UNIT 1 The 18 th Century in Europe

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1 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe UNIT 1 The 18 th Century in Eurpe Abslute Mnarchy cncept why it didn t succeed everywhere in Eurpe A century f balance Ppulatin in the 18 th century great increase cities divisin f the states first state: the clergy secnd state: the nbles third state: the rest f the peple the peasants the burgeisie Writers f the Enlightenment Mntesquieu Vltaire Russeau Spain in the XVIII century Charles II Philip V Charles III Abslute Mnarchy Abslutism was the system f gvernment in mst Eurpean cuntries. Eurpean kings gverned withut cnvking Parliaments and impsed their wn will. But they made sme changes with the bjective f imprving the administratin and the ecnmy f their states. This frm f gvernment was called Enlightened Desptism. The mst imprtant nes were: Frederic II f Prussia, Jseph II f Austria, Catherine II f Russia, Luis XV f France and Charles III f Spain. The refrms they made were: 1 f 11

2 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe Develp the natinal industry thanks t the help f the states and the creatin f public factries. Imprve trade: enhancing the means f cmmunicatin and infrastructures, like rads and channels. Encurage scientific develpment and mdernize the educatin system. Centralize the administratin. Increase and make a mre prfessinal army. Subject the ther pwers especially the church and the nbles. Abslutism did nt succeed in all Eurpean cuntries. In the United Kingdm Parliament Mnarchy was the frm f gvernment. In the United Prvinces: Parliament Republic remained during the 18 th century. In Pland: Mnarchy was elected. This system caused an unstable interir plitical life frm which Prussia, Austria and Russia (nearby cuntries) tk advantage, sharing ut the cuntry between them at the end f the 18 th century. 2 f 11

3 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe A century f balance In 1700 Charles II f Spain died withut any children. He left the crwn in his will t a grandsn f Luis XIV s, Philip V frm Anju. But mst f Eurpean cuntries did nt accept the new king. They were afraid f a pssible unin between the crwns f France and Spain that wuld give rise t a very strng mnarchy in Eurpe, s the war f the Spanish Successin explded ( ) in which mst f the Eurpean cuntries tk part. The war finished with the peace f Utrecht (1713) and Rastadt (1714). Philip V was accepted as a king but Spain lst all the pssessins in Eurpe. After this peace we had a cntinental balance system whse bjective was that all Eurpean pwers were balanced and nne f them became dminant. In spite f this, there were a lt f wars during the 18 th century, fr several reasns: Strng new pwers like Russia, Prussia, Austria and England wanted t extend acrss Eurpe r frm clnial empires. Old dminant cuntries like France and Spain tried t recver part f their pwer r, at least, nt lse mre influence in frnt f the new pwers. Hwever, the 18 th century wars were nt as destructive as the previus centuries' wars and they killed much less f the civil ppulatin. Ppulatin in the 18 th century During the 18th century the Eurpean ppulatin increased a lt: frm 115 t 190 millin peple, including Russia. The reasns fr this were: the drp in mrtality thanks t a better diet 3 f 11

4 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe fewer virulent epidemic plagues and fewer bldy wars. This demgraphic stage with a high birth rate and a high death rate but decreasing and an increasing ppulatin is called demgraphic transitin. The ppulatin increased a lt. The mst imprtant cities in Eurpe were: Lndn ( inhabitants), Paris ( ) and Madrid, Mscw, Naples... In the 18 th century sciety was still divided in 3 states, typical in an Ancient Regime, but changes were starting that annunced the revlutin. First state: the clergy The clergy had had a lt f influence n Eurpean sciety fr well ver a thusand years. It dminated educatin, laid dwn mral values and the values f sciety in general. Befre the use f the printing press, the clergy wrte, published and kept in its wn libraries almst every bk written. Thrugh the pulpit it cntrlled the mst imprtant means f cmmunicating with ppulatin. They had a mnply n educatin. Bishps were great landwners and ften warrirs Secnd state: The nbles Nble rank in mst Eurpean cuntries cnferred privileges as well as pwer. They were exempt frm direct taxatin. In sme cuntries (Pland...) landwnership was restricted t the nbility. In western Eurpe, despite their privileges, the nbility did cme under financial pressure and they were frced int brrwing increasing sums f mney. Marriage t rich heiresses, smetimes frm backgrunds in trade, was ften necessary t maintain the family frtune. 4 f 11

5 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe The first and secnd states enjyed certain privileges that the third state did nt. Althugh they were the richest, they did nt have t pay taxes. They were als the nly members in sciety wh culd hld psitins f imprtance such as Officers in the army. Third state: the rest f the peple The third state was made up f the burgeisie, wage earners, and the peasantry. It made up the majrity f the ppulatin f a cuntry (97%). The Peasants In mst parts f Eurpe, utside the Lw Cuntries, mst peple lived in the cuntryside. Mst cuntry dwellers were either free peasants, wh wrked n land which they leased frm landwners, r landless laburers. In eastern Eurpe serfdm still existed. The cnditins f living varied enrmusly fr the peasants: the peasantry in Spain suffered frm high levels f rent and taxatin, a situatin which cntributed t the deppulatin f the cuntryside, the grwth f twns and emigratin t the New Wrld. The situatin was ften made wrse in France by the frequency f civil wars and plitical instability. The Burgeisie In the 16th and the 17th centuries we see the emergence f an urban burgeisie, but utside the Netherlands, they exercised relatively little plitical pwer. Sme members f the burgeisie were able t make cnsiderable amunts f mney frm expliting the emerging capitalist system, internatinal trade... 5 f 11

6 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe The aspiratin t acquire a landed estate was ften highly develped amng the urban burgeisie, many f them were able t acquire nble status thrugh the acquisitin f land. TASKS 1. A day in the life f a: nble, clergy, burgise r peasant. Chse ne f them. Write lines. 2. Give sme advantages f the 1st and 2nd state. 3. Write abut sme disadvantages f the third state. 4. Cmplete and explain the next graphic: 5. Differences and similarities between burgeisies and peasants. 6. Cmplete the fllwing pyramid with the different scial grups and explain the reasns fr that. Writers f the Enlightenment The ideas f the writers f the Enlightenment annunced big changes. Mntesquieu ( ). Wrks: Persian letters, and Spirit f the laws. He disapprved f abslutism, he was a defender f privilege and nbility but he prpsed the "separatin f pwers" ( executive, legislative and judicial). The mnarch wuld administer the laws (and have the pwer t vet them), an assembly with tw huses wuld make the laws, while an independent judiciary wuld ensure that the laws were beyed. He warned against intlerance and tyranny. 6 f 11

7 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe Vltaire ( ): Wrks: Letters philsphiques. He was a critic. He had n time fr the Cathlic Church, which he regarded as the wrst example f an intlerant institutin. He emphasised the imprtance f reasn and tleratin. He liked a Parliamentary Mnarchy that cntrlled the pwer f kings. Russeau ( ). Wrks: The Scial Cntract... "Man is brn free, but everywhere in chains" He prpsed that direct participatin f all peple wuld give the gvernment the authrity t run the state. Everybdy had t be invlved in this ideal f demcracy: peple shuld meet in assemblies t discuss laws and either chse r sack the gvernment. TASKS The peple shuld have pwer, Man is brn free. N man has any natural authrity ver thers; frce des nt give anyne that right. The pwer t make laws belngs t the peple and nly t the peple. (a pamphlet, banned by the French gvernment in 1775, Jean Jacques Russeau.) 7. Which scial grup wuld be mst influenced by this wrds and why? 8. Why d yu think this pamphlet was banned? 9. Which members f the French sciety wanted it t be banned? Spain in the 18th century King Charles II died in 1700 withut any children; this caused The Successin war ( ): the war divided Spain in tw factins, n ne side the Kingdm f Aragn that supprted the Archduke Charles, n the ther side the Kingdm f Castille that supprted Philip V. Philip V wn the war and was determined t change the Spanish plitical system t ne like the French. With "Decrets de Nueva Planta" he ablished the lcal laws f 7 f 11

8 UNIT 1 The 18th Century in Eurpe Aragn; the nly exceptins were Navarra and the Basque Cuntry because they supprted the king during the war. Philip V changed the administratin: He intrduced the Secretary f the States, similar t the present ministers. He created a new civil servant, the intendente wh represented the central gvernment in lcal places. He rerganized the army int a permanent natinal army. Charles III made a lt f refrms with the aim f mdernizing the cuntry accrding t the ideas f the Enlightenment: He tried t develp the Spanish ecnmy creating Ryal Manufactures, intrducing free market, imprving the rads and making the Castille Channel fr better transprtatin in the Peninsula. He tried t mdernize agriculture t increase prductin. He tried t dminate the Church reducing its pwer and influence s that he culd have abslute authrity. He supprted science and culture s Sciedades de Amigs del Pais were created. The results f all these changes were nt very imprtant due t the ppsitin f the nbles and the church; and because the new ideas were against abslutism. When the French Revlutin started (1789), just ne year befre Charles IV became king, all the refrms finished because the king, nbility and clergy cnsidered that the ideas f the Enlightenment were respnsible fr the new situatin. 8 f 11

9 UNIT 2 The American Revlutin UNIT 2 The American Revlutin The American Revlutin cncept causes The new plitical rder principles The Cnstitutin The frmatin f the United States f America The first half f the 19 th century Secessin War Abraham Lincln The American Revlutin The first English clnizers arrived at the American East cast in In the secnd half f the 18 th century there were 13 clnies which depended n England, with inhabitants. The differences between the ppulatin were racial: white peple were the dminant grup; 350,000 black peple (slaves) wrked in the agricultural plantatins in the suth. Causes The main cause f the American Revlutin was plitical: Peple frm the 13 clnies paid taxes like the rest f peple in England but they did nt have any representatives in the Lndn Parliament; this prvked the Bstn Tea Party (1773). After this, the war between England and the 13 clnies started and in 1776 the Declaratin f Independence tk place. The rebels were helped by France and Spain. 1 f 6

10 UNIT 2 The American Revlutin Finally (1783) England signed the Paris Peace that recgnized the independence f the clnies, called frm then n United States f America. Gerge Washingtn was elected the first president f the USA in We hld these truths t be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endwed by their Creatr with certain unalienable Rights, that amng these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit f Happiness. That t secure these rights, Gvernments are instituted amng Men, deriving their just pwers frm the cnsent f the gverned, That whenever any Frm f Gvernment becmes destructive f these ends, it is the Right f the Peple t alter r t ablish it, and t institute new Gvernment, laying its fundatin n such principles and rganizing its pwers in such frm, as t them shall seem mst likely t effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Gvernments lng established shuld nt be changed fr light and transient causes; and accrdingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are mre dispsed t suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by ablishing the frms t which they are accustmed. But when a lng train f abuses and usurpatins, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design t reduce them under abslute Desptism, it is their right, it is their duty, t thrw ff such Gvernment, and t prvide new Guards fr their future security. Frm the Declaratin f Independence 2 f 6

11 UNIT 2 The American Revlutin The new plitical rder Principles Fr the first time American revlutinaries created a liberal plitical system with sme new principles: Citizens had sme rights that plitical pwer had t respect. That s why they wrte the Declaratin f Rights. Three main things were recgnized in this Declaratin: 1) Pwer is in the hands f the citizens; they chse their gvernrs by vte. 2) We all have the same rights. 3) Freedm t express pinins r t have prperty. These rights did nt affect all the ppulatin: wmen and black peple were excluded frm plitical events. A Cnstitutin It prmulgated the separatin f the three pwers. The American Cnstitutin (1787) emphasized: the Cngress (Huse f Representatives) has legislative pwer. They make the laws the Gvernment has executive pwer and it is directed by the President and the Judicial pwer is with independent judges wh watch ver the bservance f laws. This system, with a few changes, is the ne in use tday. The frmatin f the United States f America First half f 19 th century Luisiana was bught frm France, Flrida frm Spain, England transferred Oregn and Texas decided t jin, after a shrt war against Mexic they wn New Mexic 3 f 6

12 UNIT 2 The American Revlutin and Califrnia. This expansin t the west gave them nt nly a lt f land and resurces but als a ppulatin with an identity. TASK: 1. Write a cuple f lines abut each f the maps that shw the prcess f frmatin f the USA: First... In Then in And finally... 4 f 6

13 UNIT 2 The American Revlutin TASKS: 2. Name the part f Nrth America that was cntrlled by Britain by the mid 1700s. 3. Why did Britain tax American citizens? 4. Hw many British Americans were living there? 5. Explain the Bstn Tea Party. 6. When was the Declaratin f Independence signed? 7. Wh cmmanded the Clnial army? 8. Name three cuntries that helped the clnists? 9. The war lasted years, ended in, when the British surrendered at. 10. became the first President f the USA in. Secessin war The cnstitutin f the USA allwed slavery and its ablitin depended n the decisin f each f the states. Thus, slavery was kept in the Suthern states because there were a lt f plantatins and the main wrk frce were slaves. Abraham Lincln was elected president in 1860 and he was ablitinist. That s why 11 Suthern states left the USA and frmed a Cnfederatin. The Cngress (Huse f Representatives) declared them rebels and war started in 1861; it lasted 4 years, peple died. The Nrth wn the war and slavery was ablished. TASKS: Causes f the Seccesin War: 11.D yu think that slavery was the cause f the war? 12.What were the ecnmic and scial differences between Nrth and Suth f the USA? Explain. 13.D yu think that these differences culd have smething t d with the war? 14.Were the different pinins abut slavery a mral questin r an ecnmic questin? Explain. 15.What happened with the black ppulatin as sn as the war finished? And sme years later? 5 f 6

14 UNIT 2 The American Revlutin Find ut mre at... these websites: (general infrmatin fr students- simple language) (general infrmatin) these bks frm ur schl library: BINGHAM, Jane et alt.: The Usbrne Internet-Linked Encyclpedia f Wrld Histry. Usbrne Pages , , and up t ISBN: (interesting links t their website) GANERI, Anite et alt.: Encyclpedia f Wrld Histry. Frm the Stne Age t the 21st Century. Parragn. United Kingdm Pages , , ISBN: McCAFFREY, Susie et alt.: The Usbrne-linked First Encyclpedia f Histry Pages and ISBN: GARWOOD, Christpher, et alt.: Aspects f Britain and the USA. Oxfrd University Press. ISBN: and these films: Gne with the Wind / Fise c vent (Seccesin War) The Patrit / O patrita (abut the American Revlutin) Dances with Wlves / Bailand cn lbs (1990), (the American Civil War and shrtly after) Pictures frm: Banc Imágenes ITE 6 f 6