Welcome to History 44 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States II Prof. Valadez
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1 Welcome to History 44 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States II Prof. Valadez 1
2 I the 1 st Mexican- American Generation II Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen. III Mexican-American Generation IV Chicano Generation V Hispanic/Latino Gen. 2
3 We Didn t Cross the Border 3
4 4
5 California Hide-Tallow Trade Mexican Economy New Mexico Santa Fe Trade U.S. Economy MA/MO/LA Texas Austin Colony 5
6 Texas Stephen Austin Empresarios Read article 6
7 Tejanos Cultural brokers (Vaqueros) Juan Seguin Texas Revolution
8 Santa Fe Trail
9 California Hide/Tallow Trade 9
10 10
11 11
12 Causes of Mexican-American War Annexation of Texas Texas border dispute U.S. Expansionist policy (Manifest Destiny) Thornton Affair (immediate cause) 12
13 13
14 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Peace treaty signed February 2, 1848 at the Cathedral of Guadalupe Hidalgo Ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico ceded 55% of its territory for $15 million. Mexicans under the legal jurisdiction of the U.S. Article VIII granted U.S. citizenship to Mexicans and stipulated that property of every kind shall be respected. Article IX guaranteed Mexicans the free enjoyment of property, Liberty, and freedom of religion. 14
15 Explain how the 1 st generation of Mexican-Americans dealt with the political and social changes in the U.S. Southwest after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in
16 16
17 Assimilation Acculturation to adopt the ways of another culture : to fully become part of a different society, country, etc. cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture; also : a merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact 17
18 19
19 From Ranchero to Peon Proletarianization: the social process where one moves from being an employer to an employee. This process explains the experience of Mexican-Americans in the Southwest. The lost of land in American courts led to their loss of status: from landowner to a wage laborer. 20
20 Political Control Economy Socialization Resistance
21 Latino Americans Mariano Vallejo Juan Seguin Apolinaria Las Gorras Blancas What did U.S. expansion mean for them? Was the Mexican elite successful in preserving their status, property, and rights? 22
22 Congressional Scales, 1850 Library of Congress 23
23 24
24 Compromise of 1850 California was a free state New Mexico & Utah would decide status Texas s debt and claim Ban the slave trade in Washington, D.C. Amended Fugitive Slave Act 25
25 Compromise of
26 27
27 Rail Roads
28 Gadsden Purchase 1854 $10,000,000 29
29 Election
30 After 1852 Election Whig Party splits into the Republican Party and the American Know-Nothing Party. 31
31 Nativism Heavy Catholic immigration produces Protestant backlash; nativist, anti-catholic 1850s, a nativist society, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, becomes Know-Nothing Party, an important political party native-born workers fear job competition from Catholic immigrant workers. Know-Nothing Party in Texas involved an instigating race wars in Texas. 32
32 Texas and New Mexico 33
33 Cart War CART WARS By the mid-1850s, Tejanos are successful arrerios (Cartmen) Violence breaks at as Tejanos are attacked Texan authorities end the conflict 34
34 El Cheno Juan Cortina
35 CORRIDO DE JUAN CORTINA - OSCAR CHAVEZ para ser preciso por andar debiendo ajeno se agarraron bien macizo dizque muy serio tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo la tierra se han robado México sufre un despojo y dijo Juan cortina ahorita yo me enojo. leyes y tratados sirven solo a los americanos Cortina es de Tamaulipas y paga las ofensas con balas en las tripas Si dicen que soy un bandido por defender mi raza 1859 to be precise To walk around with other people s stuff They locked horns Supposedly the very serious treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the land has been stolen Mexico suffers a despoliation Juan Cortina said right now I am angry. Laws and treaties serve only Americans Cortina is of Tamaulipas, and pays the offenses with bullets in the guts They said I am a bandit For defending my people 36
36 The Election of 1860 Despite so little support in the South that in many areas his name did not even appear on the ballot, Abraham Lincoln, won a decisive victory in the election of The election of the anti-slavery Republican was seen as a calculated Northern insult by many Southerners and proved to be the last straw that would lead much of the South to secede and sink the nation into civil war. 37 Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.
37 Secession 38
38 Fort Sumter Gutted by fire, the fort s forty-foot walls remained relatively intact after the Confederate shelling that ended with Major Robert Anderson s surrender. After Anderson officially turned the fort over to his former West Point artillery student General P. G. T. Beauregard, Confederate soldiers raised their flag above the ramparts, ending Union presence in Charleston Harbor and marking the beginning of the Civil War. 39 National Archives.
39 Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. 40 Library of Congress
40 Mexican-Americans in Civil War 41
41 42
42
43 44
44 April 14, 1865 Lincoln Assassination 45
45 46
46 Amendments 13,14, th Amendment (1865) Outlawed slavery 14 th Amendment (1868) Declared all persons born in the U.S., citizens 15 th Amendment (1870) Protect the voting rights of African-American men The Election of 1876 Compromise of
47 48
48 Salt War 1877 Struggle for control of natural resources Spanish Communal law v.s. English Common law San Elizario, near El Paso 3 groups want control of salt mine 1877 riot, 4 dead Consequence: loss of economic influence in El Paso area 49
49 Santa Fe Ring Group of lawyers & land speculators Largest landowners in New Mexico
50 San Luis Colorado 1851 Land Grant Sangre de Cristo
51 Doña Maria Gertrudis Barceló Doña Tules Santa Fe, New Mexico Independent business woman
52 Miguel Antonio Otero Governor of New Mexico Territory
53 Las Gorras Blancas, Las Vegas, NM Founded in April 1889 by brothers Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera Proclamation of Las Gorras 1890 Our purpose is to protect the rights and interests of the people in general; especially those of the helpless classes.
54 Newspaper La Voz de Pueblo Santa Fe, NM People s Party (Partido del Pueblo Unido ) Hispanics & Anglos Alternative to Democrats & Republicans
55 New Mexico Constitution 1912 ARTICLE II - BILL OF RIGHTS Sec. 5. [Rights under Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo preserved.] The rights, privileges and immunities, civil, political and religious guaranteed to the people of New Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo shall be preserved inviolate.
56 Arizona Tucson 500 Mexican pop. Few Anglo-Americans in southern Arizona Apache Threat Forces bicultural cooperation April 1874 Camp Grant Massacre
57 Geronimo captured in 1886
58 Pedro Aguirre 1852 Merchant Estevan Ochoa Tucson Mayor 1876
59 Don Mariano G. Samaniego Fought for the rights of the Mexican immigrants Encourage participation in the U.S. political process Leader of Tucson Supports Alianza Hispano-Americana 1894
60
61
62 Mariano Vallejo
63 Sept Monterrey 7 californios 1849 Constitution Based on NY state s Constitution Prohibited Slavery Required laws to be published in 2 languages Granted women the right to own property
64 1849 California Constitution
65 1849 California Constitution ARTICLE XI. Sec. 21. All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish. 66
66 Diseño del Rancho de San Juan Bautista : [Santa Clara Co., Calif.]
67 1851 California Land Act Provided that claims to all lands in California be presented within two years of the date of the act Many people didn t know the requirements and therefore lost their land 200 families 14 million acres only 5 % of Californios landowners 68
68 1855 Vagrancy Act Greaser Act Defined vagrants as all persons who [were] commonly known as Greasers Anti-loitering act
69
70 Sunday Morning in the Mines by Charles Nahl
71
72
73 48ers 49ers 3 Routes Around the Horn Via Panama Overland 74
74 Attacks on Chileans 75
75 The Lynching of Juanita 1851
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