The Use of Military History in the Development of Concepts and Doctrine A tale of 2 tigers and a Gurkha
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1 The Use of Military History in the Development of Concepts and Doctrine A tale of 2 tigers and a Gurkha Brigadier Ian Rigden OBE MA (late RGR) Head Land & Research DCDC
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4 Professional Education The man who does not read has not advantage over the man who cannot read. History doesn t repeat itself, but it does rhyme. Mark Twain (b.1835, d.1910) Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
5 Developing Concepts and Doctrine Concepts Policy Aware Doctrine Concept Development Policy Compliant Capability Development Concepts of Employment and Use Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
6 Many people have an opinion about doctrine. Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
7 Many people have an opinion about doctrine. The British write the best manuals in the World. Thank God they don t read them! Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
8 Many people have an opinion about doctrine. Doctrine is not what is published, but what is believed. Professor Richard Holmes CBE Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
9 Military Definition Fundamental principles by which military forces guide their actions in support of objectives. It is authoritative, but requires judgement in application. Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
10 Purpose Retain corporate knowledge Enduring principles & best practice A reference point, anchor or guide rail But also an engine for change Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
11 The Joint Doctrine Triumvirate Teachers Style, Relevance Audience Academics Operational Realities Writers Practitioners
12 Process Theory INPUT TRANSFORMATION OUTPUT OUTCOME Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
13 What is understanding? The perception and interpretation of a particular situation in order to provide the context, insight and foresight required for effective decision-making. Understanding Situational Awareness & Analysis = Comprehension (Insight) Comprehension & Judgement = Understanding (Foresight) Understanding must not be conflated with intelligence
14 Intelligence is knowing that a Tomato is a fruit: understanding is knowing not to put it in a fruit salad. Peter Kay
15 INSIGHT F UNDERSTANDING (Being aware of the context, implications and consequences of a particular circumstance after detailed analysis) E ANALYSIS FORESIGHT D B Individual Sources SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (Being aware of the situation generally from available sources) Other Sources Intelligence Sources Collective and Common Sources C Internal (Knowledge) External (information) Formal Education Historical Precedent Practical Experience Regulated Information (Intelligence) Regulated Information (Non- Intelligence) Unregulated Information (Media. Internet, Rumour) A COGNITIVE PHYSICAL VIRTUAL INFORMATION DOMAIN
16 Perceptions are Important
17 Sir Michael Howard Plus Military myth-making an image of the past Academic every event is unique and study of what people say happened in the past The projection of anachronistic events into the past Width, depth and context War is about conflicts between societies and actors Historians write about leadership they don t practice it
18 Understanding, Operational Art and Risk: General Yamashita and the Fall of Singapore Lt Gen Tomoyuki Yamashita The Tiger of Malaya
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22 HMS Prince of Wales HMS Repulse Admiral Sir Tom Phillips, commander of Force Z, and his deputy, Rear Admiral Arthur Palliser, on the quayside at Singapore naval base, 2 December 1941 Destruction of Z Force at Kuantan 10 Dec 41
23 Mitsibushi G4M Bombers - Betty
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27 Why is Understanding Important? SINGAPORE Feb 1942 Surrender British Empire 20,000 Casualties 120,000 British and Indian Troops and Civilians captured Japan Less than 10,000 casualties Cause and Effect Implications and Consequences
28 WW1 Sir Eric Geddes The Geddes Axe 1922 Inter-War Years Unresolved Defence Debate Emphasis on: Homeland Defence? Continental Commitment? Policing the Empire?
29 1929 Construction of Singapore Naval Base Myth of Fortress Singapore begins Japan Invades China in 1937
30 Intelligence was focused on Internal Security
31 Lt Gen Sir William Dobbie GCMG KCB DSO Understood how Malaya and Singapore should be defended in Lt Gen Tomoyuki Yamashita The Tiger of Malaya
32 The Malayan Emergency
33 Geo-Strategic Situation
34 Physical and Historical Context
35 Geo-Strategic Situation Geography of Malaya A Clear Political Aim A Clear Plan Joint C2
36 The Briggs Plan 1951: A unified Plan for the defeat of the Communist inspired insurgency in Malaya. Based on: Cutting off supplies to the enemy and forcing them from the urban areas into the deep jungle where they could be defeated by military action. Re-housing the indigenous populations and giving them citizenship. Defending the new villages.
37 Templer The Tiger of Malaya Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer KG GCB GCMG KBE DSO
38 Geo-Strategic Situation Geography of Malaya A Clear Political Aim A Clear Plan Joint C2 CTs were 95% Chinese (minority Population) Experienced British Commanders and Troops The British knew Malaya Secure Base in Singapore Malaysian prosperity
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40 The Goal Long Term Strategic Partner Shared Long-term strategic Goals Legal Framework Spirit of Friendship and Cooperation Common National Interests
41 Sir Michael Howard Plus Military myth-making an image of the past Academic every event is unique and study of what people say happened in the past The projection of anachronistic events into the past Width, depth and context War is about conflicts between societies and actors Historians write about leadership they don t practice it
42 Questions? Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Crown copyright Ministry of Defence 2014
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