of their presentations increased from 998 to 00 in absolute numbers. But their percentage of presentations is clearly decreasing (from 0% in 998 to 5% in 00 and to 4% in 00). The representation of European countries in the EERA and ECER is far from equally distributed, but highly dominated by EU member states, and within these member states by a more or less oligarchic group of countries dominated by the United Kingdom [9] interestingly, a country which politically shows a rather ambivalent standpoint towards Europe.[0] 6
11 Martina Kenk ECER Iceland Cyprus Urugay Argentina Kazakhstan Luxembourg Mexico Colombia Iraq Latvia Brunei China Singapore Slovakia Figure 6. Countries represented in one ECER. Source: ECER 998, 00, 00 programme on Education-line website, own calculations. 4. In Between Science, Research and Politics? The examples of ECER and EERA populations illustrate a biased European educational research space not with regard to the programmatic intentions, but to the communicative practice. These findings in spite of a partly weak methodology point to, in my view, an important issue: There is the intention to form a European Educational Research Area, with a programme designed by the EU. However, there is a differently shaped European educational research space existing and transforming, practically constructed and managed by flows of participants, networks, subjects etc.[] We should not mix up these two constructs, but look more critically to the EERA s and ECER s own practices of unintended and invisible processes of inclusion and exclusion, in order to avoid results that secretly establish a European Educational Research Area that they (and we) never wanted. Notes [] I borrow this term from Martin Lawn. In this article, I distinguish between European educational research space and European (Educational) Research 64
12 ECER S SPACE IN EUROPE Area. I use the space notion referring to academic actors, researchers and scholars in the field of the sciences of education, in contrast to the term European Research Area, which is used by the EU and closely linked to European (educational) research policy, steering intentions and programmatic rhetoric. For a differentiation of the notions of space and area linked to transnational education policy actors, see Lawn & Lingard (00). For a discussion about the concept of an education space in Europe see Nóvoa & Lawn (00). [] For a more detailed analysis of current influences on national education policy by international actors such as the OECD, UNESCO, the World Bank and EU in the context of globalisation processes, see, for example, the work of the Finnish research group at the University of Turku (Hokka, 00; Kallo, 00). [] Some discussions between academic and policy actors at ECER pose core issues, for example, the existence of an emerging European education research space, the foundation of a European research council, benchmarking research, the role and future of the European Educational Research Journal (EERJ), or the creation of a European citation index. Reports are published in the EERJ. [4] A fourth criterion is named: a reflexive research community, which is networking, expanding research capacity, mobilising the critical mass and resources, and integrating perspectives in order to address the complexity of issues. Unfortunately, I cannot go into more detail on the basis of the collected data. However, it would be intriguing to investigate the reflexive potential and networking activities of the sciences of education community in Europe under the influence of steering intentions by research policy actors. [5] How far the fourth criterion of a reflexive research community is fulfilled by the EERA is a question still to be investigated. [6] One possible explanation might be again a local phenomenon: the host country, France, and the French language. In 00, the number of presentations from Canada, especially related to French issues or from Quebec, the Frenchspeaking part of Canada, were unusually high compared to other years. However, this does not explain everything. [7] In 00, a possible explanation might be the host country. [8] For very insightful thoughts on the conceptualisation of Europe(s), Little Europe and their existence as well as on the discourse of a European educational space, see Nóvoa (000). [9] Currently, the United Kingdom is said to be the most neo-liberalised country in Europe, which points to huge problems if not to say a crisis also in research. For some researchers, this leads to a higher interest in learning from other countries with different research conditions and in searching for solutions and ways of dealing with the marketisation of research and education. [0] I can only speculate on explanations for each country s representation, as I do not have a deep insight into the current state and problems of the specific national sciences of education throughout the world. Further elaboration and thoughts on interests, motivations and reasons to participate or not in ECER and EERA are very welcome. I hope I can contribute to some extent to the 65
13 Martina Kenk discussion of the emergence of a European educational research space by providing my first research results and some thoughts about the imagining of Europeanness in the transforming borderless (this term is borrowed from Lawn, 00) space of ECER. [] For a more detailed investigation of the network metaphor with regard to policy research relationships and questions of power and influence, see Ozga (00). References EERA website:. Executive committee, member associations, member institutions: List of networks with conveners: Education-line website:. ECER programme 998: brs.leeds.ac.uk/beiwww/beia/ecer98.htm. ECER programme 00: brs.leeds.ac.uk/beiwww/beia/ecer00.htm. ECER programme 00: brs.leeds.ac.uk/beiwww/beia/ecer00.htm Agalianos, A., Brunet, O. & McGaw, B. (00) Is There an Emerging European Education Research Space? European Educational Research Journal, () pp Gretler, A. (00) Fakten und Fragen zur internationalen sozialen Organisation der Bildungsforschung in Europa am Beispiel der European Educational Research Association (EERA), in R. Hofstetter & B. Schneuwly (Eds) Science(s) et l éducation 9e-0e siècles. Entre champs professionnels et champs disciplinaires/ Erziehungswissenschaft(en) Jahrhundert. Zwischen Profession und Disziplin. Frankfurt Am Main: Peter Lang. Hokka, S. (00) OECD and the National Education Policy of Finland, paper presented at the ECER Pre-Conference 00, Hamburg. Kallo, J. (00) Five Lessons on Human Capital in OECD Education Policies, paper presented at the ECER Pre-Conference 00, Hamburg. Keiner, E. (999) Erziehungswissenschaft : Eine empirische und vergleichende Untersuchung zur kommunikativen Praxis einer Disziplin. Weinheim: Beltz, Deutscher Studienverlag. Keiner, E. (00) Organisation Wissen Macht. Netzwerke als neue Form wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation, in M. Caruso & H-E. Tenorth (Eds) Internationalisierung: Semantik und Bildungssystem in vergleichender Perspektive [Internationalisation: comparing educational systems and semantics]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Lawn, M. (00) Borderless Education: imagining a European education space in a time of brands and networks, in A. Nóvoa & M. Lawn (Eds) Fabricating Europe: the formation of an education space. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Lawn, M. & Lingard, B. (00) Constructing a European Policy Space in Educational Governance: the role of transnational policy actors, European Educational Research Journal, () pp
14 ECER S SPACE IN EUROPE Nóvoa, A. (000) The Restructuring of the European Educational Space: changing relationships among states, citizens, and educational communities, in T.S. Popkewitz (Ed.) Educational Knowledge: changing relationships between the state, civil society, and the educational community. Albany: State University of New York Press. Nóvoa, A. & Lawn, M. (Eds) (00) Fabricating Europe: the formation of an education space. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Ozga, J. (00) Europeanising Education Research: networks and experts, paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research 00, Hamburg. Plomp, T. (99) Educational Research in Europe: possibilities for facilitating exchange of information and researchers. Feasibility Study (for the) European Commission. Report prepared for the Commission of the European Communities/Task Force Human Resources, Education, Training and Youth. Enschede: University of Twente (quoted by Gretler 00). Sirota, R., Zay, D., Lawn, M. & Keiner, E. (00) European Networking in Education, European Educational Research Journal, (), pp MARTINA KENK is currently working in a small-scale research project, comparing the quality and success of two institutions offering a second chance for achieving a school degree in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Since her diploma in Science of Education in 00, she has worked as an academic assistant in the Institute for General Science of Education at the University of Frankfurt. She is interested in comparative research on the sciences of education in Europe as well as the discourses and processes of Europeanization. Her current dissertation project carries the working title, Knowledge and networks for a European educational space. New forms and ways of production and distribution of educational knowledge. Correspondence: Martina Kenk, Weberstrasse 77, D-608 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (martinakenk@web.de). 67
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS Munich, November 2018 Copyright Allianz 11/19/2018 1 MORE DYNAMIC POST FINANCIAL CRISIS Changes in the global wealth middle classes in millions 1,250
More informationEU Innovation strategy
EU Innovation strategy In principle fine, in particular recognising EU s limited powers Much is left to Member States, but they disappointed in Finland Good points: Links between research and markets Education
More informationMapping physical therapy research
Mapping physical therapy research Supplement Johan Larsson Skåne University Hospital, Revingevägen 2, 247 31 Södra Sandby, Sweden January 26, 2017 Contents 1 Additional maps of Europe, North and South
More informationUNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 9 APRIL 2018, 15:00 HOURS PARIS TIME
TABLE 1: NET OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FROM DAC AND OTHER COUNTRIES IN 2017 DAC countries: 2017 2016 2017 ODA ODA/GNI ODA ODA/GNI ODA Percent change USD million % USD million % USD million (1) 2016
More informationVISA POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
VISA POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN Country Diplomatic Service National Term of visafree stay CIS countries 1 Azerbaijan visa-free visa-free visa-free 30 days 2 Kyrgyzstan visa-free visa-free visa-free
More informationSKILLS, MOBILITY, AND GROWTH
SKILLS, MOBILITY, AND GROWTH Eric Hanushek Ludger Woessmann Ninth Biennial Federal Reserve System Community Development Research Conference April 2-3, 2015 Washington, DC Commitment to Achievement Growth
More informationAsylum Levels and Trends: Europe and non-european Industrialized Countries, 2003
Asylum Levels and Trends: Europe and non-european Industrialized Countries, 2003 A comparative overview of asylum applications submitted in 44 European and 6 non-european countries in 2003 and before 24
More informationShaping the Future of Transport
Shaping the Future of Transport Welcome to the International Transport Forum Over 50 Ministers Shaping the transport policy agenda The International Transport Forum is a strategic think tank for the transport
More informationSize and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A Further Decline
January 31, 2013 ShadEcEurope31_Jan2013.doc Size and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A Further Decline by Friedrich Schneider *) In the Tables
More informationEducation Quality and Economic Development
Education Quality and Economic Development Eric A. Hanushek Stanford University Bank of Israel Jerusalem, June 2017 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Development = Growth Growth = Skills Conclusions
More informationEuropean patent filings
Annual Report 07 - European patent filings European patent filings Total filings This graph shows the geographic origin of the European patent filings. This is determined by the country of residence of
More informationPISA 2015 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and Appendices Accompanying Press Release
PISA 2015 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and Appendices Accompanying Press Release Figure 1-7 and Appendix 1,2 Figure 1: Comparison of Hong Kong Students Performance in Science, Reading and Mathematics
More informationEuropean Union Passport
European Union Passport European Union Passport How the EU works The EU is a unique economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the continent. The EU was
More informationPISA 2009 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and tables accompanying press release article
PISA 2009 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and tables accompanying press release article Figure 1-8 and App 1-2 for Reporters Figure 1 Comparison of Hong Kong Students' Performance in Reading, Mathematics
More informationOECD Strategic Education Governance A perspective for Scotland. Claire Shewbridge 25 October 2017 Edinburgh
OECD Strategic Education Governance A perspective for Scotland Claire Shewbridge 25 October 2017 Edinburgh CERI overview What CERI does Generate forward-looking research analyses and syntheses Identify
More informationEquity and Excellence in Education from International Perspectives
Equity and Excellence in Education from International Perspectives HGSE Special Topic Seminar Pasi Sahlberg Spring 2015 @pasi_sahlberg Evolution of Equity in Education 1960s: The Coleman Report 1970s:
More informationTaiwan s Development Strategy for the Next Phase. Dr. San, Gee Vice Chairman Taiwan External Trade Development Council Taiwan
Taiwan s Development Strategy for the Next Phase Dr. San, Gee Vice Chairman Taiwan External Trade Development Council Taiwan 2013.10.12 1 Outline 1. Some of Taiwan s achievements 2. Taiwan s economic challenges
More informationMarkets in higher education
Markets in higher education Simon Marginson Institute of Education (IOE) Conference on The State and Market in Education: Partnership or Competition? The Grundtvig Study Centre Aarhus University and LLAKES,
More information1. Why do third-country audit entities have to register with authorities in Member States?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Form A Annex to the Common Application Form for Registration of Third-Country Audit Entities under a European Commission Decision 2008/627/EC of 29 July 2008 on transitional
More informationIdentification of the respondent: Fields marked with * are mandatory.
Towards implementing European Public Sector Accounting Standards (EPSAS) for EU Member States - Public consultation on future EPSAS governance principles and structures Fields marked with are mandatory.
More informationGlobalisation and flexicurity
Globalisation and flexicurity Torben M Andersen Department of Economics Aarhus University November 216 Globalization Is it Incompatible with High employment Decent wages (no working poor) Low inequality
More informationMigration, Mobility and Integration in the European Labour Market. Lorenzo Corsini
Migration, Mobility and Integration in the European Labour Market Lorenzo Corsini Content of the lecture We provide some insight on -The degree of differentials on some key labourmarket variables across
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2016
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2016 In August 2016, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 590.6 thousand (Annex, Table
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2015
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2015 In August 2015, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 512.0 thousand (Annex, Table
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MAY 2017
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MAY 2017 In May 2017, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 653.3 thousand (Annex, Table 1) or
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MARCH 2016
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MARCH 2016 In March 2016, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 354.7 thousand (Annex, Table
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN FEBRUARY 2017
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN FEBRUARY 2017 In February 2017, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 366.8 thousand (Annex,
More informationAnalyzing the Location of the Romanian Foreign Ministry in the Social Network of Foreign Ministries
Analyzing the Location of the Romanian Foreign Ministry in the Social Network of Foreign Ministries Written By Ilan Manor 9/07/2014 Help child 1 Table of Contents Introduction 3 When Foreign Ministries
More informationBULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN JANUARY 2017 (PRELIMINARY DATA)
BULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN JANUARY 2017 (PRELIMINARY DATA) In January 2017 Bulgarian exports to the EU increased by 7.2% month of 2016 and amounted to 2 426.0 Million BGN (Annex, Table 1 and 2). Main trade
More informationRankings: Universities vs. National Higher Education Systems. Benoit Millot
Rankings: Universities vs. National Higher Education Systems Benoit Millot Outline 1. Background 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Discussion 11/8/ 2 1. Background 11/8/ 3 Clear Shift Background: Leagues focus
More informationBULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN THE PERIOD JANUARY - MARCH 2016 (PRELIMINARY DATA)
BULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN THE PERIOD JANUARY - MARCH 2016 (PRELIMINARY DATA) In the period January - March 2016 Bulgarian exports to the EU grew by 2.6% in comparison with the same 2015 and amounted to
More informationIMMIGRATION IN THE EU
IMMIGRATION IN THE EU Source: Eurostat 10/6/2015, unless otherwise indicated Data refers to non-eu nationals who have established their usual residence in the territory of an EU State for a period of at
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN SEPTEMBER 2015
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN SEPTEMBER 2015 In September 2015, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 450.9 thousand (Annex,
More informationSupplementary figures
Supplementary figures Source: OECD (211d, p. 8). Figure S3.1 Business enterprise expenditure on R&D, 1999 and 29 (as a percentage of GDP) ISR FIN SWE KOR (1999, 28) JPN CHE (2, 28) USA (1999, 28) DNK AUT
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN DECEMBER 2016
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN DECEMBER 2016 In December 2016, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 397.3 thousand (Annex,
More informationIgnacio Molina and Iliana Olivié May 2011
Ignacio Molina and Iliana Olivié May 2011 What is the IEPG? The Elcano Global Presence Index (IEPG after its initials in Spanish) is a synthetic index that orders, quantifies and aggregates the external
More informationSouth Africa - A publisher s perspective. STM/PASA conference 11 June, 2012, Cape Town Mayur Amin, SVP Research & Academic Relations
South Africa - A publisher s perspective STM/PASA conference 11 June, 2012, Cape Town Mayur Amin, SVP Research & Academic Relations 0 As a science information company, we have a unique vantage point on
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationEuCham Charts. October Youth unemployment rates in Europe. Rank Country Unemployment rate (%)
EuCham Charts October 2015 Youth unemployment rates in Europe Rank Country Unemployment rate (%) 1 Netherlands 5.0 2 Norway 5.5 3 Denmark 5.8 3 Iceland 5.8 4 Luxembourg 6.3... 34 Moldova 30.9 Youth unemployment
More informationASYLUM LEVELS AND TRENDS IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, 2005
ASYLUM LEVELS AND TRENDS IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, 2005 OVERVIEW OF ASYLUM APPLICATIONS LODGED IN EUROPE AND NON-EUROPEAN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES IN 2005 Click here to download the tables in zipped
More informationUAE E Visa Information
UAE E Visa Information Visas on arrival (A) If you are a passport holder of the below country or territory, no advance visa arrangements are required to visit the UAE. Simply disembark your flight at Dubai
More informationEU Trade Mark Application Timeline
EU Trade Mark Application Timeline EU Trade Marks, which cover the entire EU, are administered by the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (OHIM). The timeline below gives approximate timescale
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level *4898249870-I* GEOGRAPHY 9696/31 Paper 3 Advanced Human Options October/November 2015 INSERT 1 hour 30
More informationMonthly Inbound Update June th August 2017
Monthly Inbound Update June 217 17 th August 217 1 Contents 1. About this data 2. Headlines 3. Journey Purpose: June, last 3 months, year to date and rolling twelve months by journey purpose 4. Global
More informationGERMANY, JAPAN AND INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT IMBALANCES
Articles Articles Articles Articles Articles CENTRAL EUROPEAN REVIEW OF ECONOMICS & FINANCE Vol. 2, No. 1 (2012) pp. 5-18 Slawomir I. Bukowski* GERMANY, JAPAN AND INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT IMBALANCES Abstract
More informationIndividualized education in Finland
Individualized education in Finland Background history of tracking and unequal outcomes current outcomes low performing students (proficiency level 1) 7% vs. 19% (OECD average) repetition rate 2% vs. 40%
More informationDANMARKS NATIONALBANK
DANMARKS NATIONALBANK TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE DANISH LABOUR MARKET Niels Lynggård Hansen, Head of Economics and Monetary Policy May 22, 218 Outline 1) Past trends 2) The Danish labour-market model
More informationOECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 2018 Promoting inclusive growth
OECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 218 Promoting inclusive growth Vilnius, 5 July 218 http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-lithuania.htm @OECDeconomy @OECD 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211
More informationVisa issues. On abolition of the visa regime
Visa issues On abolition of the visa regime In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan 838 dated 23 December 2016 About the introduction of amendments and additions to
More informationConsumer Barometer Study 2017
Consumer Barometer Study 2017 The Year of the Mobile Majority As reported mobile internet usage crosses 50% 2 for the first time in all 63 countries covered by the Consumer Barometer Study 1, we look at
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More information2014 BELGIAN FOREIGN TRADE
2014 BELGIAN FOREIGN TRADE 2 3 01 \\ EXPORTS 6 1.1 Geographical developments 1.2 Sectoral developments 02 \\ IMPORTS 14 2.1 Geographical developments 2.2 Sectoral developments 03 \\ GEOGRAPHICAL TRADE
More informationMigration and Integration
Migration and Integration Integration in Education Education for Integration Istanbul - 13 October 2017 Francesca Borgonovi Senior Analyst - Migration and Gender Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD
More informationInternational students travel in Europe
International students travel in Europe Student immigration advisers Student Information Tuesday 12 April 2016 Travelling in Europe: what is the Schengen Agreement? A treaty signed near Schengen on 14
More informationExtended Findings. Finland. ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer. Question 1: Most Contacted
Extended Findings Finland Preferences Question 1: Most Contacted Finland (2%) is not amongst the most contacted countries within the EU: Germany (22%), France (13%), the UK (11%), Poland (7%), Italy (6%),
More informationThe Extraordinary Extent of Cultural Consumption in Iceland
1 Culture and Business Conference in Iceland February 18 2011 Prof. Dr. Ágúst Einarsson Bifröst University PP 1 The Extraordinary Extent of Cultural Consumption in Iceland Prof. Dr. Ágúst Einarsson, Bifröst
More informationASYLUM IN THE EU Source: Eurostat 4/6/2013, unless otherwise indicated ASYLUM APPLICATIONS IN THE EU27
ASYLUM IN THE EU Source: Eurostat 4/6/2013, unless otherwise indicated ASYLUM APPLICATIONS IN THE EU27 Total number of asylum applications in 2012 335 365 450 000 400 000 350 000 300 000 250 000 200 000
More informationLabor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration
European Journal of Population manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration The Role of the State in Shaping Destination Choices ONLINE APPENDIX Table
More informationInternational investment resumes retreat
FDI IN FIGURES October 213 International investment resumes retreat 213 FDI flows fall back to crisis levels Preliminary data for 213 show that global FDI activity declined by 28% (to USD 256 billion)
More informationBelgium s foreign trade
Belgium s FIRST 9 months Belgium s BELGIAN FOREIGN TRADE AFTER THE FIRST 9 MONTHS OF Analysis of the figures for (first 9 months) (Source: eurostat - community concept*) After the first nine months of,
More informationQGIS.org - Donations and Sponsorship Analysis 2016
QGIS.org - Donations and Sponsorship Analysis 2016 QGIS.ORG received 1128 donations and 47 sponsorships. This equals to >3 donations every day and almost one new or renewed sponsorship every week. The
More informationInternational Egg Market Annual Review
07 International Egg Market Annual Review Global and regional development of egg production TABLE 1 2005 COUNTRY PRODUCTION SHARE (1,000 T) (%) 2006 COUNTRY PRODUCTION SHARE (1,000 T) (%) TABLE 2 COUNTRY
More informationHowever, a full account of their extent and makeup has been unknown up until now.
SPECIAL REPORT F2008 African International Student Census However, a full account of their extent and makeup has been unknown up until now. or those who have traveled to many countries throughout the world,
More informationHow many students study abroad and where do they go?
1. EDUCATION LEVELS AND STUDENT NUMBERS How many students study abroad and where do they go? More than 4.1 million tertiary-level students were enrolled outside their country of citizenship in 2010. Australia,
More informationUNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 10 APRIL 2019, 15:00 HOURS PARIS TIME. Development aid drops in 2018, especially to neediest countries
Development aid drops in 2018, especially to neediest countries OECD Paris, 10 April 2019 OECD adopts new methodology for counting loans in official aid data In 2014, members of the OECD s Development
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationGender pay gap in public services: an initial report
Introduction This report 1 examines the gender pay gap, the difference between what men and women earn, in public services. Drawing on figures from both Eurostat, the statistical office of the European
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationThe Construction Industry in Central and Eastern Europe Bucharest, May 19 th 2014
Interconnection Vienna I Bratislava I Oberstdorf I Lviv I Mexico City we show you the way www.interconnectionconsulting.com The Construction Industry in Central and Eastern Europe Bucharest, May 19 th
More informationKINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT. September 2010
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT September 2010 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statistics and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khan 7 Makara,
More informationCO3.6: Percentage of immigrant children and their educational outcomes
CO3.6: Percentage of immigrant children and their educational outcomes Definitions and methodology This indicator presents estimates of the proportion of children with immigrant background as well as their
More informationFertility rate and employment rate: how do they interact to each other?
Fertility rate and employment rate: how do they interact to each other? Presentation by Gyula Pulay, general director of the Research Institute of SAO Changing trends From the middle of the last century
More informationINVESTING IN AN OPEN AND SECURE EUROPE Two Funds for the period
INVESTING IN AN OPEN AND SECURE EUROPE Two Funds for the 2014-20 period COMMON ISSUES ASK FOR COMMON SOLUTIONS Managing migration flows and asylum requests the EU external borders crises and preventing
More informationEmerging Asian economies lead Global Pay Gap rankings
For immediate release Emerging Asian economies lead Global Pay Gap rankings China, Thailand and Vietnam top global rankings for pay difference between managers and clerical staff Singapore, 7 May 2008
More informationA comparative analysis of poverty and social inclusion indicators at European level
A comparative analysis of poverty and social inclusion indicators at European level CRISTINA STE, EVA MILARU, IA COJANU, ISADORA LAZAR, CODRUTA DRAGOIU, ELIZA-OLIVIA NGU Social Indicators and Standard
More informationContributions to UNHCR For Budget Year 2014 As at 31 December 2014
1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1,280,827,870 2 EUROPEAN UNION 271,511,802 3 UNITED KINGDOM 4 JAPAN 5 GERMANY 6 SWEDEN 7 KUWAIT 8 SAUDI ARABIA *** 203,507,919 181,612,466 139,497,612 134,235,153 104,356,762
More informationGLOBAL RISKS OF CONCERN TO BUSINESS WEF EXECUTIVE OPINION SURVEY RESULTS SEPTEMBER 2017
GLOBAL RISKS OF CONCERN TO BUSINESS WEF EXECUTIVE OPINION SURVEY RESULTS SEPTEMBER 2017 GLOBAL RISKS OF CONCERN TO BUSINESS Results from the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey 2017 Survey and
More informationRomania's position in the online database of the European Commission on gender balance in decision-making positions in public administration
Romania's position in the online database of the European Commission on gender balance in decision-making positions in public administration Comparative Analysis 2014-2015 Str. Petofi Sandor nr.47, Sector
More informationISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context
Immigration Task Force ISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context JUNE 2013 As a share of total immigrants in 2011, the United States led a 24-nation sample in familybased immigration
More informationGlobal Variations in Growth Ambitions
Global Variations in Growth Ambitions Donna Kelley, Babson College 7 th Annual GW October Entrepreneurship Conference World Bank, Washington DC October 13, 216 Wide variation in entrepreneurship rates
More informationASYLUM LEVELS AND TRENDS IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, 2006
ASYLUM LEVELS AND TRENDS IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, 2006 OVERVIEW OF ASYLUM APPLICATIONS LODGED IN EUROPEAN AND NON-EUROPEAN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES IN 2006 23 MARCH 2007 FIELD INFORMATION AND COORDINATION
More informationBULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN THE PERIOD JANUARY - JUNE 2014 (PRELIMINARY DATA)
BULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN THE PERIOD JANUARY - JUNE 2014 (PRELIMINARY DATA) In the period January - June 2014 Bulgarian exports to the EU increased by 2.8% to the corresponding the year and amounted to
More informationPutting the Experience of Chinese Inventors into Context. Richard Miller, Office of Chief Economist May 19, 2015
Putting the Experience of Chinese Inventors into Context Richard Miller, Office of Chief Economist May 19, 2015 Outline Data and Methods Growth in PTO Filings Focus on foreign co-invention Patent examination
More informationThe evolution of turnout in European elections from 1979 to 2009
The evolution of turnout in European elections from 1979 to 2009 Nicola Maggini 7 April 2014 1 The European elections to be held between 22 and 25 May 2014 (depending on the country) may acquire, according
More informationTranslation from Norwegian
Statistics for May 2018 Forced returns from Norway The National Police Immigration Service (NPIS) forcibly returned 402 persons in May 2018, and 156 of these were convicted offenders. The NPIS is responsible
More informationVOICE AND DATA INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL VOICE AND DATA Find the EE international rates, as well as the new roaming bundles for and. INTERNATIONAL VOICE AND DATA p.28-32 International Voice p.29-30 International Data p.31-32 contents
More informationOn aid orphans and darlings (Aid Effectiveness in aid allocation by respective donor type)
On aid orphans and darlings (Aid Effectiveness in aid allocation by respective donor type) Sven Tengstam, March 3, 2017 Extended Abstract Introduction The Paris agenda assumes that the effectiveness of
More informationWidening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications
Widening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications Jun Saito, Senior Research Fellow Japan Center for Economic Research December 11, 2017 Is inequality widening in Japan? Since the publication of Thomas
More informationManagement Systems: Paulo Sampaio - University of Minho. Pedro Saraiva - University of Coimbra PORTUGAL
Management Systems: A Path to Organizational Sustainability Paulo Sampaio - University of Minho paulosampaio@dps.uminho.ptuminho pt Pedro Saraiva - University of Coimbra pas@eq.uc.pt PORTUGAL Session learning
More informationList of countries whose citizens are exempted from the visa requirement
List of countries whose citizens are exempted from the visa requirement Albania Andorra and recognized by the competent authorities Antigua and Barbuda and recognized by the competent authorities Argentina
More informationChapter 13. Country of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population
Campbell Gibson American Demographic History Chartbook: 0 to www.demographicchartbook.com Chapter. Country of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population With a few exceptions, data on the foreign-born population
More informationThe global and regional policy context: Implications for Cyprus
The global and regional policy context: Implications for Cyprus Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab WHO Regional Director for Europe Policy Dialogue on Health System and Public Health Reform in Cyprus: Health in the 21
More informationKINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT. March 2010
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT March 2010 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statistics and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom
More informationTHE EUROPEAN UNIFIED PATENT SYSTEM:
THE EUROPEAN UNIFIED PATENT SYSTEM: Information Needed Today; in 2014 (or 2015) A generation from now, it may be expected that the new European unified patent system will be widely popular and provide
More informationBULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN THE PERIOD JANUARY - FEBRUARY 2017 (PRELIMINARY DATA)
BULGARIAN TRADE WITH EU IN THE PERIOD JANUARY - FEBRUARY 2017 (PRELIMINARY DATA) In the period January - February 2017 Bulgarian exports to the EU increased by 9.0% to the same 2016 and amounted to 4 957.2
More informationThe High Cost of Low Educational Performance. Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Woessmann
The High Cost of Low Educational Performance Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Woessmann Key Questions Does it matter what students know? How well is the United States doing? What can be done to change things? Answers
More informationCuring Europe s Growing Pains: Which Reforms?
Curing Europe s Growing Pains: Which Reforms? Luc Everaert Assistant Director European Department International Monetary Fund Brussels, 21 November Copyright rests with the author. All rights reserved.
More information