Boards of Trade and Canadian Urban Development

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1 Doument generated on 0/5/208 6:27 p.m. Urban History Review Boards of Trade and anadian Urban Development Elizabeth Bloomfield Perspetives on Sports and Urban Studies Volume 2, Number 2, Otober 98 URI: id.erudit.org/iderudit/08959ar DOI: /08959ar See table of ontents Artile abstrat Boards of trade or hambers of ommere were formed in over 600 anadian ommunities between the 840s and 950. The key role of these assoiations of businessmen has been demonstrated or suggested in many studies of partiular urban entres. This paper offers a more general overview, summarizing the federal legislation and the patterns of inorporation aross anada and outlining the signifiane of boards of trade as ity-building agenies. Publisher(s) Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine ISSN (print) (digital) Explore this journal ite this artile Bloomfield, E. (98). Boards of Trade and anadian Urban Development. Urban History Review, 2(2), doi:0.7202/08959ar All Rights Reserved Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 98 This doument is proteted by opyright law. Use of the servies of Érudit (inluding reprodution) is subjet to its terms and onditions, whih an be viewed online. [ This artile is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university onsortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québe à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate researh.

2 Researh Note/Note de reherhe Boards of Trade and anadian Urban Development* Elizabeth Bloomfield Résumé/Abstrat Entre 840 et 950, des board of trade ou des hambres de ommere se formèrent dans quelque 600 entres urbains au anada. Plusieurs études ont déjà traité du rôle important joué par es assoiations d'hommes d'affaires. Le présent artile présente un résumé de la législation fédérale et des modèles relatifs à l'inorporation de es assoiations à travers le anada, en insistant sur l'importane des board of trade omme agents de développement urbain. Boards of trade or hambers of ommere were formed in over 600 anadian ommunities between the 840s and 950. The key role of these assoiations of businessmen has been demonstrated or suggested in many studies of partiular urban entres. This paper offers a more general overview, summarizing the federal legislation and the patterns of inorporation aross anada and outlining the signifiane of boards of trade as ity-building agenies. Boards of trade or hambers of ommere were formed in well over 600 anadian ommunities between the 840s and 950. Of most of these ities, towns and villages it might be said, as Visount Halifax delared of Toronto,... the Board of Trade has played a notable part in the development of this ity... and the history of the one is inseparable from the history of the other. The key role of the loal board of trade is evident in any detailed researh into the evolution of anadian urban entres, espeially until the 920s. However, there have been few speifi studies of these institutions, and no general overview has previously been attempted. So far, most attention has been paid to the first few boards whih were established in metropolitan ities Halifax, Quebe, Montreal, Toronto and Vanouver. But new researh is revealing the signifiane of suh organizations in even the smallest urban entres, those of the Prairie West for example. 2 How ommon were these organizations? Who belonged to them? Was there any differene between a board of trade and a hamber of ommere? What were their powers? What influene ould they have on proesses of urban devel- *Thanks are due to persons who helped with aspets of the researh for this paper: Mr. J.M. Whalen of the Publi Arhives of anada for guidane to the registers and ertifiates of inorporation; Professor G.M. Betts of the University of New Brunswik for details of Saint John; Professor R. Rudin of onordia University for Trois- Rivières; and the general managers of the Belleville, Guelph, Brantford, St. atharines and Kingston hambers of ommere. The researh was supported, as part of a larger projet, by a post-dotoral fellowship from the Soial Sienes and Humanities Researh ounil of anada. Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine, Vol. XII, No. 2 (Otober/otobre, 98) opment? This paper offers a systemati introdution to boards of trade as ity-building agenies, desribing some of the time-spae patterns whih emerge from arhival evidene of their formation, and outlining some aspets of their funtions. Proedures of Formation The origins of boards of trade in North Ameria ommunities have been traed bak to medieval trade and raft guilds. Merhants in other Frenh ities followed the example of the Marseille hambre de ommere of 599 in forming assoiations to provide arbitration and advie and promote trade. Halifax is usually redited with organizing the first in North Ameria, an "Assoiation for the Benefit of Trade" in 750. By 80, New York New Haven, harleston and Philadelphia had formed suh organizations; by 858, there were 20 boards of trade and 0 hambers of ommere established in U.S. ities. 4 St. John's, Newfoundland, seems to have been the first ity in the British North Amerian olonies to form a body atually styled a hamber of ommere, in Halifax merhants reorganized themselves into a "ommittee of Trade" in 804, whih they renamed a hamber of ommere in 82 6 Saint John had a hamber of ommere by the 840s. 7 Quebe ity formed a ommittee of Trade in 809, Montreal organized another in 822, while Toronto had an informal Board of Trade from In the early 840s, the Quebe, Montreal and Toronto boards of trade sought statutes of inorporation from the government of the Provine of anada, setting a new pattern whih was to be followed by inreasing numbers of towns and ities after The wording of the Quebe Board of Trade At may be taken as representative of the funtions of the inorporated assoiations. The 52 named harter members were desribed as "merhants, residents 77

3 and arrying on trade" who wished to promote "measures... alulated to advane and render prosperous the lawful trade and ommere of this Provine and of the said ity of Quebe more espeially." Eligibility for membership was defined as residene in the ity for two years and engagement in "Banking, Trade or ommere of any kind." The Board of Trade was to be governed by a ounil onsisting of president, vie-president and ten other members. Boards of Arbitration and of Examiners were established to settle ommerial differenes and ensure quality standards for produe funtions whih boards of trade would ontinue to disharge. 0 By 874, 4 other towns and ities had obtained inorporated boards of trade by speial at Ottawa (857), Hamilton (864), London (866), Stratford (868), St. Thomas (869), St. atharines (872), hatham (872), Levis (872), Sorel (872), King's ounty, N.B. (87), Oshawa (87), St. John's (874), Saint John (874) and Ingersoll (874). The eligible oupations for board of trade membership were widened to inlude "ashier of any hartered bank" in the Ottawa at of 85 2 The Stratford at (868) permitted any "merhant, trader, mehani, manager of Bank or Insurane agent," while St. atharines added "aountant, diretor or offier of any finanial institution, owner or master of any vessel or master builder." In Oshawa's at of inorporation, non-residents who were "interested" in the village were permitted, and for the first time manufaturers were listed among the eligible oupations. 4 The growing number of appliations from even quite small urban entres prompted the Dominion Parliament to pass a general at "to authorize the inorporation of Boards of Trade in the Dominion" in The at provided that: Any number of persons, not less than thirty, being merhants, traders, brokers, mehanis, manufaturers, managers of banks or insurane agents, and being residents of any village, town or ity having a population of not less than two thousand fwt hundred may assoiate themselves together as a Board of Trade. A notarized ertifiate ontaining details of the harter members and offiers was to be forwarded to the Seretary of State to be reorded in a register. Suh a hartered board of trade was deemed to be a body orporate with all powers and responsibilities. It would be governed by a president, vie-president, seretary and ounil of eight other members, and should hold quarterly general meetings. The 874 At was amended from time to time during the next 75 years. hambers of ommere were deemed to have exatly the same powers and duties as boards of trade by an amendment of In fat, only franophone ommunities in Quebe used the title "hambre de ommere" until after 920, but there was no differene in powers and responsibilities. For simpliity, the term boards of trade is used here to mean hambers of ommere as well. The At's identifiation of a board of trade with an inorporated urban entre of at least middling size was modified, first in 876 by allowane for boards of trade to be formed in "judiial distrits" whih would onsist of rural hinterland as well as urban entre, later by extension to "eletoral distrits" (as in the North-West) in 895, or "mining divisions" in British olumbia and the Yukon (whih might have only 500 population) in 90 7 In 97, the territory for whih a board of trade might be inorporated was further extended to "any group of suh muniipalities or divisions." 8 From 920, those eligible for membership were no longer defined by their oupations, as in the 874 at, but might simply be a group of at least 0 persons... diretly or indiretly engaged in trade, ommere or the eonomi or soial welfare of any distrit... whether residents of suh a distrit or not [whose ommon purpose was] promoting and improving trade and ommere and the eonomi, ivi and soial welfare of [the] distrit. 9 From this time, it was also provided that an annual salary should be submitted to the Seretary of State as evidene that a board was still viable and ative. Fines were to be levied on boards whih failed to provide suh annual returns, and defunt boards were to be dissolved by order-in-ounil. 20 Patterns of Formation by Provine and Deade The Seretary of State's register of Board of Trade ertifiates onstitutes a valuable soure. The general indexes, whih are in roughly hronologial order, may be used to summarize the patterns of formation of boards in new ommunities aross anada. The ertifiates themselves ontain useful lues to the struture of eah ommunity elite at the time a board of trade was formed. 2 In Appendix, details of board of trade formation have been re-ordered alphabetially within eah anadian provine. Table summarizes the hronologial pattern by provine and deade to Before the general at of 874, only 20 boards of trade had been reated, three-fifths of them in Ontario towns and ities. During the next 5 years to 889, a further 56 boards were formed, Ontario maintaining a share of over half. Western ommunities were quik to form boards, while those in Quebe and the Maritime provines were relatively slow. 2 From the 890s, there was a steady inrease in new reations, notably in Nova Sotia and New Brunswik. By 900, 5 boards of trade (or hambers of ommere) had been formed, 7 of them in Ontario, 7 in Quebe, 6 in Nova Sotia, 4 in New Bruns- 78

4 FIGURE Fasimile of part of the harter ertifiate of Brokville Board of Trade. SOURE: PA, RG 68, Liber 55, Folio 28. A total of 00 loal businessmen delared themselves harter members. 79

5 Table BOARDS OF TRADE FORMED IN ANADIAN OMMUNITIES BY PROVINE AND DEADE TO 950 By TOTAL No. % Prine Edward Island Nova Sotia New Brunswik Quebe Ontario Manitoba Saskathewan Alberta British olumbia anada No. % Soure: ompiled from the Seretary of State's register of Board of Trade harters (PA, RG68) from 874 to 950 and earlier statutes. The omplete list is presented in the Appendix. wik, in eah of Manitoba and British olumbia, 8 in Saskathewan, in Alberta and 2 in Prine Edward Island. In relation to size of its urban population, anada had fewer boards or hambers than the United States,, where 2,944 had been reated by The deade was the busiest ever for new formations, with 4 new boards bringing the nominal total to 287. Reord numbers of ommunities formed new boards in nearly all provines, but the most dramati gains were in the West, espeially in Saskathewan. 25 Maritime and Prairie ommunities were inonspiuous during the deade 90-99, while Quebe and British olumbia began to dominate the list of new reations, a pattern whih would ontinue to 950. By 920, boards or hambers had been formed in 69 ommunities. How does this ompare with the numbers of inorporated urban entres? Virtually all urban entres with Table 2 ANADIAN BOARDS OF TRADE FORMED BY 920 IN RELATION TO NUMBERS OF URBAN ENTRES (92) population Number of ities and Towns with: population population (total) Number of Plaes where Boards of Trade formed Prine Edward Island Nova Sotia New Brunswik Quebe Ontario Manitoba Saskathewan Alberta British olumbia TOTAL Soure: ompiled from ensus of anada, 92 and Seretary of State's register of Board of Trade harters

6 5,000 population or more had suh organizations, the only exeptions being in some suburban muniipalities of large ities, where the metropolitan board of trade served the whole area. But there were fewer boards of trade than the 474 urban entres with over,000 population at the 92 ensus. The losest math is between the 7 urban entres with ity or town status and at least,000 population and the 69 anadian ommunities whih had formed boards or hambers by 920. On this basis, Quebe and Alberta would seem to have less than their share of boards of trade, Manitoba, Saskathewan and British olumbia rather more (Table 2). Although the legislation had permitted boards of trade to be formed in judiial, eletoral or mining distrits, new reations to 920 were overwhelmingly based in inorporated urban entres. In Ontario, for example, only 5 of the boards formed to 920 were defined in rural distrits or uninorporated urban plaes. Boards of trade were also reated in some urban muniipalities without formal hartering by the Seretary of State at least eight in Ontario to The average size of ommunities forming boards of trade steadily dereased to 920, as Table illustrates for Ontario. The mean size of an urban entre in whih a new board was reated dropped from,750 in the 850s, to 4,500 in the 870s, 2,26 in the 890s, and a low of,70 in the deade 9-920, after whih it rose somewhat irregularly over the deades to 980. The mean size of population in other provines may have been rather lower. This was speifially allowed by the legislation in British olumbia and the Yukon. In the prairie provines, the delarations by the harter members of the number of people in the board of trade territory must often have been more hopeful than truthful. In Saskathewan, virtually every new board of trade served an urban population of well under,000, and in several ases, as low as 250. learly, in the rapid proliferation of boards of trade around the turn of the entury, some ommunities overreahed themselves. The arhives ontain interesting evidene on whih boards of trade had beome defunt by 920 and had therefore to be dissolved, in aordane with the 920 amendments to the legislation. Table 4 summarizes the numbers of suh boards by eah provine. Altogether, over one-third of the boards reated sine 874 had eased to funtion by 920, and Saskathewan and Nova Sotia had onsiderably higher proportions. More often than not, the asualties were in small ommunities whih were failing to grow at the rate the founders had hoped. In Saskathewan, for example, where 22 of the 4 boards hartered by 920 had to be dissolved, only two of these had an urban entre with over,000 population by the 92 ensus. Of the 9 surviving boards of trade in Saskathewan, only six had under,000 people and another six had well over 2,500 eah. The small size of a population was not the only fator in the demise of a board of trade; death or removal of a leading individual or business and disagreement or demoralization among the key members ould also be responsible. In Ontario, while eight of the 6 defunt boards were based in Table POPULATION SIZE OF ONTARIO URBAN ENTRES FORMING BOARDS OF TRADE, BY DEADE Deade Number Boards of Trade Mean Population Formed at Formation Largest entre Smallest entre ,745 9,99 4,500,878 2,26 2,88,7 2,96,487 2,268 4,4,88 2,242 Toronto- Ottawa,905 Hamilton 2,82 Brantford,94 Belleville 9,66 Pembroke 4,70 Sarnia 8,884 Hawkesbury 4,629 Midland 7,006 Eastview 7,88 Fort Erie 7,08 Burlington 26,52 Streetsville 5,770 Alliston,76..9,75 Kingston,585 St. Thomas 2,084 Mithell 2,88 Shelburne,04 Ft. William 960 Omemee 59 Englehart Jarvis 502 Elora,242 Merrikville 8 Millbrook 750 Erin,225 Elmvale,0 Note: This table onsiders only the first Board of Trade or hamber of ommere formed in an Ontario urban entre. It inludes 24 Boards definitely formed but not hartered by the Seretary of State, and exludes 2 hartered Boards formed in uninorporated rural distrits with no speified urban entre. Peter Maskell, omputer programmer, Department of Geography, University of Guelph, kindly helped with the alulations. 8

7 Table 4 BOARDS OF TRADE FORMALIY DISSOLVED BY 92 BY PROVINE AND DATE OF FORMATION Total % total formations in provine Prine Edward Island Nova Sotia New Brunswik Quebe Ontario Manitoba Saskathewan Alberta British olumbia Yukon Total dissolutions % total formations in period SOURE: Seretary of State's register of Boards of Trade formed (PA, RG 68) and the Order-in-ounil of 7 Deember 92 formally dissolving those Boards whih had eased to funtion (RG 68, Lib. 252, Fol ) urban entres of under,000 population, two were in towns of over 0,000, four in towns with 5,000-0,000 and ten in plaes of 2,500-5,000. Eleven of the Ontario ommunities where boards were formally dissolved in 92 were subsequently able to form new boards of trade or hambers of ommere. New formations ourred at a modest rate in the 920s and 90s and more rapidly in the 940s. Some ommunities, where boards of trade had been dissolved in 92, reated new organizations. It beame inreasingly ommon to transform an established board of trade into a hamber of ommere, and new reations were also more ommonly given this name. Before 920, virtually all the hambers had been "hambres de ommere" in Quebe. In the 920s and 90s, the tendeny to use "hamber of ommere" in preferene to "board of trade" began in Ontario. The habit beame more widespread in the 940s, when 4 of the 54 new organizations hartered outside Quebe were styled "hambers of ommere," and more than another 0 existing boards of trade hanged themselves into hambers of ommere. The hange of name brought no new powers but rather a fresh image, influened by the federation movement in the United States and a new emphasis on itizenship and soial relations rather than business expansion. It was related, also, to the reation of the anadian hamber of ommere in 926, the first suessful federal organization to whih loal boards and hambers ould relate. 27 By 950, 62 anadian ommunities had formed boards of trade or hambers of ommere. Allowing for defunt boards whih had not been revived between 92 and 950, 54 formally hartered organizations are estimated to have been in existene in 950. This figure may be ompared with the 74 inorporated urban entres with a population of,000 or over at the 95 ensus. Board of Trade Membership What kind of men were harter members of the boards of trade? The ertifiates in the Seretary of State's register ontain valuable details of loal leadership at the time a board of trade was reated. Although the at required only the names of the 0 eligible harter members, in fat most ertifiates listed onsiderably more, along with their oupations. For some Ontario examples, the Brokville ertifiate of 889 listed 94 and the 906 ertifiate 00 members, while 86 harter members launhed the Brantford Board of Trade in 879. areless desribed the early Winnipeg Board of Trade as "the very exemplifiation or mobilization of the... business elite." 28 This was generally true of ommunities forming boards of trade before World War I, though the business elite of a small town was on a muh more modest sale than that of a metropolis. A omparison of the lists of harter members with their finanial worth and redit ratings in the R.G. Dun referene handbooks illustrates the oinidene between a ommunity's eonomi leaders and the membership of the board of trade. For example, of the 6 merhants, manufaturers and others who formed the Berlin Board of 82

8 Trade in 886, 54 were listed in the Dun handbook, 5 of them with finanial worth above the ommunity mean for that year. Only four loal businessmen with above-average finanial worth, who would have been eligible for membership in the board of trade, were not among the harter members. Board of trade members not listed in the Dun ratings were bank and insurane ompany exeutives not in business on their own aount. Exeutive members of the board of trade ounil, who were by far the most ative, tended to be partiularly prominent in business and in muniipal politis. By the 920s, the omposition of boards of trade and hambers of ommere had hanged. In Brantford, for example, the board of trade established in 877 transformed itself into a hamber of ommere in 920. But only ten of the harter members of the Brantford hamber of ommere figure in the Dun and Bradstreet lists for that year, and a mere five of these were of above-average worth. Most of the ity's prominent businesses were not atively involved: 45 major, loally based businesses with above-average worth were not diretly represented in the hamber of ommere. A wider variety of oupations was notieable by this time, inluding those in eduation and the professions, as well as managers and salesmen rather than owners of businesses. Offiers and members of the ounil tended to be less wealthy and to ombine fewer leadership roles than formerly. 29 These hanges in the membership and leadership reflet signifiant hanges in business organization, frequently involving the loss of deision-making power by small ommunities, as well as hanged pereptions of the effetive role of the boards of trade. Role in Urban Development Boards of trade and hambers of ommere were assoiations of businessmen who tried by olletive means to reate or protet a favourable environment for their business ativities. Strongly supported by publishers of loal newspapers, they were usually able to win suffiient popular support for their laim that what was good for business was best for the ommunity. Boards of trade onsistently influened muniipal ounils to use their powers and finanial resoures to help loal business, and urged eleted representatives in legislature and parliament to lobby higher governments for the same purpose. With their primary interest in business expansion, boards of trade most diretly influened the urban eonomi base. But their emphasis on growth poliies shaped the ommunity's priorities and thereby also affeted the soial and physial development of ities and towns. As Stanford has noted for Toronto, "the prime motivation towards organization (of the Board of Trade) was the average businessman's distrust of government" unless a united business front ould be maintained to influene legislative and muniipal deisions. 0 In ity after ity, it is lear that businessmen felt onfident that they were best equipped to guide the muniipal ounil to use its powers and publi funds in the ommunity's best interests. In Berlin, Ontario, for example, the board of trade was delared to be "the right arm of the Town ounil," the "little parliament (whih) rystallized the opinion of our foremost businessmen and finaniers for the Town ounil's guidane and diretion." The Waterloo Board of Trade had an even grander oneption of its role: Boards of Trade are the advane army of muniipal reform, the sharp shooters in the battle of progress, and the bakbone of the most progressive among our muniipal bodies... pioneers of progress and inaugurators of movements having in view the betterment and healthy growth of their respetive ommunities. 2 Boards of trade were key institutions in the anadian ity-building proess, at least until about the 920s. Their priorities and impat on urban development seem to have hanged over time and to have varied between types and sizes of urban entres. At all stages, the alliane between board of trade and loal press was lear, as was the use of muniipal government and of eleted representatives to provinial legislature and federal parliament. Long-lived boards of trade, partiularly in entral or eastern anada, may have attempted all the various growth poliies in the sequene skethed below. Lateomers may illustrate only the strategies urrent from their date of formation, or may have tried to ombine several simultaneously. The earliest boards of trade, and those established in ities with emerging metropolitan funtions, were most onerned with merantile and ommerial interests and with transportation improvements to widen or protet their trading hinterlands. The merantile-ommerial strategies of metropolitan boards may be illustrated by the ampaigns of Halifax and Saint John to develop their potential as Atlanti ports serving all anada. 4 The Montreal Board of Trade worked for a St. Lawrene and hamplain anal and for the St. Lawrene and Atlanti Railway, by publi subsriptions as well as a substantial muniipal guarantee of bonds. 5 Stanford has delared that the Toronto board was most onsistently onerned with transportation, its aim being "to ensure for Toronto the plae that Board felt it so obviously deserved in the ountry's developing network of rails, roads and waterways" and to preserve equity in rates and tariffs. 6 The Winnipeg board of trade indued the ity ounil to vote the.rr. a $200,000 bonus, a tax exemption and a free site for the railway yards. 7 From the 870s, boards of trade espeially in smaller ities, towns and villages worked to stimulate more loalized eonomi ativity, notably manufaturing, but also new publi administrative and institutional funtions. Their industrial poliies involved both diret subsriptions by loal businessmen in new fatory ventures and the use of muniipal powers to grant ash bonuses or loans, tax exemptions or

9 irular To The Ratepayers of St. atharines "The By-law ratifying the agreement between the orporation and the anadian Yale-Towne Ltd. is to be submitted for your approval on Monday next, the 29th inst. "The Members of our Board are partiularly anxious that the By-law shall not only arry but that a large vote be polled in its favor. This an only be done with your o-operation. "The ost to the ity would be approximately $ prinipal and interest and a loss of about $25 per year tax on the now vaant land. The ompany agrees to spend $50,000 in buildings and plant, to pay at least $25,000 per annum in wages for the first two years, $50,000 per annum later. Shool tax will be paid on full assessment, and regular tax on a $5,000 assessment for the last five years. In this way, the tax paid by the ompany will, before the ten years are up, amount to more per annum than the ity's outlay. This seems to us good business. Our loss is omparatively nothing but our gain that of having a good live industry in our midst, building its plant and paying out $25,000 and $50,000 per year in wages from whih all lasses will benefit. "The name Yale-Towne stands high in the list of sound, onservative business onerns in the United States, and has been so for 4 years. The loation of this industry would mean that other manufaturers desiring a anadian loation would say, 'Why did Yale-Towne go to St. atharines? Let us look it over. ' "You know that it is a diffiult matter to poll the requisite three-fifths vote, so help the matter along by oming out to vote early on Monday, and see that your neighbours and friends do likewise. Vote in as many wards as you have property. Very respetfully yours, St. atharines Board of Trade W.B. Burgoyne, President" FIGURE An illustration of Board of Trade efforts to attrat and establish new manufaturing enterprises. The St. atharines Board also organized a publi meeting in favour of the By-law, and ommandeered all sixty autos in the ity for transporting ratepayers to the polls. The by-law was passed by the voters, and the ompany granted a site worth $2,800 and 0-year tax exemption (exept for shool taxes). SOURE: St. atharines Board of Trade Minutes 7 May 9 ; Daily Standard, 27 May 9 other induements to manufaturers. 8 When the grant of suh a bonus required a majority vote by the property-owners, board of trade and loal press would energetially "organize the voters." Metropolitan boards of trade did not usually favour muniipal bonusing, preferring to lobby higher governments to failitate their growth strategies or protet their interests. 9 Towns and ities whih bonused fatories most intensively were those without a strong ommitment to other eonomi ativities or urban funtions or where business leaders pereived that speial induements were neessary to offset a lak of natural advantages. 40 Boards of trade would also ampaign to attrat speial administrative or institutional funtions for their town, for the sake of the multiplier effets whih would be generated in the loal eonomy by an infusion of publi funds. Suh induement as a free site or heap utilities might also be offered to seure provinial apital, ounty or distrit seat, a penitentiary, asylum, ollege or university, a military or naval base. Kilpatrik has attributed Edmonton's vitory, in the ontest to beome Alberta's provinial apital, to the determination of its board of trade and the leadership of the newspaper publisher who also represented the distrit in the federal parliament. 4 The Saskatoon board of trade tried in vain to have its ity made apital of the new provine of Saskathewan, but did sueed in seuring the provinial university. 42 In the late nineteenth entury, boards of trade beame aware of the importane of a ity's image and engaged in 84

10 FIGURE. anadian boards of trade often published booklets, eah elebrating its town's advantages and enouraging new enterprise. This example was produed by the Berlin, Ontario, Board of Trade in

11 boosterist advertising, both to attrat new enterprise from outside and to reinfore the loyalty of itizens to their ommunity. Western anadian ities were most assiduous and grandiloquent. 4 But boards of trade all over anada poured forth a flood of promotional publiity in their own annual reports, in speial issues of loal newspapers and in advertisements in national and U.S. newspapers and magazines. 44 Boards reeived grants from muniipal ounils to promote the ity and attrat investment, funtions they have often ontinued to the present. 45 From the turn of the entury, and with mixed motives, boards also sponsored "urban reform" movements, inluding hanges in the mahinery of muniipal government and shemes for ity planning and workers' housing. Innovations, suh as the replaement of the ward system by atlarge eletions and government by ommission, board of ontrol or ity manager, were supported by boards of trade for the business effiieny they would bring to muniipal government and also for the progressive image a ity would thereby gain. Similarly, boards of trade usually led the widespread moves to muniipal ownership and operation of urban utilities. 46 On the whole, however, there was a growing failure to apply olletive ation and loal initiative, whih were so evident in stimulating urban eonomi growth, to solving the problems whih resulted from growth housing, poverty, ongestion and publi health. After about 920, though boards of trade and espeially hambers of ommere ontinued to be formed in substantial numbers, their role seems to have beome more limited than in the earlier, formative stages of ity-building. Muniipal government powers were onstrained by the expanding roles of higher governments. The hanging sale of business organization and the effets of mergers and takeovers also redued the number of independent entrepreneurs and businessmen in most towns. Boards and hambers took on more soial and rereational funtions from this time, beoming less onerned with publi poliies than with servies to members. 47 With the ahievement of the federation known as the anadian hamber of ommere in 926, most loal boards or hambres tended inreasingly to operate as branhes of the national organization. 48 Boards of trade have great interest as evidene of the "older olletivity values (whih) prevailed... in spite of the intense ego-orientation stimulated by lassial liberalism in the eonomi sphere." 49 There is sope for muh more researh into the role of boards of trade, in depth for individual towns and ities and also more omparatively. 50 It would be interesting to understand how information about board of trade ativities was diffused among nineteenth entury anadian urban entres before there was any national organization or federation. How important, for example, were migrants from southern Ontario in starting boards of trade in western anadian entres? More omparative researh ould illuminate the question of periodiity in board of trade ativity. Did loal businessmen beome more or less ohesive and ative in times of reession? 5 A omparative approah is also needed to assess the real ity-building signifiane of boards of trade. Did a board merely reflet the strengths and weaknesses of its members, or ould the olletive assoiation amount to onsiderably more than the sum of its parts? 52 How vital was the loal board of trade in direting urban growth strategies? Industrial poliies ould sueed without suh an institution in the ase of some suburban muniipalities around Montreal or Toronto. 5 omparisons of the performane of boards of trade in towns that "failed" with those in suessful towns and ities would be useful. There is also sope for more detailed researh on the fisal and soial osts of the growth poliies promoted by boards of trade during the formative stage of anadian urban development. 54

12 anadian Plant of The Singer Sewing Mahine ompany at St. Johns, Que. The ity of St. Johns, Quebe The Rihelieu River, upon the banks of whih is situated the ity of St. Johns, has been desribed by a well-known writer as "liquid history." The Indians used this route both in peae and war as a highway between the beautiful Lake hamplain and the broad St. Lawrene River. In the early days a fort was built at St. Johns by the Frenh to repel attaks by the savages and this, after many viissitudes and muh fighting, finally beame British and was settled by English pioneers. The town has grown steadily until now it has a population of,000. The fat that it is situated so lose to Montreal, the largest and rihest ity in anada and has suh good railway and water shipping failities is a great fator in assuring the ontinued growth of St. Johns. The ity is served by the anadian National, anadian Paifi, entral Vermont, Rutland and Quebe, Montreal and Southern Railways, besides being on the diret water route between St. Lawrene ports and those of the United States situated on Lake hamplain and the Hudson River. The ity of St. Johns is progressive and has good onrete roads and sidewalks, two beautiful publi parks, Frenh and English shools and lubs for the promotion of suh sports as swimming, anoeing, boating, sailing, tennis, hokey, basketball, football and golf. Twenty industries are already established in S't Johns and as these are diversified as to their produts, the pro.^perity of the ommunity is little affeted by ordinary business depressions. The surrounding ountry is thikly populated and the land in all this setion is very fertile and produtive. The Rihelieu River is half a mile wide at St. Johns, but narrows onsiderably several miles below and beomes rapid, providing abundant hydro eletri power for the ity and neighboring towns. The water supply is exellent. The Board of Trade of St. Johns is most anxious to get in touh with industries seriously onsidering the establishment of anadian branhes, and will gladly supply any information required regarding the ity. The servies of the Board are without harge and are arried out by business men in the interests of a bigger and better St. Johns. ST. JOHNS BOARD OF TRADE. FIGURE 4. Advertisement by St. Johns (Quebe) Board of Trade in Muniipal World, Montreal, 924, p

13 FIGURE 5. Advertisement by Saskatoon Board of Trade in Industrial anada, September 929, p. 9

14 Appendix anada: List of Boards of Trade Formally harted to 950 SOURES: ompiled primarily from Seretary of State's register of Boards of Trade formed (Publi Arhives of anada, Reord Group 68), with details added for Boards reated earlier by speial at or otherwise. Referenes are inluded to Liber and Folio number or to the statute of inorporation. NOTES: Formed as Board of Trade unless otherwise stated Formed as hamber of ommere.» Existing Board of Trade hanged to hamber of ommere 4. B/ Designated as both Board of Trade and hamber of ommere 5. * Formally dissolved by 92 ATLANTI PROVINES Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol PRINE EDWARD ISLAND Alberton & W. Prine harlottetown rapaud-vitoria Kings ounty Prine Edward Island Summerside Amherst Annapolis Royal Antigonish Bear River Berwik Bridgetown anso ape Breton hester hitiamp larkes Harbour orn wal lis Dartmouth Digby Fundy (Freeport) Glae Bay Goldboro, Isaa's Harbour & Dist. Grand Narrows Greenwood Guysborough Ap. 90 Ap. 887 De. 944 De Ja. 900 NOVA SOTIA Ja Ju. 92 De. 876 Ap Ju Se De. 98 No. 90 Ja Jl. 90 Ju /75 28/8 46/269 96/587 28/2* 55/87 28/247 55/29* 420/89 55/96* 55/22 55/64 55/25 96/294 28/7 55/204* 96/ /08 96/264 96/49 55/4 55/ 80/46 55/* 96/40 96/440 96/480 55/79 96/45 Halifax Kentville King's ounty Lawrenetown Liverpool Lokport Lunenburg Mahone Bay Margaree Middleton New Glasgow New Waterford North Queens North Sydney Nova Sotia Pitou Port Hood Pugwash Rogersville St. Peters Sheet Harbour Springhill Stellarton Sydney Sydney Mines Truro Westville Yarmouth. O. No. O. Ju. Ju. O. De. De. Ja. No. No. Ap. Jl. Ju. Ja. Ja. Ju. Ja /27 28/87 28/278 28/27* 96/278 55/0 55/26* 55/90* 55/7* 80/489 28/275 28/4* 80/46 96/26 55/286 28/257 28/2 28/27 55/40 55/29* 55/2* 456/205 96/48 96/57 55/* 55/05* 55/299 96/2 96/05 28/84 55/0* 96/0 28/244 89

15 Plae Date NEW BRUNSWIK Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol Bathurst ampbellton araquet hatham hipman Dalhousie Dundas (oagne) Edmundston Frederiton Iles Shippegan et Misou Inverness Lanaster Madawaska o. Mimramook-St. Joseph Monton Newastle Parrsboro Petitodia I.. Junior Ju De. 894 O. 947 Ja. 90 No. 949 De Ja Ju. 947 Ja. 907 No. 92 Ja. 907 Jl Ap. 899 Jl /89 55/22 252/82 96/59 28/255 49/92 96/ /447 96/0 28/4 28/9 80/ /64 55/295* 96/62* 55/295* 444/226 28/20 80/66 28/25 55/72 96/2* Petit Roher Port Elgin Rihibuto-Rexton Sakville St. Andrews St. George Saint John St. Martin's Shedia-Shedia Shippegan Southern Kings Stanley Sussex Traadie Vitoria ounty Windsor Wolfville Woodstok King's ounty I. B B.» Jl Jl. 94 Jl Jl Jl. 945 Ja. 90 No Ap Ja. 898 Ap /400 96/270 80/6 55/46 55/6* 28/82 Vi /426 55/4* 96/45 80/25 55/7* 456/46 55/29 96/28 96/5 55/9 55/7 96/599 28/2 Vi.. 67 Plae Date ENTRAL ANADA Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol QUEBE Abitibi Amqui Arthabaska, omté Arvida Bagot, omté Beaueville Beauharnois Bedford Beloeil Berthier, omté Bukingham abano ap De La Madeleine ausapsal, Jeunes hambly I. I O De Ja. 908 De. 9 O. 948 De. 9 De Ju. 926 Ju O /272 96/407 55/92* 80/09 96/254 96/25 55/25* 96/ /5 96/505 55/59 77/5 80/24 96/99 456/6 55/ 456/24 hamplain, omté handler harlesbourg harlevoix, omté harlevoix-ouest harny hioutimi Dist. oatiook ookshire Danville & Shipton Dolbeau Dorion Drummond Duparquet East Angus l. l Ju. 90 De. 98 Ju. 940 Se O. 92 De Ju. 9 Ap. 946 O. 947 No. 90 De /2* 80/4 485/2 96/6* 80/49 80/8 96/542 55/2* 96/299 55/5 96/0* 96/92 80/54 80/575 55/5 485/2 80/27 90

16 Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol East Broughton Epiphanie Farnham Fort oulogne Fraserville» Rivière du Loup Gaspé Gaspésie entrale Gatineau Valley Giffard Granby Grande Riviere Grand'mère Graufield Ham Nord-Wolfe o. Henryville Huberdeau Hull Huntingdon Iberville Jaques-artier Kazabazua Kewagama»adilla Joliette & Dist. La Baie des Halta Lahine Lahute La Meganti La St. Jean La St. Jean Est Lambton L'Annoniation La Patrie Laprairie L'Assomption Levis L'Ile Amherst, Harve L'Islet, omté L'Isle Vert Louiseville Maniwaki Matane Jeunes MWatters-Joannes Montebello Mont-Joli Mont Laurier Montmagny l. Junior l.. I. 950 Jl. 920 De De De Ju Ap. 946 Ja. 906 Ju. 947 Ap. 947 No. 945 Ja. 949 Ap. 902 Ju Ap. 950 No. 98 Ap Ju. 909 Ja. 97 No. ] 947 O Se. 909 Ap. 92 No. 945 Jl. 947 Ju. 96 No. 946 No Ap. 99 Ju De. 94 Ap. 90 Ap /542 96/274 28/67* 80/2 80/78 28/69 P 50 28/06* 8/07 80/258 96/ /265 55/94 80/85 55/24* 80/52 80/480 80/0 456/9 55/4 77/2 96/07 78/ / /552 80/44 28/25 96/90 96/2 96/229 80/584 55/29* 80/46 96/5 96/290 80/280 80/565 77/58 80/ / 96/524 Vie /52 96/8* 96/268 96/86 80/72 96/52 96/7 80/47 456/275 80/75 96/466 96/492 96/5 Montreal Dist. Française hinese Montreal-Nord New Rihmond Nîolet Dist. Normandin Portneuf, omté Prie Quebe Quebe/ Montgomery omtés Rawdon Rigaud Rihmond Rimouski Rivière-à-Pierre Rivière-bleue Ro d'or du anton Malarti Rok Island Rouville, omté Roxton Falls Rouyn Saguenay St-Andre-Avellin St-ésaire St-hrysostome St-Ienis-sur-Rihelieu St-Donat St-Ephrem St-Esprit-Ste Julienne St-Féliien St-François St-Gabriel-de-Brandon St-Georges St-Hyainthe St-Jaques St John» St Jean St-Jérome St-Joseph d'alma St-Joseph-de-Sorel St-Jovite St-Ludger St-Mihel St-Pasal de Kamouraska St-Romuald d'ethemin BT I. I. I. 842 De. Ju. O. De. 842 Ja. Se O Se. 97 O. 97 Ja. 950 De Ja. 899 Ap Ju Ap Se O. 949 De. 948 Ju Ap. 90 Jl No. 892 Ja. 874 O. Jl. Ja. O. Ja. Ju. Jl. 4/ /5 877 [ No. 940 De. 909 Vi /76 55/208 96/47 448/80 80/2 55/ /2 96/79* 80/6 Vi /2 96/558 96/552 96/4 28/549 55/ 80/ 80/0 456/467 80/20 55/69* 55/60* 96/468 80/244 96/420 55/20 96/604 80/82 96/569 80/407 80/2 456/ /470 80/5 456/478 96/5* 96/88 96/494 28/2 96/28 Vi /25 55/47 96/452 96/545 80/02 80/29 80/46 456/488 90/26 96/40 9

17 Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol Ste-Adele Ste-Agathe-des-Monts Ste-Justine Ste-Rose-de-Laval Ste-Thèle Ste-Thérèse Sayabe Senneterre Shawinigan Falls Sherbrooke Sillery Sorel Soulanges, omté South Shore Terrebonne Thetford Mines» l. Thurso Trois-Pistoles Trois-Rivières (88) Val d'or Valleyfield Vitoriaville Ville-Marie Warwik Waterloo Alexandria Almonte Alfred Ansonville Arnprior Atikokan Aylmer Ayr Barrie Barry's Bay Barwik Dist. Beamsville Beaverton Belleville ONTARIO.. (865)» Ap Ja. 948 De No De. 889 Jl Jl. 948 Ap. 9 Se. 95 Ja. 92 Ap. 98 De. 947 Ju Ju Ja O. 92 Ja. 902 De. 98 O. 94 Ju Jl. 89 Ap. 948 Ja. 92 Ap Ja. 949 No. 92 O. 950 Ap /90 96/52 456/9 80/42 80/46 96/59 96/4 456/498 96/8 28/62 4/47 456/0 Vi /5 456/94 96/87 96/575 96/4* 80/27 456/40 80/ 96/292 96/602 28/97 96/526 55/27* 80/5 96/6 96/62* 55/7 96/28 96/56 456/56 96/54 28/228* 456/68 96/6 55/279* 28/7 28/74* 96/8 456/99 96/55 456/60 96/58* 28/58 96/289 Berlin see also Kithener Blind River Bobaygeon Border Bourget Braebridge Brampton Brantford Brighton Brokville allander ampbellford annington assleman atham linton obalt obourg ohrane olborne oldwater Dist. ollingwood ornwall Deseronto Dresden Dryden Dundas E. Manitoulin Eastview Elk Lake Emo Distrit Englehart Essex entre Fenelon Falls Fort Erie Fort Franes Junior Fort William Gait Gananoque Georgetown (887) (886)»».»..» B/ Ja. Ap. Se. O. Se. O. O. Ap. No. O. 872 Ap. Jl. Se. Ju. Se. O. No. O. Ja. Ju. Ja. Ja. Ju. Ap. Ju. Ju. Jl. Ap. Ja s /68 55/289 96/472 96/24 456/244 55/8 55/200* 28/42 96/28 55/0 28/ 55/28 02/77 96/2 55/22* 96/99* 456/42 Vi /88* 96/509 55/9 55/49 55/29 50/? 96/0 96/28* 96/72* 28/45 28/75 55/4 55/9* 96/06 96/499 4/46 28/8 28/58 96/79 96/54* 80/2 96/68 80/9 96/20 28/209* 55/27 485/7 96/2 96/ /59 28/94 28/56 96/56 28/25 96/8 92

18 Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol Goderih Gravenhurst & S. Muskoka Guelph Haileybury Hamilton Hastings Hawkesbury Hespeler Hudson Hunstville. (886)»» Ingersoll» & Dist. Iroquois Iroquois Falls Jarvis Kenogami Kenora (as Rainy River Dist. to 9) Killarney Kinardine Kingston (84)» Kirkland Lake-Swastika Kithener Lanaster Lindsay Listowel London Mado Mattawa Maxville Meaford Merrikville Dist. Midland Mithell Morrisburg Mount Forest Distrit Napanee New Liskeard (as Temiskaming to 90) Newmarket»»» O No / 0 92 Ap. 9 De Se. 90 Se. 949 No Jl Ap. 94 No Ap. 929 Ap. 929 De. 888 Ju. 905 De /5 Ja Ja. 942 De / 0 Ap Ja Jl. 897 Jl. 944 No. 922 Se. 928 Ap Ap. 89 Ju No /0 55/79 96/ /2 Vi /224 55/2 Vi /272 96/77* 96/20* 96/460 96/70* 456/64 96/50 55/66 46/549 Vi.. 54* 96/ /407 28/29 96/77 96/4 80/57 28/08 55/22 28/* Vi /458 96/262 80/22 96/2 80/66 28/80 28/55 Vi /5 96/22 55/29* 28/262* 96/49* 55/ 80/208 96/24 96/427 28/9 80/98 28/ /284 28/66* 456/ 55/50 96/94 Niagara Dist. Niagara Falls North Bay Junior Norwih Oakville & Trafalgar Orangeville Orillia Orono Oshawa & E. Whitby Twp. Ottawa Owen Sound Palmerston Paris Parkhill Parry Sound Jeunes >».» Penetanguishene Perth Peterborough (854) Petrolia Piton» Prine Edward o. Plantagenet Porupine Port Arthur Port olborne- Humberstone Port Dover Port Hope Port Perry Presott Preston S. Waterloo Jun. Rainy River Dist. Renfrew Ridgetown Rokland St. atharines St. Mary's St. Thomas Sandwih Sarnia Sault Ste. Marie Shreiber Dist.»» Ap Jl. 947 O O O. 949 O. 88 De. 945 De. 88 No. 89 Ju Ja. 949 De. 889 Ap Ap Ju. 949 Ap Ju. 92 J. 874 Ja Jl De. 92 Ja Ja Ju / No /245 28/24 96/509 80/54 28/ /9 96/8 96/68* 456/7 55/5* 28/89 76/296 Vi /44* 96/424 Vi /579 28/47 80/79 28/49 28/205* 59/2 46/404 28/20* 456/77 28/64 28/29 28/29 55/69* 28/4 0/20 456/25 456/254 28/64 96/474 96/40 28/ 55/62 28/29 4/47 55/98 456/59 96/57 55/09 28/507* 96/205 Vi /5, Vi /26 55/25 96/2 28/48 96/56

19 Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fo! Seaforth Simoe Sioux Lookout Smith's Falls Southampton Stirling S. Porupine Stratford Strathroy Sudbury & Twp. Thessalon & Dist. Thorold Tilbury Tillsonburg Timmins Toronto Trenton Uxbridge» (860)» De. 898 No Ap. 889 Se. 929 O. 895 Ju Se. 950 Ju Jl De No. 886 O. 950 Ap /49 28/02 96/60 28/4 28/269 56/28 96/6 Vi /58 28/* 28/267 55/4 28/27 80/7 96/4 96/222 Vi /74 485/ 28/24* 456/508 Vankleek Hill Walkerton Walkerville» Border Wallaeburg Wasaga Beah Waterloo Welland Wellington Westboro Weston Whitby Wiarton Windsor» Border Wingham Woodstok York»» 949 Ja Se O O. 874 De. 898 Ja Se Ja /46 28/* 55/26 28/28 80/04 28/78 456/29 28/2* 96/220* 80/65 80/509 96/97* 28/6 55/5 55/9* 8/7 28/6 28/24 96/54 PRAIRIE PROVINES Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol MANITOBA Beausejour Boissevain Dist. Brandon arberry arman hurhill Dauphin Deloraine Dufferin Elgin & Dist. Fork River & Dist. Gilbert Plains Gladstone Holland Manitou»»»»»» Jl Ap. 88 Ap Ap. 948 No De No De Ap /86 456/00 55/56* 28/5 28/5 55/27 456/50 55/56* 96/565 55/67 456/25 55/9* 28/20* 456/29 80/295 96/75* 55/64 55/268* 28/54 Melita & Dist. Minnedosa Morden Elet. Dist. Morris Neepawa Portage la Prairie Rapid ity Dist. Roland St. Bonifae St. James St. Vital Selkirk Souris Stonewall»»»» Ap. 906 Ap Ap Jl Ju. 899 Se Ju. 90 Jl. 97 No. 90 Ap. 907 Se Ap. 9 55/49* 456/5 55/254 28/7* 55/225 55/97 456/24 28/7 55/76 55/28* 96/88 96/478 96/69 55/ 55/05 447/205 96/4* 96/52

20 Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol Swan River The Pas Transeona Virden Wawanesa Winnipeg Winnipegosis & Dist. Ju » 948 Jl. 946 Ju. 889» Ju Jl. 906 Ja. 879» 948 Ju. 99 SASKATHEWAN 55/266 96/7 80/92 28/60 456/67 8/226 55/276 28/7 456/0 96/252 Rouleau Saltoats Dist. Saskatoon Sott-Tramping Lake Swift urrent Tisdale Whitewood orp. Wilkie Willow reek Wolseley Yorkton Dist.» B» 906 De. 897 Ap. 907 Ap Ap. 949 Ap Ja /26* 50/4 55/0 96/289 96/462 96/8* 55/44 55/0 55/62* 96/7* 456/25 96/226 55/92* 55/5 Alameda Balarres Balgonie Battleford Biggar ardworth arson Davidson Duk Lake Estevan Eyebrow Frobisher Gravelbourg Grenfell Hoffard Hudson Bay Junt. Indian Head Kindersley Lintlaw Dist. Luseland Maple reek Manor Melfort Milestone Moose Jaw Moosomin Morse Distrit Nokomis N. Battleford Outlook Oxbow Paddokwood Prine Albert Qu'Appelle Radison Regina Rosetown Rosthern Ap. 909 Ap No. 909 Ju. 92 Ja. 906 Ju. 905 O No. 908 Jl. 92 Ju. 92 No Se. 925 De. 902 No Ap Ju. 905 Ju. 905 De Ap. 89 Jl De De. 905 Ju. 92 Jl Jl. 94 Ju. 888 Ju /* 96/5 55/226* 96/0 96/8 96/42* 55/247* 55/27 55/47* 55/206 55/52* 96/54* 96/44 96/77* 80/98 96/7 55/52* 96/66 80/570 96/476 55/82* 55/9* 55/228 55/20* 28/04 96/45 28/96 96/58 55/8* 55/245 96/247* 55/249* 42/506 28/9 28/80* 96/556 28/00 96/6 55/4* Bashaw amrose algary oronation ommunity Donnelly Dist. Edmonton Edson Elk Point Falher Fort Kent Fort Saskathewan Grande Prairie Kinuso La La Bihe Laeombe Ledu Lethbridge Lousana MLennan MaLeod Dist. Mediine Hat Olds Peae River Red Deer St. Paul Strathona Thorhild Torrington Vegreville Wetaskiwin ALBERTA *»» B/ B/ B/ 946 De. 950 Ap Jl De Ja Jl Ap. 99 Ju Ju. 924 Ju Ja. 922 Ap Ja. 90 Se O Se. 92 De. 90 De /252 96/58 28/98 465/ /7 96/48 28/6 96/2 80/44 80/4 96/52 55/202 96/24 96/444 96/20 55/28* 96/58 55/27 96/00 96/0 80/4 55/58* 55/99 96/40 96/09 96/90 96/454 55/2* 96/446 96/497 55/259* 96/47 55/94 95/429 95

21 WEST OAST Plae Date Lib/Fol Plae Date Lib/Fol BRITISH OLUMBIA Abbotsford Dist. Agassiz Harrison Albert Bay & Dist. Altin Dist. Ashroft & Dist. Barkerville Dist. British olumbia» Vitoria (see also) Burnaby» N. Burnaby Burns Lake & Dist. ampbell River & Dist.» hase entral hemainus & Dist. hiliwak loverdale oquitlam Dist. ourtenay-amox» ranbrook resent & Oean Park reston umberland Dawson reek Delta Dérohe, Niomen I, Lake Errok & Harrison Bay Dunan Esquimalt Fernie Fort George see Prine George Fort Langley & Dist. Gibsons Landing Dist. Grand Forks Gulf Islands Hope and Distrit Hosmer Kamloops (as B Inland to 920) Kaslo Kelowna Kimberley Ladysmith Lake owihan Langley Lantzville & Dist. Jl. 9 O. 946 Se. 92 De. 90 O. 97 Jl Se. ] 9 Jl. 878 Se. ] 926 ] 927 Ja Ju. 949 De Ap. 949 Ap Ju. 90 De. 949 Ap. 95 Jl. 929 Ju. 944 Ap De. L De. ] 946 De. [902 [ No. 899 O. 99 O. 922 Ap. 9 Ja. 896 De. Ap. De. Jl. Ap. No /97* 80/4 96/60* 96/484 80/6 55/209 96/49* 96/57 28/5 96/97 96/405 96/ /6 96/25 456/54 55/84 456/299 46/552 96/ /00 96/6 456/456 96/57 96/442 80/ /26 456/52 96/ 96/296 80/446 55/54 456/60 80/40 55/84 96/260 96/5 96/8* 55/ 55/ 55/257 96/62 96/482 80/92 96/ /6 Lilloat & Dist. Lower North Thompson Lytton & Distrit MBride Distrit Malahat & Shawnigan Lake Maple Ridge Merritt Minstrel I & Dist. Mission ity & Dist. Nanaimo Nakurp»Arrow Lakes Dist. Nelson see S. Kootenay New Nikel Newton New Westminster» North Surrey Niola North Thompson North Vanouver Okanagan Oliver Pemberton & Dist. Pender Harbour Pentiton Port Alberni Port oquitlam Port Hammond Port Moody Powell River Prine George (as Fort George at first) Prine Rupert Prineton Queen harlotte Qualium Beah Quesnel Revelstoke Rihmond Dist. Rihmond & Point Grey» Point Grey Rihmond Rok reek Dist. Rossland No. Se. No. Ju. Ju. Ju. Se. > Ju. Ap. Se. O. Jl. O. De. O. Ju. Ap.» Ju. O. Ap. Jl. Se. Se. De.» Jl. De. De. De.» De. Jl. Jl. No. No / /57 456/94 456/84 96/7 456/252 96/224* 80/28 96/ /7 28/224 96/627 28/8 96/207 96/8* 477/2 28/50 80/496 96/8* 96/450 96/85 55/9* 80/450 96/50 456/75 55/08 96/464 80/289 96/0 80/550 96/56 96/08 96/46 96/20 96/4 96/40 456/455 96/74 28/265 55/89* 96/55 96/50 55/6 96

22 Plae Date Lib/Fol Rutland Salmo Valley & Dist. Salmon Arm Salt Spring Island Sandon Sehelt Peninsula Sidney & N. Saanih Sloan Smithers Dist. Sooke-Jordan River South Burnaby South Kootenay» Nelson South Vanouver Squamish & Hove Dist. Surrey Terrae & Dist. Tofino Trail Uhelet-Pt. Albion Vanouver Vitoria (British olumbia) Wells West Hazelton West Vanouver White Rok Windermere Distrit Zeballos»»»»» No. ] Ju Ap. 948 Ja. 926 Ja. 947 No. 92 De. 92 No. [948 Ja. 927 Ja. 89 Ap. 900 Ja. 90 Ju. 94 No. ] 98 Ap. 927 Ap. 929 Ju. 949 No. 900 No No. 887 Jl. De. O. Se. Se L YUKON TERRITORY 456/40 96/62 96/28 40/90 446/296 55/24* 456/94 96/75 80/50 96/56 96/5 456/50 96/46 28/2 96/4* 96/554 96/26 96/422 96/47 55/07 478/59 80/556 28/94 28/5 96/298 96/577 96/22* 96/94 96/628 96/85 80/9 Dawson 90 55/24* Whitehorse /77 NOTES Visount Halifax, on the 00th anniversary of the Toronto Board of Trade in 944; quoted by Stanford, To serve the ommunity, v, 207. The works onerned speifially with boards of trade are: Fernand Ouellet, Historié de la hambre de ommere de Québe (Québe: entre de reherhe de la faulté de ommere de l'université Laval, 959);. Marier, "Délin de la hambre de ommere de Québe, " (Thèse de M.A., Université Laval 949). E.A. ollard, The Montreal Board of Trade, , Montreal Board of Trade (972); J.-. Robert, "Les rapports du Montréal Board of Trade," Groupe de reherhe sur la soiété montréalaise en 9 e sièle, Rapport 972-, Montréal (97); P.-G. Roy, La hambre de ommere de Lévis, (Levis: Quotidien 947); G.H. Stanford, To serve the ommunity: the story of Toronto's Board of Trade, Toronto: University of Toronto Press (974); D.P. Malla, "The ommerial politis of the Toronto Board of Trade, ," anadian Historial Review 50, ( 969): 5-67; R. Shaeffer, The Board of Trade and the Origins of the Toronto Harbour ommissioners, 899-9, York University Department of Geography Disussion Paper 27 ( 97 ); D. A. Sutherland, "The personnel and poliies of the Halifax Board of Trade, ," in The enterprising anadians: entrepreneurs and eonomi development in Eastern anada, , ed. L.R. Fisher and E.W. Sager (St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 979), 20-20; R.S. Basi, "The Vanouver Board of Trade: a study of its organization and role in the ommunity" (M.A. Thesis, University of British olumbia 95);.R. Fay, "The St. John's hamber of ommere," in Life and Labour in Newfoundland (Toronto: University of Toron to Press, 956), 46-62; A. ahulk, "The St. John's hamber of ommere," (M.A. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 967). Studies of partiular ities or towns, whih disuss the role of the board of trade, inlude: D.A. Sutherland, "Merhants of Halifax, : a ommerial lass in pursuit of metropolitan status," (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, 975); T.W. Aheson, "The great merhant and eonomi development in Saint John, ," Aadiensis 8 (Spring 979): -28; Tulhinsky, G.J.J., The river barons: Montreal businessmen and the growth of industry and transportation, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 977); Leo Johnson, History of Guelph , Guelph Historial Soiety (977); J.M.S. areless, "The development of the Winnipeg business ommunity, ," Transations of the Royal Soiety of anada, Series IV, Vol. VIII (970): ; Alan F.J. Artibise, Winnipeg: a soial history of urban growth, (Montreal: MGill-Queen's University Press, 975); Patriia A. Roy, Vanouver, an illustrated history (Toronto: Lorimer, 980); Robert A.J. MDonald, "Business leaders in early Vanouver, ,"(Ph.D. Thesis, University of British olumbia 977); Irene E. Robertson, "The business ommunity and the development of Vitoria, ," (M.A. Thesis, University of Vitoria, 98). Several essays on smaller Prairie urban entres stress the role of the board of trade: Barry Potyondi, "In quest of limited urban status: the town building proess in Minnedosa, ," Paul Voisey, "Boosting the small prairie town, 904-9: an example from southern Alberta," A.A. den Otter, "Lethbridge: outpost of a ommerial empire, ," and John Gilpin, "Failed metropolis: the ity of Strathona, 89-92," all in Town and ity: aspets of western anadian urban development, ed. Alan F.J. Artibise (Regina: anadian Plains Researh enter, University of Regina, 98).. Stanford, To serve the ommunity, 4-5; Ouellet, Histoire de la hambre de ommere, Kenneth Sturges. Amerian hambers of ommere, New York: Williams ollege, David Wells Prize Essays, R. Fay. "The St. John's hamber of ommere." ontinuously ative from 806, the St. John's hamber was transformed into a Board of Trade by speial at of the Newfoundland legislature in 909. Newfoundland boards of trade are not further onsidered in this essay, whih onentrates on anadian organization to 950. Newfoundland ommunities do not seem to have been added to the Seretary of State's register even after Sutherland, "Halifax merhants," 7, "Merhants of Halifax" 2-6, The Halifax assoiation was not ontinuously ative: the 822 hamber ollapsed 8/4, was revived 84 but only until 84, and reappeared arl M. Wallae, "Saint John boosters and railroads in mid-nineteenth entury," Aadiensis 6, ( 976): Ouellet, Histoire de la hambre de ommere de Québe, 7-9; ollard, The Montreal Board of Trade, -5; Stanford, To serve the ommunity,

23 9. Statutes of the Provine of anada: 4/ 5 Vi.. 90 and. 92 ( 84 ), 8 Vie. 24(845). 0. 4/5 Vie. 92(84). Statutes of the Provine of anada: 20 Vi. 86 ( 857) Ottawa; 27/ 28 Vi 7 (864) Hamilton; 29/0 Vi. 76 (866) London. anada Statutes: Vi. 80 (868) Stratford; 2- Vi 48 (869) St. Thomas; 5 Vi. 46 (872) St. atharines; 5 Vi 47 (872) hatham; 5 Vi. 48 (872) Levis; 5 Vi. 49 (872) Sorel; 6 Vi. 67 (87) King's ounty; 6 Vi 68 (87) Oshawa; 7 Vi. 52 (874) St. John's; 7 Vi. 5 (874) Saint John; 7 Vi.. 54 (874) Ingersoll. Some of these towns had informal boards of trade some years before proper inorporation, Stratford from 860 and Brantford from 865 for example. Two boards were also reated by Ontario statutes at this time Guelph in 868, and Kingston (whih had been started informally as early as 84) in 87 At least two other boards started informally in this period, but were not hartered till later Peterborough 854 (hartered 879) and Belleville 865 (hartered 884). No systemati attempt has been made in this researh note to reord informal boards or hambers whih were hartered muh later, or perhaps never. 20 Vie 86 (857).. Vi. 80 ( 868); 5 Vi. 46 ( 872) Vie 68 (87) Vi. 5 (874). A general at was also urged by the short-lived Dominion Board of Trade, inorporated by statute in 87 (6 Vi 66), whih was defunt by Vie 4 (876). 7. Ibid.; Vi. 7 (895), 2 Edw. VII (902) Geo. V. 2(97) Geo. V 5(920). 20. The various legal provisions summarized here remained in effet at least to 952, Revised Statutes 952, 8. 2 Board of Trade ertifiates under the Board of Trade At ( 874) are held in the Publi Arhives, Reord Group 68. The ertifiates were filed and indexed in the order they were reeived and proessed by the Seretary of State. The ertifiates are ited by Liber and Folio numbers and may be examined on mirofilm. They are indexed in General Index volumes. Indexes and ertifiates after 974 are held by the Offie of the Registrar General, onsumer and orporate Affairs, Ottawa. The help of Mr. J.M. Whalen, State and Military Arhives, Federal Arhives Division, Publi Arhives of anada, is aknowledged. 2 Only the first board or hamber formed in eah ommunity is ounted in the tables; Appendix summarizes subsequent revivals. 2. Rudin has desribed how the Montreal Board of Trade delined to help franophone ommunities like Trois-Rivières, Sorel and St. Hyainthe to organize boards of trade. The hambre de ommere du Distrit de Montréal was more enouraging after its formation in 886. Ronald Rudin "The development of four Quebe towns, " (Ph.D. Thesis, York University, 977). 24. Sturges, Amerian hambers of ommere. In 900, anada had an average of one board or hamber for every 2,204 of its urban population; in the United States the figure was 0, Artibise has observed that "one of the first organizations reated in all prairie ities was a board of trade." "Boosterism and the development of prairie ities, 87-9," in Town and ity, The boards of trade in suh small Alberta towns as armangay, hampion and Vulan were never formally hartered. Paul Voisey, "Boosting the small prairie town, 904-9: an example from southern Alberta," in Town and ity, The reords of the anadian hamber of ommere were given to the Publi Arhives in 976 (FA. No aess restrited). 28. areless, "The Winnipeg business ommunity," The hanging patterns of Board of Trade leadership in the Ontario towns of Berlin/Kithener and Waterloo are disussed for the period from the 880s to the 920s in E. Bloomfield, "ity-building proesses in Berlin/Kithener and Waterloo, " (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Guelph, 98). 0. Stanford, To serve the ommunity, 4. The Montreal Board of Trade had similar assumptions and motives, Tulhinsky, The river barons, 8-9. Berlin Daily Telegraph January 90; Berlin Daily Reord 28 January 894. News Reord 2 February 897. Suh delarations, usually unhallenged in smaller entres and before 900, ould not always ommand the same respet later. Weaver has reported that the Montreal Board of Trade sensed by 908 that the muniipal ounil failed to appreiate that the Board omprised the most "representative" and "intelligent" men, who were also most interested in the ommunity. John. Weaver, Shaping the anadian ity: essays on urban politis and poliy, (Toronto: Institute of Publi Administration, 977), 64.. These agents and phases of ity-building are disussed more fully in Elizabeth Bloomfield, "ommunity, ethos and loal initiative in urban eonomi growth: review of a theme in anadian urban history," Urban History Yearbook (98): J.M.S. areless, "Aspets of metropolitanism in Atlanti anada" in Regionalism in the anadian ommunity, , ed. Mason Wade (Toronto: Mamillan of anada, 967), 25; R.H. Babok, "Eonomi development in Portland (Me.) and Saint John (N.B.) during the age of iron and steam, ," Amerian Review of anadian Studies, IX, (979): 4-5; Sutherland "Halifax Board of Trade," 209 ff. 5. Tulhinsky, The river barons, Stanford, 7b serve the ommunity, 02 ff. 7. R.. Bellan, "Rails aross the Red: Selkirk or Winnipeg," Historial Soiety of Manitoba Transations, se III, no. 8 (96): 69-77; Artibise, Winnipeg, a soial history, Muniipal bonusing powers and praties are reviewed in E. Bloomfield, "Muniipal bonusing of industry: the legislative framework in Ontario to 90," Urban History Review IX, (February 98): 59-76, and Bloomfield, "ommunity, ethos and loal initiative." 9. Sutherland, "Halifax Board of Trade," 209; Stanford, To serve the ommunity, The best published aount of the role of a board of trade in fostering urban growth by an industrial poliy is Johnson's study of Guelph: Leo Johnson, "Ideology and politial eonomy in urban growth: Guelph " in Shaping the urban landsape: aspets of the anadian ity-building proess, ed. G.A. Stelter and Alan FJ. Artibise (Ottawa: arlton University Press, 982), Other studies in whih the role of the board of trade is not expliit inlude Ronald Rudin, "Boosting the Frenh anadian town: muniipal government and urban growth in Quebe, ," Urban History Review XI, (June 982), l-0and D.J. Middletonand D.F Walker, "Manufaturers and industrial development poliy in Hamilton, ," Urban History Review, (February 980), A.B. Kilpatrik, "A lesson in boosterism: the ontest for the Alberta provinial apital, 904-6," Urban History Review VIII, (February 980): L.H. Thomas, "Saskatoon, : the formative years," in Town and ity: aspets of western anadian urban development, ed. Alan F J. Artibise (Regina: anadian Plains Researh enter, 98), Alan F.J. Artibise, "In pursuit of growth: muniipal boosterism and urban development in the anadian prairie west, 87-9," in Shaping the urban landsape, ed. Stelter and Artibise, Examples of suh booster publiations from aross anada inlude: Halifax Board of Trade, The ity of Halifax: its advantages and failities (909); the advertisement by St. Johns, Quebe in Muniipal anada (924) 6, to promote a "bigger and better St. Johns"; London, Ontario, hamber of ommere, Seventy-seven years of servie in ommunity building, (95); Strathona Board of Trade, Strathona: the railway town and manufaturing entre for northern Alberta (90); From inspiration to ahievement: the first