4/3/2016. Emigrant vs. Immigrant. Civil Rights & Immigration in America. Colonialism to Present. Early Civil Rights Issues

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1 Civil Rights & Immigration in America Colonialism to Present Emigrant vs. Immigrant An emigrant leaves his or her land to live in another country. The person is emigrating to another country. An immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country. Emigration is the actual act of relocation from a country. The person going from one place to another is in the process of emigrating. A German woman remains an emigrant to people of her country. To other Americans, she is an immigrant, because she has traveled from somewhere else. Early Civil Rights Issues A year before the Mayflower, the first 20 African slaves are sold to settlers in Virginia as "indentured servants." 1789 Constitution adopted; slaves counted as three-fifths of a person for means of representation Some 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed from their land and forced to resettle west of the Mississippi in a trek that becomes known as the "Trail of Tears." 1848 First Women's Rights Convention meeting in Seneca Falls, N.Y., hears Elizabeth Cady Stanton proposes a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. 1

2 Trail of Tears Early Slave Auction Seneca Falls Women s Rights Convention Emigrants to Immigrants In the 1830 s - millions of people mostly from Europe came to America. Coming to America was not easy. Most people came as steerage, the cheapest deck on the ship. The conditions were awful. People were jammed together in filthy conditions for up to a month. 2

3 Why did they come? Push Factors 1. Population growth. Better food and sanitation caused Europe s population to boom after 1750,and the land became overcrowded. 2. Agricultural changes. As Europe s population grew, so did cities. Landowners wanted to make money selling food to those cities. New methods made it more efficient to farm large areas of land than to rent small plots to tenants. So landlords forced tenants off the land. 3. Crop failures. Poor harvests made it difficult for small farmers to pay their debts. Some of these farmers chose to start over in America. Crop failures also led to hunger, causing people to emigrate. 4. Industrial Revolution. Goods produced in factories became cheaper than goods produced by artisans. Suddenly out of work, some artisans took factory jobs. Others emigrated. 5. Religious and political turmoil. To escape religious persecution, Quakers fled Norway and Jews left Germany. Also, many Germans came to America after a revolution in Germany failed in

4 Irish Potato Famine In 1845,a disease attacked Ireland s main food crop, the potato, causing a severe food shortage called a famine. The Irish Potato Famine killed 1 million people and forced many to emigrate. By 1854, between 1.5 and 2 million Irish had fled their homeland and came to America. But America did not want the Irish Pull Factors 1. Freedom. Everyone has the freedom to practice the teaching and religion he prefers. 2. Economic opportunity. Immigrants sought a land where they could support their families and have a better future. Immigration often rose during times of U.S. prosperity and fell during hard times. 3. Abundant land. The acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession gave the United States millions more acres of land. To land-starved Europeans, America was a land of opportunity. 4

5 Some Americans Oppose Immigration Like today, some Americans opposed immigration. They thought that the immigrants were too foreign to learn American ways. Immigrants faced prejudice, a negative opinion not based on facts. Native-born Americans who wanted to eliminate foreign influence called themselves nativists. Some nativists refused to hire immigrants and put up signs like No Irish need apply. Early Civil Rights Issues Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo cedes Arizona, Texas, California, New Mexico, Colorado and parts of Utah and Nevada to the United States for $15 million. Article IX guarantees people of Mexican origin "the enjoyment of all the rights of the citizens of the United States according to the principles of the constitution." 1857 The Supreme Court rules in the Dred Scott case that slaves do not become free when taken into a free state, that Congress cannot bar slavery from a territory and that blacks cannot become citizens The American Civil War Begins American soldiers capturing Mexico City in the Mexican- American War Dred Scott 5

6 Civil Rights Issues Homestead Act encourages people to move west 1863 President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation freeing "all slaves in areas still in rebellion." 1865 The Civil War ends Freedman's Bureau, to help former slaves, established Ku Klux Klan organized in Pulaski, Tenn Chinese & Irish laborers are imported to work on the transcontinental railroad. Nathan Bedford Forrest Founder of the KKK Chinese Railroad Workers Reconstruction After the Civil War , the federal government made strides toward equality. Blacks voted, held many political offices. The Freedmen s Bureau was a government program to help Blacks find land, it established schools and colleges and taught them to read and write. 6

7 Reconstruction The 13 th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States. The 14 th Amendment guaranteed all citizens with equal protection under the law. The 15 th Amendment said the right to vote shall not be denied on the basis of race (but not gender). Civil Rights Issues The first "Jim Crow" or segregation law is passed in Tennessee Almost 140,000 Chinese immigrate to U.S Congress passes the first Civil Rights Act, guaranteeing African Americans equal rights. The law is struck down in Reconstruction ended in 1877 U.S. troops removed from the South Rutherford B. Hayes allowed to be President Life for Blacks in the South becomes unbearable again 1882 Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act restricting the immigration of all Chinese laborers and requiring Chinese to carry identification cards. End of Reconstruction 1877 End of Reconstruction led to restoration of: Poll tax: Fee that one must pay in order to be allowed to vote Grandfather clause: Racially restrictive provision of certain southern laws after Reconstruction, that permitted a man to vote if his father or grandfather could have voted before the Civil War. White primary: Primary elections, held by the Democratic party after Reconstruction, that excluded nonwhites from participation in many southern states. Jim Crow laws: Laws, passed by southern states after Reconstruction, enforcing segregation. 7

8 Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, s Civil Rights Issues s The first Great Wave of European immigrants come to America More than 5.2 million immigrants enter the country between 1880 and Statue of Liberty unveiled; "The Huddled Masses Yearning To Be Free" invited to immigrate 1890 Battle of Wounded Knee Last major battle of the Indian Wars 1892 Ellis Island opens as immigrant entry checkpoint in New York harbor 1898 Supreme Court confirms that 14th Amendment gives citizenship to all persons born in the United States End of Reconstruction Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision declaring separate but equal public facilities constitutional. Separate but equal doctrine states that the equal protection clause was not violated by the fact of state mandated racial segregation alone, provided that the separate facilities were equal (but they never were equal). 8

9 Jim Crow Laws 9

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