Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration
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1 European Journal of Population manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration The Role of the State in Shaping Destination Choices ONLINE APPENDIX Table 1: Dates on which labor market restrictions on new EU member were lifted. Member State 2004 entrants 2007 entrants Austria May 2011 Jan Belgium May 2009 Jan Denmark May 2009 May 2009 Finland May 2006 no restrictions France July 2008 (but loosened from March 2006) Jan (but loosened in 2007) Germany May 2011 Jan Greece May Iceland 2006 Jan Ireland no restrictions July 2012 Italy May 2006 Jan Liechtenstein May 2011 Jan Luxembourg Nov Jan Netherlands May 2007 Jan Norway May 2009 June 2012 Portugal May Spain May (but partly reimposed in 2011) Sweden no restrictions no restrictions Switzerland May 2011 Jan UK no restrictions Jan Cyprus and Malta are excluded, as they were not subject to restrictions under the enlargement treaty.
2 2 Table 2: Foreign Population Inflows: Definitions and Sources Migration flows to: Definition of foreigner Source based on: Austria Citizenship Population Register, Statistik Austria ( ), Wanderungsstatistik , Vienna Belgium Citizenship Population Register, Institut National de Statistique Denmark Citizenship Population Register, Danmarks Statistik Finland Citizenship Population Register, Finish central statistical office France Citizenship Statistics on long-term migration produced by the Institut national d études démographiques (INED) on the base on residence permit data (validity at least 1 ) transmitted by the Ministry of Interior Germany Citizenship Population Register, Statistisches Bundesamt Greece Citizenship Labor force survey, National Statistical Service of Greece; Eurostat Iceland Citizenship Population Register, Hagstofa Islands national statistical office Ireland Country of birth Labor Force Survey, Central Statistical Office; Italy Citizenship Residence Permits, ISTAT Luxembourg Citizenship Population Register, Statistical Office Luxembourg Netherlands Country of birth Population Register, CBS Norway Citizenship Population Register, Statistics Norway Portugal Citizenship Residence Permit, Ministry of Interior Spain Country of origin Residence Permit, Ministry of Interior Sweden Citizenship Population Register, Statistics Sweden Switzerland Citizenship Register of Foreigners, Federal Foreign Office of Switzerland United Kingdom Citizenship Residence permits for at least 12 months; IPS office for national statistics, and EUROSTAT Source: Adsera and Pytliková (forthcoming). Table 3: Foreign Population Stocks: Definitions and Sources Foreign population stock Definition of foreigner Source in: based on: Austria Country of birth Statistics Austria, Population Census 2001 and Population Register ; for census 1981 and 1991 definition by citizenship Belgium Citizenship Population Register, Institut National de Statistique Denmark Country of origin Population Register, Danmarks Statistik Finland Country of birth Population Register, Finish central statistical office France Country of birth Census, Residence permit, Office des migrations internationals Germany Citizenship Population Register, Statistisches Bundesamt Greece Citizenship Labor force survey, National Statistical Service of Greece Iceland Country of birth Population Register, Hagstofa Islands Ireland Country of birth Censuses, Statistical office, Ireland Italy Citizenship Residence Permits, ISTAT Luxembourg Citizenship Population Register, Statistical office Luxembourg Netherlands Citizenship Population register, CBS Norway Country background Population register, Statistics NorwayCountry background is the person s own, their mother s or possibly their father s country of birth; in cases where the parents have different countries of birth, the mother s country of birth is chosen Portugal Citizenship Residence Permit, Ministry of Interior, Spain Citizenship Residence Permit, Ministry of Interior Country of birth Sweden Country of birth Population Register, Statistics Sweden Switzerland Citizenship Register of Foreigners, Federal Foreign Office United Kingdom Country of birth LFS, UK statistical office Source: Adsera and Pytliková (forthcoming).
3 Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration 3 Table 4: Number of s analyzed for each origin (columns) and destination (rows) pair. The maximum number of s is 4 ( ) for Bulgaria and Romania, and 7 ( ) for the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia CZE EST HUN LTU LVA POL SVK SVN BGR ROM AUT BEL CHE DEU DNK ESP FIN FRA GBR GRC IRL ISL ITA LUX NLD NOR PRT SWE
4 4 Austria Belgium EU2004: lifed May 2001; EU2007: not yet lifted EU2004: lifted May 2009; EU2007: not yet lifted Denmark Legend EU2004: lifted May 2009; EU2007: lifted 2009 BGR CZE EST HUN LTU LVA POL ROM SVK SVN EU2004 lift date EU2007 lift date Fig. 1: Immigration rates from Dotted lines mark dates on which restrictions were lifted for 2004 and 2007 entrants, and destinations are ordered by their 2004 lift-dates.
5 Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration 5 Finland France EU2004: lifted 2006; EU2007: lifted Jan EU2004: lifted 2008; EU2007: not yet lifted Germany Legend EU2004: lifted May 2011; EU2007: not yet lifted BGR CZE EST HUN LTU LVA POL ROM SVK SVN EU2004 lift date EU2007 lift date Fig. 2: Immigration rates from Dotted lines mark dates on which restrictions were lifted for 2004 and 2007 entrants, and destinations are ordered by their 2004 lift-dates.
6 6 Greece Iceland EU2004: lifted May 2006; EU2007: lifted 2009 EU2004: lifted 2006; EU2007: not yet lifted Ireland Legend EU2004: lifted May 2004; EU2007: not yet lifted BGR CZE EST HUN LTU LVA POL ROM SVK SVN EU2004 lift date EU2007 lift date Fig. 3: Immigration rates from Dotted lines mark dates on which restrictions were lifted for 2004 and 2007 entrants, and destinations are ordered by their 2004 lift-dates.
7 Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration 7 Italy Luxembourg EU2004: lifted May 2006; EU2007: not yet lifted EU2004: lifted Nov. 2007; EU2007: not yet lifted Netherlands Legend EU2004: lifted May 2007; EU2007: not yet lifted BGR CZE EST HUN LTU LVA POL ROM SVK SVN EU2004 lift date EU2007 lift date Fig. 4: Immigration rates from Dotted lines mark dates on which restrictions were lifted for 2004 and 2007 entrants, and destinations are ordered by their 2004 lift-dates.
8 8 Norway Portugal EU2004: lifted May 2009; EU2007: not yet lifted EU2004: lifted May 2006; EU2007: lifted 2009 Spain Legend EU2004: lifted May 2006; EU2007: lifted 2009 BGR CZE EST HUN LTU LVA POL ROM SVK SVN EU2004 lift date EU2007 lift date Fig. 5: Immigration rates from Dotted lines mark dates on which restrictions were lifted for 2004 and 2007 entrants, and destinations are ordered by their 2004 lift-dates.
9 Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration 9 Sweden Switzerland EU2004: lifted May 2004; EU2007: lifted Jan EU2004: lifted May 2011; EU2007: not yet lifted United Kingdom Legend EU2004: lifted May 2004; EU2007: not yet lifted BGR CZE EST HUN LTU LVA POL ROM SVK SVN EU2004 lift date EU2007 lift date Fig. 6: Immigration rates from Dotted lines mark dates on which restrictions were lifted for 2004 and 2007 entrants, and destinations are ordered by their 2004 lift-dates.
10 10 Table 5: Index of employment rights. Taken from Palmer (2014). Country Category Period Score Comments Austria S Retains restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants as of end Austria S Retains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Belgium S Maintains restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants until May Belgium S May 2009: lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Belgium S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Denmark S Maintains restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants until May Denmark S May 2009: lifts restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants. Denmark S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants until May Denmark S May 2009: lifts restrictions on restrictable 2007 entrants. Finland S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until May Finland S May 2006: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Finland S No restrictions placed on 2007 entrants. France S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until March France S March 2006: Begins gradual lifting of restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. France S July 2008: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. France S Dec. 2006: Begins gradual lifting of restrictions on 2007 entrants. Germany S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants as of end Germany S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Greece S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until May Greece S May 2006: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Greece S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants until Jan Greece S Jan. 2009: Lifts restrictions on 2007 entrants. Iceland S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until Iceland S : Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Iceland S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Ireland S Does not impose restrictions on 2004 entrants. Ireland S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Italy S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until May Italy S May 2006: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Italy S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Luxembourg S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until Nov Luxembourg S Nov. 2007: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Luxembourg S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Netherlands S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until May Netherlands S May 2007: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Continued on Next Page...
11 Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration 11 Table 5 Continued Country Category Period Score Comments Netherlands S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Norway S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants as of end Norway S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Portugal S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants until May Portugal S May 2006: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Portugal S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants until Jan Portugal S Jan. 2009: Lifts restrictions on 2007 entrants. Spain S Maintains restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants until May Spain S May 2006: Lifts restrictions on the restrictable 2004 entrants. Spain S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants until Jan Spain S Jan. 2009: Lifts restrictions on 2007 entrants. Sweden S Does not impose restrictions on 2004 entrants. Sweden S Does not impose restrictions on 2007 entrants. Switzerland S Maintains restrictions on restrictable 2004 entrants as of end Switzerland S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end UK S No restrictions placed on 2004 entrants. UK S Maintains restrictions on 2007 entrants as of end Note: The index quantifies labor market access given in each destination state to residents who are citizens of the new EU members states. S8 refers to the 8 sending states that joined the EU in 2004 subject to transitional labor market restrictions (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia); S2 refers to the 2 that joined in 2007 (Bulgaria and Romania).
12 12 References Adsera A, Pytliková M (forthcoming) The role of language in shaping international migration. The Economic Journal Palmer J (2014) The changing legal value of naturalization: A set of indices quantifying the gaps between immigrants and citizens rights in 22 OECD countries, working paper
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