SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

Transcription

1 AP Eurpean Histry: Unit 4.1 HistrySage.cm SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT I. The Scientific Revlutin A. Medieval view f the wrld 1. Primarily religius and thelgical 2. Plitical thery based n divine right f kings 3. Sciety largely gverned by Church views, traditins, and practices 4. Superstitin played majr rle in the lives f the peple 5. Scientific thught in the early-16 th century was still based n Medieval ideas a. Views abut the universe were largely influenced by the ancient ideas f Aristtle b. The gecentric view held that the earth was the center f a static, mtinless universe c. Science was essentially a branch f thelgy Use space belw fr ntes B. Causes f the Scientific Revlutin 1. Medieval universities prvided the framewrk. a. By 1300, philsphy had becme an accepted discipline (in additin t law, medicine, and thelgy). b. Medieval philsphers develped a degree f independence frm thelgians and a sense f free inquiry. c. Leading universities established new prfessrships f mathematics, astrnmy, and physics (natural philsphy) within their departments f philsphy. d. Majr scientific figures either studied r taught at universities. 2. The Renaissance stimulated science by rediscvering ancient mathematics. Renaissance patrnage was ften scientific as well as artistic and humanistic. HistrySage.cm 2011 All Rights Reserved

2 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 2 3. Navigatinal prblems n sea vyages in the age f verseas expansin created a need fr scientific advances a. New instruments: telescpe, barmeter, thermmeter, pendulum clck, micrscpe, and air pump. b. Gresham Cllege, England: scientists wrked clsely with tp fficials in the Ryal Navy and leading merchants and shipbuilders. Became main center f scientific activity during the first half f 17 th century. 4. Scientific methdlgy. a. Bacn frmalized empirical, experimental research. b. Descartes emphasized deductive reasning. Use space belw fr ntes: C. The Scientific Revlutin became the majr cause f the new wrld view f the 17 th and 18 th centuries 1. Secularism emerged and many educated peple became penly hstile t religin 2. The revlutin in learning became a majr fundatin in Western sciety D. The 16 th Century 1. Niclaus Cpernicus ( ) a. On the Revlutins f Heavenly Spheres (1543) Cpernicus pstpned publicatin f his bk fearing a backlash by the scientific cmmunity He dedicated the bk t Ppe Paul III and did nt intend fr his theries t challenge Church dctrine b. Helicentric view: argued that the earth revlved arund the Sun and that the sun was the center f the universe Stated that the stars did nt mve althugh the apparent mvement f the stars was the result f the earth s rtatin The universe nw seemed enrmus, perhaps infinite A majr anmaly in his thery, retrgrade mtin f planets relative t the earth s psitin, was remedied by the false premise f epicycles Directly challenged Ptlemy s 2 nd -century A.D. view f a gecentric universe Seemed t challenge the Bible s Bk f Genesis that als put frth a gecentric view

3 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 3 c. Religius reactin t the Cpernican thery Martin Luther and Jhn Calvin cndemned Cpernicus thery; pinted t Biblical passages supprting the Medieval view Cathlic reactin initially less frceful as the Church didn t always interpret the Bible literally By 1616, the Cathlic Church prclaimed the Cpernican thery as false and persecuted thse wh advanced his views (e.g. Galile) Use space belw fr ntes: 2. Tych Brahe ( ) a. Eurpe s leading astrnmer in the late-16 th century b. Built the best bservatry in Eurpe and cllected massive data n his bservatins f the universe This data became a crnerstne f astrnmy fr centuries c. His data later prved Cpernicus thery Irnically, Brahe did nt accept the Cpernican thery; he believed that while the planets all revlved arund the sun, the sun revlved arund the earth. 3. Jhannes Kepler ( ) a. First great Prtestant scientist; assistant t Brahe b. Mathematically prved the Cpernican thery c. Develped three laws f planetary mtin: Orbits f planets are elliptical Planets d nt mve at unifrm speed while in their rbits The time it takes fr a planet t rbit the sun is directly based n its distance frm the sun. The clser the planet t the sun (e.g. Mercury and Venus) the faster its rbit E. The 17 th Century 1. Galile Galilei ( ) a. Develped the laws f mtin Used the experimental methd (with cntrlled experiments) Acceleratin experiment: gravity was a universal frce that prduced unifrm acceleratin All falling bjects descend with equal velcity regardless f their weight Law f inertia: an bject that is in mtin remains in mtin until it is stpped by sme external frce

4 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 4 b. Validated Cpernicus helicentric view with the aid f a telescpe Galile was the first t use the telescpe as a scientific instrument; he built ne himself Demnstrated that the mn and ther planets were nt perfectly rund like a crystal sphere (the prevailing Medieval view) Discvered the 4 mns f Jupiter thus refuting the ntin that Jupiter was embedded in an impenetrable crystal sphere c. Galile s findings became cntrversial in Cathlic cuntries His views were largely supprted in Prtestant nrthern Eurpe where refrmers had questined Cathlic dctrines The Cathlic Church in 1616 declared Cpernican thery t be heretical 1632, Galile published Dialgue Cncerning the Tw Chief Wrld Systems in which he wrte abut the Cpernican system as a mathematical prpsitin 1633, The inquisitin f Ppe Urban VII frced Galile t retract his supprt f the Cpernican thery He remained under huse arrest fr the rest f his life Use space belw fr ntes: 2. Francis Bacn ( ) a. Frmalized the empirical methd (r empiricism) that had already been used by Brahe and Galile b. Inductive methd fr scientific experimentatin: Begin with inductive bservatin, then frm a hypthesis, cnduct experiments and then rganize the data. Renunce ntins and begin t frm an acquaintance with things c. Bacn s inductive methd, cupled with Descartes deductive reasn frmed the backbne f the mdern scientific methd.

5 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 5 3. Rene Descartes ( ) a. Discurse n Methd advcated the use f deductive reasning. Emplyed deductive reasning t prve his existence: cgit erg sum ( I think; therefre, I am ) His prf depended n lgic alne Believed science must: start with clear and incntrvertible facts subdivide each prblem int as many parts as necessary, using a step-by-step lgical sequence b. Demnstrated the relatinship between algebra and gemetry c. Develped analytical gemetry d. Cartesian Dualism divided all existence int the spiritual and the material. The spiritual can nly be examined thrugh deductive reasning (lgic) The material is subject t the experimental methd. 4. Mdern Scientific Methd: inductive methd (f Bacn) + the deductive methd (f Descartes) 5. Isaac Newtn ( ) a. Incrprated the astrnmy f Cpernicus and Kepler with the physics f Galile int an verarching thery explaining rder and design t the universe. b. Principle f universal gravitatin: Detailed in Mathematical Principles f Natural Philsphy, (1687) (knwn mre ppularly as Principia). Perhaps the greatest bk n science ever written Natural laws f mtin gravitatin are evident in the mvement f heavenly bdies and earthly bjects Newtn develped a set f mathematical principles t explain mtin. Every bdy in the universe attracts every ther bdy in the universe in a precise mathematical relatinship Since these natural laws are unchangeable and predictable, Gd s active participatin in the natural wrld is nt needed t explain the frces f nature

6 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 6 This directly challenged Medieval beliefs This view came t be the fundatin f the Enlightenment view f Gd: deism c. Invented calculus (althugh Leibniz als claimed t have dne s) Memry Device fr Scientific Revlutin: C ps B ring K ids G reat B ig D nuts N w Cpernicus Brahe Kepler Galile Bacn Descartes Newtn 6. Anatmy, physilgy, and bilgy a. Scientists began challenging Grec-Rman medical views (especially thse f the Rman physician, Galen in the 2 nd century AD) b. Vesalius: The Structure f the Human Bdy (1543): renewed and mdernized the study f human anatmy c. William Harvey ( ) On the Mvement f the Heart and Bld (1628): Explained hw bld was pumped by the heart and circulated thrughut the bdy. d. Antn van Leeuwenhek ( ) Father f micrscpy :develped pwerful micrscpes First t see and write abut bacteria, yeast plants, living rganisms in a drp f water and the circulatin f bld crpuscles in capillaries. 7. Ryal scientific scieties a. Gvernments/mnarchs encuraged scientific inquiry as a means t further the prestige f the state and remain at the cutting edge f technlgy b. Scientific scieties created a means by which scientists culd cmmunicate with each ther internatinally; this helped frge an internatinal scientific cmmunity c. The Ryal Sciety in England was perhaps the mst successful and prestigius; funded in 1660 d. Other ryal scieties were created in Naples, France, Prussia (by Frederick I) and Russia (by Peter the Great).

7 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 7 8. Impact f the Scientific Revlutin n Sciety a. Led directly t the Enlightenment f the 18 th century (see sectin belw) b. Imprvements in explratin (e.g. Jhn Harrisn s chrnmeter gave mariners the ability t easily determine lngitude by the late- 18 th century) c. Spirit f experimentatin perhaps helped accelerate the agricultural revlutin 18 th century d. Imprvements in medical knwledge helped imprve the quality f life later (19 th & 20 th centuries) e. Reduced supprt fr witch hunts by discrediting superstitin and witchcraft as fallacies. f. Science and religin were nt in acute cnflict until the 19 th and 20 th centuries. N attempt in 17 th and 18 th centuries t secularize science Scientists believed they were studying and analyzing Gd s creatin. Universal agreement amng scientists and philsphers regarding the supernatural rigin f the universe. Debate centered n the extent t which Gd cntinued t be invlved in his Creatin. After Cathlic Cunter Refrmatin, the Church became mre hstile t science and science declined in Italy (but nt France). Prtestant cuntries became the leaders f the scientific revlutin, especially England II. The Enlightenment A. Emergence f a secular wrld view fr the first time in human histry 1. Fundamental ntin was that natural science and reasn culd explain all aspects f life 2. Belief in autnmy f man s intellect apart frm Gd. 3. Mst basic assumptin: faith in reasn rather than faith in revelatin 4. Deism: religius arm f the Enlightenment a. Existence f Gd was a ratinal explanatin f the universe and its frm. b. Gd was a deistic Creatr a csmic clckmaker wh created the universe and then stepped back and left it running like a clck c. The universe was gverned by natural law, nt by a persnal Gd Sme called it the ghst in the machine.

8 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 8 d. The supernatural was nt invlved in human life. e. Deism grew ut f Newtn s theries regarding natural law. 5. Baruch Spinza ( ): Philspher wh created a wrld view in which he equated Gd and nature. B. Belief that the scientific methd culd explain the laws f sciety 1. Prgress in sciety was pssible if natural laws and hw they applied t sciety culd be understd 2. Educatin was seen a key t helping sciety t prgress C. Jhn Lcke ( ) 1. Tw Treatises f Civil Gvernment, 1690 a. Philsphical defense fr the Glrius Revlutin in England. b. State f nature: humans are basically gd but lack prtectin This cntrasts with Hbbes view f humans in a state f nature: nasty and brutish c. Gvernments prvide rule f law but nly thrugh the cnsent f the gverned d. The purpse f gvernment is t prtect natural rights f the peple: life, liberty and prperty e. Right t rebellin: Peple have a right t ablish a gvernment that desn t prtect natural rights. 2. Essay Cncerning Human Understanding, 1690 a. One f the great wrks f the Enlightenment, alng with Newtn s Principia b. Stressed the imprtance f the envirnment n human develpment: Educatin was the key c. tabula rasa: the human mind was brn as a blank slate and registered input frm the senses passively. d. Saw all human knwledge as the result f sensry experiences withut any precnceived ntins e. Rejected Descartes view that all peple are brn with certain basic ideas and ways f thinking. f. Fr prgress t ccur in sciety, educatin was critical in determining human develpment. g. Undermined the Christian view that humankind was essentially sinful

9 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 9 D. The ideal f tleratin was ppularized by many schlars wh made the Enlightenment accessible t the public 1. Bernard de Fntenelle ( ) a. Made highly cmplicated scientific ideas accessible t a brad audience. b. Stressed the idea f prgress. c. Skeptical f abslute truth and questined claims f rganized religin. 2. Pierre Bayle ( ): Critical and Histrical Dictinary, 1697 a. Advcated cmplete tleratin f ideas A persn shuld be free t wrship any religin, r nne at all. Argued that religin and mrality were nt necessarily linked b. He was a skeptic: believed nthing culd be knwn beynd all dubt Similar t Mntaigne s earlier views c. His majr criticism was f Christianity and its attempt t impse rthdxy. E. The Philsphes 1. Cmmitted t fundamental refrm in sciety a. They were extremely successful in ppularizing the Enlightenment, thugh were nt prfessinal philsphers (like Descartes and Lcke) By 1775, much f western Eurpe s educated elite had embraced the Enlightenment b. Believed in prgress thrugh discvering the natural laws gverning nature and human existence. c. Radically ptimistic abut hw peple shuld live and gvern themselves. 2. Vltaire ( ) a. Perhaps the mst influential f all Enlightenment philsphers He wrte his criticisms with a sharp sarcasm that ridiculed thse with whm he disagreed. b. Challenged traditinal Cathlic thelgy Strng deist views Believed prayer and miracles did nt fit with natural law Believed that human reasn was the key t prgress in sciety, nt religius faith c. His scial criticism inspired a call fr change, setting the stage fr the French Revlutin He hated bigtry and injustice and called fr religius tleratin.

10 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 10 His mst famus qute against religius intlerance was crush the infamus thing ( Ecracsez l infame ) Althugh Vltaire was raised as a Christian, he came t distrust rganized religin as crrupt in its leadership and fr having mved away frm the central message f Jesus d. Advcated enlightened desptism (a mre benevlent frm f abslutism) believing that peple were incapable f gverning themselves These views were similar t Hbbes His views influenced several Enlightened Despts including Frederick the Great f Prussia (wh invited Vltaire t live in his curt in Berlin), Catherine the Great f Russia, Jseph II f Austria and Naplen f France. Believed in equality befre the law but nt in the equality f classes. 3. Barn de Mntesquieu ( ) a. Member f the French nbility; hated the abslutism f Luis XIV. b. Spirit f the Laws (1748): called fr separatin f pwers in gvernment int three branches (mnarchy, nbility and the rest f the ppulatin) Gal: prevent tyranny and prmte liberty Principle f checks and balances wuld ensure that n single branch f gv t became t pwerful as the ther tw branches culd check excess pwer. He favred the British system f a mnarch, Parliament and independent curts He supprted the 13 parlements in France (judicial tribunals f nbles) as a check against tyrannical abslute rule by the mnarch c. Mntesquieu s ideas had a significant impact n the creatin f the U.S. Cnstitutin and the French Revlutin in the 1780s. 4. Jean-Jacques Russeau ( ) a. Scial Cntract (1762) Believed that t much f an emphasis n prperty, and nt enugh cnsideratin f peple, was a rt cause f scial injustice. The general will, a cnsensus f the majrity, shuld cntrl a natin. This strngly implied demcracy. Dwnside: Minrity viewpints were nt recgnized. Thugh these ideas seem t supprt

11 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 11 demcracy, the ambiguus nature f general will was later manipulated by dictatrs t ratinalize extreme natinalism and tyranny (e.g. Rbespierre) b. Thugh cnsidered part f the Enlightenment, Russeau is mre accurately seen as a funder f the Rmantic Mvement. After the French Revlutin, the Enlightenment s emphasis n reasn gave way t a glrificatin f emtin. c. Russeau believed that man in a simpler state f nature was gd a nble savage and was crrupted by the materialism f civilizatin. d. Emile (1762) Believed in prgressive educatin; learning by ding; self-expressin encuraged. Irnically, he left his 5 illegitimate children in an rphanage instead f educating them. 5. Denis Didert ( ): The Encyclpedia (cmpleted in 1765) a. Perhaps the greatest and mst representative wrk f the philsphes b. Cmpendium f plitical and scial critiques frm varius Enlightenment philsphers and authrs c. Helped t ppularize the views f the philsphes d. Emphasized science and reasn while criticizing religin, intlerance, injustice and tyranny e. Sught t teach peple t think critically and bjectively f. The Encyclpedia was banned in France; the ppe placed it n the Index f Prhibited Bks 6. Marquis di Beccaria: On Crimes and Punishment (1764) a. Sught t humanize criminal law based n Enlightenment cncepts f reasn and equality befre the law b. Punishment fr a crime shuld be based ratinally n the damage dne t sciety; shuld nt be linked t the religius cncept f sin c. Oppsed death penalty except fr serius threats against the state d. Oppsed trture t extract cnfessins e. His views influenced the Enlightened Despts: Frederick the Great f Prussia banned trture Catherine the Great restricted use f trture Jseph II f Austria banned trture and the death penalty (but nt necessarily ther harsh punishments)

12 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 12 F. Ecnmic Thery in the Enlightenment 1. Francis Quesnay ( ) a. Leader f the physicrats in France wh ppsed mercantilist plicies b. Sught t refrm the existing agrarian system by instituting laissez faire in agriculture c. Believed the French gvernment and nbility had t much cntrl ver land which stifled agricultural prductin 2. Adam Smith ( ): Wealth f Natins (1776) a. Cnsidered the Bible f capitalism. b. Refined and expanded laissez-faire philsphy f the physicrats. c. Believed the ecnmy is gverned by the natural laws f supply and demand. d. In a free market ecnmy, cmpetitin will encurage prducers t manufacture mst efficiently in rder t sell higher quality, lwer cst gds than cmpetitrs. e. Gv t regulatin nly interferes with this natural self-gverning style. G. Wmen in the Enlightenment 1. Wmen played a majr rle in the saln mvement a. Many f the brightest minds f the Enlightenment assembled in salns t discuss the majr issues f the day b. Certain wmen rganized salns and tk part in the discussins Madame de Geffren Madame de Staël Luise de Warens c. Geffren played a majr rle in patrnizing Didert s Encyclpedia d. Madame de Staël later brught German rmantic ideas int France in the early 1800s 2. The philsphes favred increased rights and educatin fr wmen 3. In England, Mary Wllstnecraft ( ) prmted plitical & educatinal equality fr wmen H. Later Enlightenment (late 18 th century) a. Became mre skeptical (and in the case f Hume and d Hlbach, even atheistic) b. Barn Paul d Hlbach ( ) System f Nature Argued humans were essentially like machines, cmpletely determined by utside frces (determinism).

13 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 13 His staunch atheism, determinism and attacks n Christianity undermined the Enlightenment c. David Hume ( ) Argued against faith in bth natural law and faith As a skeptic, Hume claimed that human ideas were merely the result f sensry experiences; thus, human reasn culd nt g beynd what was experienced thrugh the senses. Undermined Enlightenment s emphasis n reasn. d. Jean de Cndrcet ( ) Prgress f the Human Mind His utpian ideas als undermined the legitimacy f Enlightenment ideas. Identified 9 stages f human prgress that had already ccurred and predicted the 10 th stage wuld bring perfectin. e. Russeau: attacked ratinalism and civilizatin as destrying rather than liberating the individual. Influenced early Rmantic mvement Believed in a mre lving and persnal gd f. Immanuel Kant ( ) greatest German philspher f the Enlightenment Separated science and mrality int separate branches f knwledge. Science culd describe nature, it culd nt prvide a guide fr mrality. Categrical imperative was an intuitive instinct, placed by Gd in the human cnscience. Yet, bth ethical sense and aesthetic appreciatin in human beings were beynd knwledge f science. Reasn is a functin f the mind and has n cntent in and f itself. I. Classical Liberalism 1. The plitical utgrwth f the Enlightenment a. Belief in liberty f the individual and equality befre the law (but NOT demcracy) b. Natural rights philsphy played a prfund rle in the American and French Revlutins f the late-18 th century c. Impact f Lcke and Mntesquieu was clearly evident in the American Cnstitutin and in the French Declaratin f the Rights f Man d. Russeau s idea f the general will influenced the French Revlutin after Belief in laissez faire capitalism (Adam Smith) a. Gvernment shuld nt interfere in the ecnmy

14 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 14 b. Oppsite f mercantilism 3. Belief in prgress (thrugh reasn and educatin), human dignity and human happiness 4. Religius tleratin, freedm f speech & the press, just punishments fr crimes, and equal treatment befre the law J. New Christian grups ppsed the Enlightenment 1. The secular and deist views f the Enlightenment caused a reactin amng sme Christian leaders wh believed Christian spirituality was n the decline Saw traditinal religins as having lst their spiritual and emtinal zeal 2. German pietism: argued need fr spiritual cnversin and religius experience 3. Methdism: taught need fr spiritual regeneratin and a mral life that wuld demnstrate ne s having been brn-again. Jhn Wesley ( ): Funder f Methdism 4. Jansenism (Cathlic sect) in France argued against idea f an uninvlved r impersnal Gd Earlier persecuted by Luis XIV fr their belief in certain Calvinist ideas (e.g. predestinatin) K. Impact f the Enlightenment n sciety 1. Emergence f a secular wrld view f the universe (fr the first time in Western histry) 2. Enlightened desptism in Prussia, Russia, Austria and France (Naplen) (see sectin belw) 3. American and French Revlutins (as a result f classical liberalism) 4. Educatinal refrm in varius cuntries 5. Grwth f laissez faire capitalism in the 19 th century during the early industrial revlutin in England and in 19 th -century America III. Enlightened Desptism (c ) A. The philsphes inspired and supprted the refrms f the Enlightened Despts 1. Believed abslute rulers shuld prmte the gd f the peple 2. Yet believed, like Hbbes earlier, that peple were nt capable f ruling themselves

15 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 15 B. Refrms f the Enlightenment were mdest 1. Religius tleratin 2. Streamlined legal cdes 3. Increased access t educatin 4. Reductin r eliminatin f trture and the death penalty C. Frederick the Great (Frederick II) (r ) 1. Backgrund a. One f the greatest rulers in German histry b. Sn f Fredrick William I wh gave him a strng military educatin c. Prfundly influenced by the Enlightenment He cnsidered French learning t be superir Patrnized Vltaire and invited him t live in his curt in Berlin Musician and pet 2. Wars f Frederick the Great a. The first 23 years f Frederick s reign was dminated by warfare b. War f Austrian Successin ( ) Cause: Frederick invaded and annexed Silesia, part f the Austrian Hapsburg empire Frederick vilated Austria s Pragmatic Sanctin (1713) whereby the Great Pwers recgnized that Charles VII s daughter, Maria Theresa, wuld inherit the entire Hapsburg empire Prussia efficiently defeated Austria Treaty f Aix-la-Chapelle: Prussia gained Silesia (and dubled Prussia s ppulatin in the prcess) Prussia was nw recgnized as the mst pwerful f all the German states and as ne f Eurpe s Great Pwers c. Seven Years War Cause: Maria Teresa sught t regain Silesia frm Prussia and gained Russia and France as allies. Gal f Austria, Russia and France was t cnquer Prussia and divide its territries amng the winners Diplmatic Revlutin f 1756 France and Austria, traditinal enemies, nw allied against Prussia Britain, a traditinal ally f Russia, supprted Prussia with mney (but with few

16 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 16 trps); saw Prussia as a better check n French pwer than Austria (wh had Russia as an ally) Bldiest war in Eurpe since the Thirty Years War f the 17 th century. Wrld war that als included England and France s struggle fr Nrth America Prussia utnumbered by its enemies 15 t 1 Prussia suffered 180,000 dead and severe disruptins t its sciety Berlin was twice captured and partially destryed by Russian trps Prussia was n the verge f a catastrphic defeat Russian Czar Peter III (an admirer f Frederick) pulled Russia ut f the war in 1763) This saved Prussia frm almst certain defeat Peter was assassinated and replaced by Catherine II as a result Treaty f Paris (1763) Mst imprtant peace treaty f the 18 th century and mst imprtant since the Treaty f Westphalia (1648) Prussia permanently retained Silesia France lst all its clnies in Nrth America t Great Britain Britain gained mre territry in India 3. Enlightened Refrms f Frederick the Great a. Frederick claimed that he saw himself as the first servant f the state The destructin f war encuraged Frederick t help imprve sciety Yet, Frederick was an abslute ruler His refrms were mstly intended t increase the pwer f the state The peasantry did nt really benefit frm his refrms b. Allwed religius freedm (althugh less s fr Jews) Jews finally gained religius freedm in 1794, 8 years after Frederick s death c. Prmted educatin in schls and universities In reality, gains in primary educatin were very mdest

17 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 17 d. Cdified and streamlined laws Numerus existing laws frm thrughut the prvinces in the realm were simplified t create a clear unified natinal cde f law Judicial system became efficient in deciding cases quickly and impartially Abuses by judicial magistrates were curtailed e. Freed the serfs n crwn lands in 1763 Frederick s mtive: peasants needed fr the army Serfdm remained in full-frce n nble estates althugh Frederick rdered an end t physical punishment f serfs by their lrds f. Imprved state bureaucracy by requiring examinatins fr civil servants g. Reduced censrship h. Ablished capital punishment (but nt in the army) i. Encuraged immigratin j. Encuraged industrial and agricultural grwth 4. Scial structure in Prussia remained heavily stratified a. Serfdm n nble lands maintained b. The Junkers (Prussian nbility) were the backbne f Prussia s military and the state The state did nt recgnize marriages between nbles and cmmners. Nbles nt allwed t sell their lands t nnnbles. c. Middle-class fund it extremely difficult t mve up scially Civilian bureaucrats were nt permitted t enter the nbility Hwever, in the judicial system, 2/3 f judges were nn-nbles. D. Catherine the Great (r ) 1. Backgrund a. One f greatest rulers in Eurpean histry As a refrmer, perhaps the least enlightened f the Enlightened Despts b. German princess wh became Queen after her husband, Peter III, was assassinated during the Seven Years War She tk part in the assassinatin plt Peter the Great had ablished the successin f hereditary czars c. She was a lver f French culture (she refused t

18 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 18 speak German r Russian) and cnsidered herself a child f the Enlightenment Didert lived in her curt fr a time 2. Pugachev Rebellin (1773) a. Eugene Pugachev, a Cssack sldier, led a huge serf uprising. Demanded end t serfdm, taxes and army service. Landlrds and fficials were murdered all ver suthwestern Russia. Pugachev eventually captured and executed. b. Catherine needed supprt f nbility and gave them abslute cntrl f serfs. Serfdm spread t new areas (e.g. Ukraine) 1785, Catherine freed nbles frever frm taxes and state service. Cnfiscated lands f Russian Orthdx Church and gave them t favrite fficials. Nbles reached their height f psitin while serfs were wrse ff than ever befre. 3. Imprted western culture int Russia a. Architects, artists, musicians and writers were invited t Russia b. Culturally, Russia gained the respect f western Eurpean cuntries 4. Educatinal refrms a. Supprted the first private printing presses. The number f bks published annually in Russia increased t abut 400 during her reign cmpared t a few dzen prir t her reign. b. A schl fr nble girls was funded 5. Restricted the practice f trture 6. Allwed limited religius tleratin a. Catherine stpped the gvernment plicy f persecuting Old Believers (an ultra-cnservative and dissident sect f the Orthdx Church) b. Jews were granted civil equality Jews had suffered much persecutin in Russia: Jews culd nt be nbles, jin guilds r hld plitical ffices Nt allwed t participate in agricultural wrk r certain trades Resented by Russian and Ukrainian peasants fr usury 7. Strengthened lcal gvernment led by elective cuncils f nbles. Yet, the crwn was nt bligated t accept recmmendatins frm cuncils

19 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page Shrtcmings f Catherine s refrms a. Only the state and the nbility benefited; the rest f the Russian ppulatin benefited little, if at all Nbles gained mre legal and financial security frm the state Nbles freed frm taxes r state service b. Serfdm became even mre severe Nbles had cmplete cntrl ver their serfs and culd mete ut arbitrary punishments (even death) Only nbles culd wn land 9. Territrial grwth under Catherine the Great a. Annexed Plish territry under the 3 partitins with Prussia and Austria in 1772, 1793 & 1795 Pland s gvernment f nbles was ineffective as the liberum vet required unanimus agreement fr the gvernment t act. b. Gained Ottman land in the Crimea that was cntrlled by the Tartars. c. Began cnquest f the Caucasus regin. d. Expansin prvided Catherine with new lands with which t give the nbility (t earn their lyalty) E. Austria 1. Maria Theresa (r ) (nt an Enlightened despt) a. Assumed the Habsburg empire frm her father, Charles VII. Pragmatic Sanctin f 1713: Issued by Lepld and agreed t by the Great Pwers that the Habsburg Empire wuld remain intact under his daughter s rule Officially, she was Archduchess f Austria and Queen f Hungary and Bhemia. She sught t imprve the cnditin f her peple thrugh abslute rule. Cnservative and cautius (unlike her sn, Jseph II wh was a bld refrmer but brught the empire t near rebellin) b. The War f Austrian Successin (see abve) As a female, Maria Theresa culd nt assume the title f Hly Rman Emperr This issue cast dubts amng the Great Pwers regarding her legitimacy as ruler f the Habsburg empire

20 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 20 Althugh Maria Theresa lst Silesia t Prussia, she saved her leadership f the empire. The Hungarian nbility helped the queen t defeat the Bhemian revlt and preserve the empire. c. Centralized cntrl f the Habsburg Empire Limited the pwer f the nbles Reduced pwer f the lrds ver their serfs Sme serfs were partially freed Feudal dues by peasants were reduced r eliminated Nbles were taxed Maria Theresa did mre t help the cnditin f serfs than any ruler in Eurpean histry up t that time (nly her sn, Jseph II, did mre) This was in respnse t the terrible famine and disease f the 1770s. Increased the empire s standing army frm 30,000 t ver 100,000 Imprved the tax system Reduced cnflicts between varius prvinces in the empire Reduced the practice f trture in legal prceedings d. Brught the Cathlic Church in Austria under state cntrl Sught t reduce ppe s influence in Austria Suppressed the Jesuits Taxed the Cathlic Church in Austria She believed that the Church and the nbility were the fundatins f the state e. Prmted ecnmic develpment Hped that giving serfs sme freedms wuld make them mre prductive Ablished guilds Ablished internal custms duties and Encuraged immigratin Imprved transprtatin: rads, prts Supprted private enterprise f. Maria Theresa is NOT cnsidered, hwever, an Enlightened Despt She was nt a fan f the Enlightenment Did nt g as far as thers in allwing religius tleratin (which her sn did, alng with Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great) She did prvide sme tleratin fr Prtestants

21 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page Jseph II (r ) a. Ruled with his mther, Maria Theresa, as cregent until her death in 1780 b. Perhaps the greatest f the Enlightened Despts in terms f refrms but in many ways was amng the least effective Deeply influenced by the Enlightenment and its emphasis n refrms Firm believer in abslutism and he culd be ruthless in achieving his gals c. Majr refrms Ablished serfdm and feudal dues in 1781 Irnically, ppsed by many peasants since the law stated that bligatins t lrds wuld have t be paid in cash, rather than labr (serfs had little cash available) Nbles resisted their reduced pwer ver the peasantry This edict was rescinded after his death by his brther Lepld II wh needed supprt f the nbles. Freedm f religin and civic rights t Prtestants and Jews Reduced the influence f the Cathlic Church Suppressed mnasteries Allwed freedm f the press t a significant degree Refrmed the judicial system and sught t make it equal fr all citizens Ablished trture and ended the death penalty Expanded state schls Established hspitals, insane asylums, prhuses and rphanages State prvided fd and medicine t the pr Made parks and gardens available t the public Made German the fficial language f the empire in an effrt t assimilate minrities d. Empire declined under Jseph s reign Austria defeated several times in wars with the Ottman Empire Austrian Netherlands in revlt Russia was threatening Austria s interests in eastern Eurpe and the Balkans Lepld II was frced t reverse many f Jseph s radical refrms in rder t maintain effective cntrl f the empire.

22 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 22 Terms t Knw Scientific Revlutin Cpernicus, helicentric view Tych Brahe Jhannes Kepler 3 laws f planetary mtin Galile laws f mtin telescpe Francis Bacn empiricism inductive methd Rene Descartes deductive reasning cgit erg sum ( I think; therefre, I am ) Cartesian dualism scientific methd Isaac Newtn principle f universal gravitatin Principia, 1687 Vesalius William Harvey Antn van Leeuwenhek Ryal Sciety Jhn Harrisn, chrnmeter Enlightenment Deism Jhn Lcke, Tw Treatises f Civil Gv t Essay Cncerning Human Understanding tabula rasa philsphes Vltaire ecracsez l infame Barn de Mntesquieu, Spirit f Laws checks and balances Jean-Jacques Russeau Scial Cntract, 1762 general will nble savage Denis Didert, The Encyclpedia Marquis de Beccaria Françis Quesnay physicrats Adam Smith, Wealth f Natins saln mvement Madame de Geffrin Madame de Staël Mary Wllstnecraft Barn Paul d Hlbach David Hume Jean de Cndrcet Immanuel Kant classical liberalism German pietism Methdism Jhn Wesley Jansenism Enlightened Desptism Frederick the Great War f Austrian Successin Silesia Seven Years War Diplmatic Revlutin f 1756 Treaty f Paris first servant f the state Catherine the Great Pugachev Rebellin Plish partitins liberum vet Maria Theresa Pragmatic Sanctin f 1713 Jseph II

23 HistrySage.cm AP Eur Lecture Ntes Page 23 Essay Questins Nte: This sub-unit is a high prbability area fr the AP exam. In the past 10 years, 7 questins have cme whlly r in part frm the material in this chapter. Belw are sme practice questins that will help yu study the tpics that have appeared n previus exams. 1. Hw did the Scientific Revlutin impact Eurpean sciety (e.g. intellectually, religiusly, ecnmically)? 2. Analyze the extent t which the Enlightenment affected Eurpean sciety with regard t religin, educatin, and ecnmics. 3. Analyze the impact f the Enlightenment n plitics in the 18 th century. 4. T what extent is the term Enlightened Despt apprpriate when describing the reigns f Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Jseph II? 5. Analyze hw the balance f pwer was maintained in Eurpe between 1740 and Bibligraphy: Principle Surces: McKay, Jhn P., Hill, Bennett D., & Buckler, Jhn, A Histry f Western Sciety, Advanced Placement Editin, 8 th Ed., Bstn: Hughtn Mifflin, 2006 Merriman, Jhn, A Histry f Mdern Eurpe: Frm the Renaissance t the Present, 2 nd ed., New Yrk: W. W. Nrtn, 2004 Palmer, R. R., Cltn, Jel, A Histry f the Mdern Wrld, 8 th ed., New Yrk: McGraw-Hill, 1995 Other Surces: Chambers, Mrtimer, et al, The Western Experience, 8 th ed., Bstn: McGraw-Hill, 2003 Hunt, Lynn, et al, The Making f the West: Peples and Cultures, Bstn: Bedfrd/St. Martins, 2001 Kagan, Dnald, et al, The Western Heritage, 7 th ed., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001 Kishlansky, Mark, et al, Civilizatin in the West, 5 th ed., New Yrk: Lngman, 2003 Ritter, Gerhard, Frederick the Great, Berkeley: University f Califrnia Press, 1968 Sbel, Dava, Galile s Daughter: A Histrical Memir f Science, Faith and Lve, New Yrk: Walker and C., 1999, Lngitude: The True Stry f a Lne Genius Wh Slved the Greatest Scientific Prblem f His Time, New Yrk: Penguin Bks, 1995 Mercad, Steven and Yung, Jessica, AP Eurpean Histry Teacher s Guide, New Yrk: Cllege Bard, 2007 Spielvgel, Jacksn, Western Civilizatin, 5 th ed., Belmnt, Califrnia: Wadswrth/Thmpsn Learning, 2003