Migration. Notes for

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1 Migration Notes for

2 Think and Respond If a contry has net-ot migration, what stages is that contry most likely in and why? 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

3 Learning Target Explain how psh pll factors contribte to migration Pearson Edcation, Inc.

4 E.G. RAVENSTEIN British sociologist 11 LAWS OF MIGRATION are based on the Gravity Model = the inflence of a location on another is inversely related to its distance and directly related to its size: 1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occrs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants sally move to rban areas (economic hbs). 4. Each migration prodces a movement in the opposite direction (althogh not necessarily of the same volme). 5. Rral dwellers are more migratory than rban dwellers. 6. Within their own contry/region females are more migratory than males, bt males are more migratory over longer distances. 7. Most migrants are adlts. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natral increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 10. Most migration moves from rral to rban 11. Migration is mostly de to economic cases Pearson Edcation, Inc.

5 Mobility (the ability to move from one place to another) Circlation is reglar non-permanent movements cyclical (shorter time periods) Commting to work or school Activity space = created by cyclical patterns periodic (longer time periods) seasonal = college stdents/ snow birds migrant labor/military service transhmance (migratory travel with herds of livestock) = significant 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

6 Migration is a permanent move to a new location leads to relocation diffsion of cltre Emigration leaving a contry/location (emigrant) Immigration coming to a contry/location (immigrant) Net in-migration/net otmigration 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

7 Major Global Migration Flows (before ) 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

8 Major Global Migration Flows ( ) 1: Eropeans to North America million? Eropeans to New World 2: Spanish colonists to New World Latin American cltral identity Old or 1 st Wave of Imperialism 3: Other Eropean migration dring Era of New Imperialism Eropeans into Africa, Asia and later to Soth America India, Soth Africa, Argentina/Urgay/Paragay, Astralia, New Zealand etc. 4: Atlantic Slave Trade 12 to 15 million forced to migrate Replace depoplated Caribbean islands/e. Central America 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

9 Major Global Migration Flows (before ) 5: Soth Asians (indentred servants) to Africa/SE Asia 6: Chinese migration into SE Asia 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

10 Chinese in Sotheast Asia Imperialism opens economic opportnities for Chinese in 1800s. 14% Thailand 32% Malaysia 76% Singapore 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

11 Major Global Migration Flows (before ) 7: American settlement of the West 8: Rssian expansion into Siberia 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

12 Why Do People Migrate? Psh factors nfavorable conditions which force people away Pll factors favorable conditions which draw people in Intervening obstacles/opportnities Historically, environmental (oceans, etc.) Today, improvements in transportation have redced environmental obstacles Modern obstacles = governmental restrictions Ravenstein s Law # 2 = step migration 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

13 Reasons Economic poverty, no job opportnities, lack of land (psh) opportnities, availability of land (pll) ECONOMICS is the biggest migration factor! Ravenstein #11 Environmental Famine, natral disasters (psh) Irish Potato Famine (1848) Hrricane Katrina (2005) Water (too mch or too little) = most common Desirable featres/climate, etc. (pll) Cltral (Rbenstein) = all other factors Social, political and cltral 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

14 Reasons More specific types of cltral migration legal stats Amnesty, gest worker, visas etc. Most common modern intervening obstacle power relationships ethnicities viewed as certain types = stereotyping Filipinos in Sadi Arabia political circmstances escape from or explsion by oppressive regimes Vietnam, Uganda, Cba (Mariel Boatlift) war/conflict = Former Ygoslavia, Rwanda cltre and traditions migration to safely practice cltre Partition of India (Hinds and Mslims) Jews to Israel 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

16 Migration Patterns Technological advances increase migration chain migration = MOVEMENT along kinship links create immigration waves Immigration bbbles from one hearth to the same destination Haitians, Cbans Þ Little Haiti, Little Havana in Miami Trks Þ Germany = need for migrant labor Poles Þ Northwest Side of Chicago Form of expansion diffsion (hierarchical) which reslts in relocation diffsion 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

17 E.G. RAVENSTEIN British sociologist 11 LAWS OF MIGRATION are based on the Gravity Model = the inflence of a location on another is inversely related to its distance and directly related to its size: 1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occrs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants sally move to rban areas (economic hbs). 4. Each migration prodces a movement in the opposite direction (althogh not necessarily of the same volme). 5. Rral dwellers are more migratory than rban dwellers. 6. Within their own contry/region females are more migratory than males, bt males are more migratory over longer distances. 7. Most migrants are adlts. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natral increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 10. Most migration moves from rral to rban 11. Migration is mostly de to economic cases Pearson Edcation, Inc.

20 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

21 Migration patterns (distance) Internal migration (2 spatial types) Interregional movement between regions within a contry westward migration, Great Migration, etc. Rst Belt to Sn Belt (1970s crrent) rbanization = rapid growth of cities biggest migration in LDCs (stage 2) Ravenstein #1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11 Intraregional movement within a region sbrbanization biggest post WWII migration pattern in US 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

23 International migration Two action types Volntary sbject of Ravenstein s Laws migration/rbanization/ot-migration most prevalent in Stage 2 contries Less agricltral workers needed Indstrial jobs in cities Most migration is rral to rban. (Ravenstein #10) In-migration most prevalent in Stage 3 and 4 Economic opportnity pll factors Ravenstein # Pearson Edcation, Inc.

24 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

25 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Zelinsky s Migration Transition Very little migration, transhmance, 1 st wave of imperialism Massive Interregional rbanization (Great migration, sqatter settlements) International ot-migration (LDCs MDCs) International in-migration Rral to rban contines bt slows City-to-city migration begins International in-migration (rban areas grow throgh migration) Intraregional migration (sbrbanization) Internal rral to rban stops Discorage emigration/encorage immigration? 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

International Migration Flows in LDCs Migration to neighboring contries Short term economic opportnities To reconnect with cltral grops across borders To flee political conflict

26 International Migration Flows in LDCs Migration to neighboring contries Short term economic opportnities To reconnect with cltral grops across borders To flee political conflict or war What other model/theory is this connected to? Islands of development: Places where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastrctre are concentrated 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

27 International migration Two action types Forced Refgee = person forced to leave their home and cross an international border and can t retrn for fear of persection becase of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social grop, or political opinion. displaced person or Internally displaced person (IDP) Examples of large forced migrations Slavery (Atlantic Slave Trade) Trail of Tears /Native Americans made to live on reservations 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

28 Refgees: Sorces and Destinations Figre 3-2

31 Hotspots for refgees and IDPs major sorces of refgees/idps: Iraq Afghanistan Palestinian Territories Sdan Somalia Congo Myanmar (Brma) Colombia

32 Migrant Characteristics Gender International migration males otnmbered females More willing to migrate long distances Bt: In the United States today 55% of immigrants are female Internal migration Women are a more significant migrants (rbanization flow in LDCs) Ravenstein #1, 5, 6 Family stats/age In the United States today Therefore: abot 40% of immigrants = yong adlts, aged Most long-distance migrants are yong single male adlts rather than families with children Ravenstein #6 and # Pearson Edcation, Inc.

33 What is an interregional migration pattern and what are the psh pll factors relating to the pattern yo chose? 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

34 Migration to the United States 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

35 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

36 Internal United States Migration Patterns 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

37 US Immigration Patterns Three main eras of international migration to the U.S. Colonial migration from England and Africa British, Scots-Irish, Indentred Servants, Africans 19 th /early 20 th centry immigration from Erope Western and Northern Eropeans Irish, German = 1 st wave (1840s 1870s) Potato famine (British eviction), forced military service Scandinavians (Norway, Sweden) = 2 nd wave (1880s 1890s) Bohemians/Czechs overpoplation, lack of land/opportnity Sothern and Eastern Eropeans 3 rd wave Italian, Poles, others (incl. Jews) (1890s ) Poverty, foreign rle, religios persection Destination? Northern rban areas = indstrial jobs 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

38 US Immigration Patterns 19 th /early 20 th centry immigration from Erope Asian (Chinese) = exception to Eropean migration Railroad boom in the 1880s Chinese Exclsion Act U.S. qota laws The Qota Act (1921) = Restricted to crrent % of poplation The National Origins Act (1924) Racist extension of 1921 act barring Asians 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

39 US Immigration Patterns 19 th /early 20 th centry immigration from Erope Low net in-migration ( s) Great Depression and WWII Recent immigration from LDCs (since 1950s) Qota laws revised to be less racist (mid-1960s)!!!! Latin America & Asia Mexico (largest contry of origin), Central America China (2 nd ), India (3 rd ), Philippines (4 th ), Vietnam 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

40 US Immigration Patterns 19 th /early 20 th centry immigration from Erope Low net in-migration ( s) Great Depression and WWII Recent immigration from LDCs (since 1950s) Qota laws revised to be less racist (mid-1960s)!!!! Latin America & Asia Mexico (largest contry of origin), Central America China (2 nd ), India (3 rd ), Philippines (4 th ), Vietnam Who gets in today? 67% family renification 17% hmanitarian isses (refgees) 13% job-skills Casing BRAIN DRAIN (the migration of highly trained, degreed individals to more desireable geographic regions) LDCs MDCs, Rral Urban, Flyover States Coasts 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

41 Migration to the United States from Latin America Figre Pearson Edcation, Inc.

42 Impact of historical immigration to the U.S (pre-1970s) Diffsion of Eropean cltre English-speaking (est. of colonies) Largely Christian mostly Protestant Catholic in indstrial NE/Midwest, Hispanic SW Western legal traditions 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

Migration between regions (interregional) 7 million African-Americans 1910 1970 Two waves (WWI and WWII) rral Soth to rban North Psh factors Great Migration Poverty, discrimination, violence Pll

43 Migration between regions (interregional) 7 million African-Americans Two waves (WWI and WWII) rral Soth to rban North Psh factors Great Migration Poverty, discrimination, violence Pll factors Indstrial jobs (open better treatment? face segregation and discrimination ghettoization Since 1980s (conter migration) Great Retrn or The New Great Migration African-Americans retrn to Soth What psh/pll factors are involved in this conter migration 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

44 Migration from Rst Belt to Sn Belt Psh factors weather rban decay polltion high reglation high tax declining indstry nions closed shops bsiness move to avoid higher costs Jobs/employees follow 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

Sn Belt Pll factors warmer climate low reglation/low tax non-nion environment Rst-belt = heavily nionized right-to-work states Economic concentrations Torism, oil,

45 Sn Belt Pll factors warmer climate low reglation/low tax non-nion environment Rst-belt = heavily nionized right-to-work states Economic concentrations Torism, oil, military, aeronatical and retirement sectors high poplation growth Since electoral votes Expected 88% of US pop. growth 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

46 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

47 Changing Center of the U.S. Poplation Figre Pearson Edcation, Inc.

48 Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from city to sbrban areas sbrbanization post WWII = spend, spend, spend = consmerism Great Depression & WWII increased savings bt rationing enormos pent p demand!!!! retrning veterans hosing shortage govt. programs FHA = lower down payment, longer mortgages GI Bill = low interest loans, edcation costs Atomobiles become necessity, highways bilt, can live farter from work Baby Boom = space needed to raise children From sbrb to city = gentrification discssed in rban geography nit 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

49 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

50 Sbrbanization Psh Factors Pll factors rban decay redlining, etc. 1960s riots bad schools The other sbrban lifestyle space (yards, green) good schools low crime American dream new immigrants, African-Americans or is it homogeneity? school desegregation bsing rban political machines 2011 Pearson Edcation, Inc.

Chapter 3: Migration. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

Chapter 3: Migration. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography Chapter 3: Migration The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography E.G. RAVENSTEIN British sociologist 11 LAWS OF MIGRATION are based on the Gravity Model = the influence of a location on