Percep&on and Migra&on

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Lindsey Pope
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1 Migra&on Review

2 Percep&on and Migra&on Absolute and rela&ve distance Absolute distance: straight distance Rela&ve distance: travel &me Percep&on is distorted External and internal migra&on - External: moving out of one area, into another - Internal: movement within an area

3 External and Internal Migra&on Countries experience well- defined streams of internal migra&on that change over &me: Examples: U.S.: Great Migra&on The ahrac&on of the sunbelt in the United States In China workers migrate from rural areas to ci&es of the Pacific Rim.

4 Theories About Migra&on Ravenstein s laws of migra&on: Net migra&on amounts to a frac&on of the gross migra&on between two places (always a counter migra&on) The majority of migrants move a short distance. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big- city des&na&ons. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants or rural areas. Families are less likely to make interna&onal moves than young adults. (Young adults are the most mobile popula&on)

5 Gravity Model Measures and predicts rela&onships between places based on size of popula&on and distance between them Math equa&on: Popula&on1 X popula&on 2 divided by distance squared More migra&on between two points regardless of distance if sphere of influence is great

6 Catalysts of Migra&on Economic condi&ons Poverty Poli&cal Circumstances Escape and expulsion Armed Conflict War Environmental Condi&ons Famine, earthquakes Culture and Tradi&ons Don t believe culture will survive a major poli&cal change Technological Advances Modern forms of transporta&on/flow of informa&on

7 Catalysts of Migra&on Usually push and pull factors are combined in a person s decision to migrate. Push factors (push you OUT of a country) Likely to be more accurately perceived - posi&ve images and expecta&ons. - Pull factors (PULL you INTO a country) - More vague than push factors (percep&on)

8 Examples of Catalysts of Migra&on Armed conflict and civil war Three million people drive from their homes in the former Yugoslavia Civil war in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsis) Poli2cal circumstances Oppressive regimes Cuba Vietnam s boat people

9 Catalysts Reasons con&nued Environmental Condi2ons Potato Famine in Ireland (1840s) Major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or hurricanes (Gulf Coast of U.S. 2005) Culture and Tradi2on Muslims migrated from India when it was partitioned Jews left the former Soviet Union for Israel

10 About Ravenstein s laws Factors That Influence Migra&on: 1. He concluded that most move short distances and that the frequency of moves declines with distance (distance decay). 3. Step Migration When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination. * intervening opportunity at one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 6. Chain migration also needs to be considered. Defined: a process by which people are given preference for migrating to another country because a relative was previously admitted. Asians are know to be the most effective users of chain migration. 7. Less valid today than when first proposed. In reality, women and girls now comprise between 40-60% of all international migrants worldwide.

11 Movement Mobility ranging from local to global and daily to once a life2me Movement is a good example of the spa2al process (spa2al interac2on; diffusion; distribu2on; pacerns).

12 What is ac&vity space? The great majority of people have a daily routine that takes them through a sequence of short moves that geographers call activity space. America is the world s most mobile society. Technology has greatly expanded activity space, particularly in wealthier, more developed countries.

13 Types of movement Cyclic movement Periodic movement Migra&on

14 Types of Movement CYCLIC MOVEMENT: movement that has a closed route Examples Commu&ng: Home to work and back home Seasonal: Sunbelt States Nomadism: Movement over territory for survival repeated &me and again Daily classes

15 Types of Movement PERIODIC MOVEMENT: movement away from home for a longer period. Examples Migrant labor: moving across borders for work Transhumance: moving livestock to pastures based on season (rain, temperature) Military service College ahendance

16 What is Migra&on? Definition: the long- term reloca2on of an individual, household, or group to a new loca2on outside the community of origin; a purposeful movement involving a change of permanent residence

17 Migra&on is a complex phenomenon that raises many ques&ons. Why do people move? All migra2on is a combina2on of push and pull factors.

18 Voluntary Migra&on Forced Migra&on Occurs when people choose to migrate Remember: the # 1 reason p e o p l e m i g r a t e : ECONOMIC! Any voluntary migration flow represents the numbers going from the source to the destination minus those returning to the source. Also referred to as involuntary migration Examples: The Transatlantic Slave Trade: largest number of slaves were brought to plantations in the Caribbean and eastern South America; black population was one million in U.S. in 1800 C o n v i c t s s h i p p e d f ro m Britain to Australia beginning in s: Native Americans in U. S. f o rc e d t o l i v e o n reservations

19 INTERNAL MIGRATIONS Migration that occurs within a single countries borders Example: African-Americans moved northward during World War I; most migrants came from rural areas; 1970s more were leaving the North and returning to the South because of changing civil rights conditions Varies depending on mobility of country US: Urban to Suburban Peru: Rural to Urban

20 Two Types: 1. Intraregional 2. Interregional INTERNAL MIGRATIONS

21 Interregional Migra&ons Current USA examples: Movement North to South, and East to West refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other parts of the United States, rural to urban areas to find jobs

22 Interregional Migra&ons

23 Intraregional Migra&on Intraregional migrations--people moving or being moved within one geographic realm (region) of a country Current examples: Rural to urban: increases with development, ¾ of core countries population in urban areas Urban to suburban: lifestyle changes Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: called counterurbanization, increased technology allows people to work outside of the city

24 Migra&on from Rural to Urban Areas

25 Urban to Suburban In more developed countries most intraregional migra&on is urban to suburban North America, Canada, Western Europe Major reason for this migra&on is the suburban lifestyle Houses with yards, school, parks Made possible because of transporta&on Territory occupied by urban areas has expanded, farms on the periphery have been converted to housing developments

26 Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan Areas Many North American and Western European ci&es have seen a new trend Counterurbaniza&on: Net migra&on from urban to rural areas, More people have immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them Most counter- urbaniza&on represents genuine migra&on from ci&es and suburbs to small towns and rural communi&es. Like suburbaniza&on, people move from urban to rural areas for lifestyle reasons. Many migrants from urban to rural areas are re&red people Counter- urbaniza&on has stopped in the United States because of poor economic condi&ons in some rural areas Future migra&on trends are unpredictable in more developed countries, because future economic condi&ons are difficult to forecast

27 Intraregional Migra&on in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migra&on among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central ci&es to suburbs.

28 External Migra&on Movement across country borders Also called Interna&onal migra&on Emigrant: one who migrates out of a country Subtracts from total popula&on Immigrant: one who migrates into a country Adds to total popula&on

29 Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950

30 Global Migra&on PaHerns From less- developed Stage 2 countries into more- developed Stage 4 countries 3 largest migra&on flows Asia to Europe Asia to North America La&n America to North America Net In Migra&on: North America, Europe, Oceania Net Out Migra&on: Asia, La&n America, Africa

31 US Immigra&on PaHerns Three main waves 1. Colonial America: European sehlement- 2 million, mostly Bri&sh 2. African slaves 800, 000

32 Immigra&on to the United States, 1820 to 2001

33 US Immigra&on PaHerns th century ( ) 3 European Peaks s and 1850s: - Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany) s: - Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden) : - Southern and Eastern Europe [Italy, Russia, Austria- Hungary (Bosnia- Herzegovina, Croa&a, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine) ]

34 Immigra&on to the United States, 1820 to 2001

35 US Immigra&on PaHerns 3. Second-half of 20 th century ( ) Less developed regions 1. La&n America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador 2. Asia: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

36 Immigra&on to the United States, 1820 to 2001

37 Immigra&on Policies USA Quota Laws Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of 1910 popula&on Immigra&on Act of : Hemisphere quotas 1978: Global Quotas Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more than 7% from each country Major Excep&ons: family reunifica&on, employment, talented, lohery, refugees

38 Immigra&on Policies Brain Drain: large- scale emigra&on by talented people out of the periphery Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle East and North Africa Example: 750, 000 Turks employed in Germany Time- Contract workers: South and East Asian workers to Southeast Asia

39 What about refugees? UN defini2on A person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group. UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide

40 What about refugees? UN defini)ons Interna2onal refugees: Intranational refugees: Those who have crossed one or more international borders and are encamped in a country other than their own Those who have a b a n d o n e d t h e i r homes but not their homeland

41 It is difficult to iden)fy refugees. No mention of natural/enviromental disaster UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary migrants before granting asylum. Three general characteristics, individual or aggregate (collectively): Most refugees move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them. Most refugees make their first step on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat. Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migrations.

42 Regions of Disloca&on Sub- Saharan Africa Several of the world s largest refugee crises plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21 st c e n t u r y - 8 m i l l i o n official refugees Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Sudan Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda

Other regions of disloca&on North Africa and Southwest Asia Israel and the displaced Arab populations that surround it Exhibits qualities that are likely to generate

43 Other regions of disloca&on North Africa and Southwest Asia Israel and the displaced Arab populations that surround it Exhibits qualities that are likely to generate additional refugee flow in the future The Kurdish population following the Gulf War (1991) Taliban rule in Afghanistan Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion during the 1980s

44 Regions of disloca&on con&nued South Asia P a k i s t a n accommodated forced e m i g r a n t s f r o m Afghanistan Major refugee problem stems from a civil war in Sri Lanka

45 Regions of disloca&on con&nued Southeast Asia Boat people who fled communist rule in Vietnam In the early 1990s, Cambodia generated the region s largest refugee flow Today--largest number of refugees come from Myanmar (Burma)

46 Regions of disloca&on con&nued Europe After the collapse of Yugoslavia, over 1 million were displaced

CHAPTER 6: WHERE AND WHY PEOPLE MOVE

CHAPTER 6: WHERE AND WHY PEOPLE MOVE CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Introduction II. Perception and Migration A. Absolute and relative distance 1. Absolute distance can be read on a map or globe 2. Relative distance