Section IV ADMINISTRATIVE. 1. Administration 2. Personnel Systems

Transcription

1 Setion IV ADMINISTRATIV 1. Administration 2. Personnel Systems»-», fv/ 1^1

2 ' h > * r ^.. V / V 0 «a(,. /Hi..^

3 f 1 Administration ~v STAT ADMINISTRATIV RANIZATIN, 1954-^55 STUDY by offiial bodies of state governmental administrative organization ontinued in 1954 and 1955, and several states adopted important hanges affeting administrative departments or agenies. Some of these were basied upon reommeridatioris of earlier reorganization study ommittees. In the main, state governmental. struture did not undergo major alteration, nor did essentially new trends emerge. Numerous state leaders, however, inluding overnors in messages to their legislatures, insistently alled for meeisures to strengthen administrative strutures, through legislation or onstitu-, tional amendment or both. " Thus, although wholesale harige as envisioned in some of the reorganization movements of-"a few years ago was not emerging, steady efforts ontinued to improve the mahinery available for the ondut of state government. The following pages summarize, first, examples of ommittee reommendations made and, seondly, reorgariizatiori. ation taken during the bienniurn^ RRANIZATIN STUDIS Speial reorganization study ommittees in Missouri, North arolina iand South Dakota submitted final reports during Missouri's State Reorganization ommission made li 12 reommendations, the majority of whih onerned internal organization and proedures of state agenies. Inluded were proposals for strengthening the Division of 149 udget and omptroller, for improvements in purhasing proedures, for establishment of a reords management enter and for hanges in personnel poliies. The North arolina ommission on Reorganization of State overnment submitted a series of eight reports deaung with various subjets, inluding finane and fisal ontrol, personnel management and the offie of overnor. The ommission reommended some transfer of funtions amorig. the state's various fisal agenies, and hanges in the organization and powers of the personnel department and related agenies. It proposed that the overnor be relieved of some of his responsibilities for appointing minor offiials as well as some ex-offiio duties, and that he be provided a larger personal staff and inreased offie spae. The South Dakota Little Hoover ommittee reomriiended several major hanges in administrative organization. It proposed that the terms of the overnor, Lieutenant overnor and other onstitutional exeutive offiers be inreased from two to four years, and" further suggested that onsideration, be given to inreasing legislators' terms from two to four years. oth of these proposals would require onstitutional amendments. The ommitlee^re-, ommended another onstitutional amendment to abolish the offie of Superintendent of Publi Instrution and establish a State Department of duation with a ommissioner appointed by a State oard of duation, whih would be; appointed by the 1 (). ^

4 150 TH K F TH ST A TS overnor. In additional areas, the 6mr mittee reommended establishment of departments of ommere, natural resoures, military affairs and revenue, and proposed the reation of a Division of Adminisr tration within the Department of Finane to have responsibility for various entral administrative servies. It reommended that the state's institutions of higher ediir ation be integrated into a South Dakota State University System. The ommittee on State overnment rganization in Washington was reativated in 1954 to give further onsideration to some of the reommendations it previously had made to the legislature. n the basis of its review, the ommittee again reommended establishment of an ffie of Administration with responsibility for fisal managenient, purhasing and property management. It renewed its reommendation for a entral personnel ageny and a new and broadened personnel managemenjt program. Finally, the ommittee again proposed'the establishment of a Department of Natural Resoures to inlude funtions now performed by several state agenies. n the basis of a new study, the same ommittee reommended establishment of a Department of Taxation and a oard of Tax Appeals to exerise fun-. tions now vested in the State Tax ommission. Legislatures in at least ^ight states, in, 1955 took ation to begin or ontinue studies of the organization and operation of the exeutive branh of their governments. olorado and North arolina ontinued their studies of reorganization. * Maine established an interim ommission to study its state government and authorized the overnor to employ a onsulting firm to make neessary surveys. Maryland set up ajointlegislative-ipubli ommission to study the programs, organization and finane of state ajjgnies. The Montana legislature established'' a reorganization ommission. In New York the, legislature ontinued its ommission on oordination of State Ativities and also reated a Joint Legislative ommittee on overnment perations. klahoma set up an interim ommission to study the duties and funtions of all state boards, ommissions, in- '' stitutions and authorities. And in Utah the legislature direted the Legislative ounil to investigate the administrative organization of boards and ommissions and to study possible onsolidation of governmental funtions. RRANIZATIN ATIN The Pennsylvania legislature in 1955 passed an important at granting the- overnor power to reorganize state agenies at the bureau level. Under the new,. law, the overnor may initiate reorganization proposals and submit his plans to both houses of the. legislature. If neither house votes to disapprove a proposal within thirty days, it automatially takes effet. The Pennsylvania legislation is similar.to ats of the federal government and ;bf Ney.^ Hampshire and Puerto Rio in giving the hief xeutive power to piit reqrganization plans into effet, subjet onlty^ to a legislative veto. Several states altered signifiantly the organisation of their fisal agenies. These are overed in the artile on "Finane Management," (page 156) but should be mentioned here beause of their effet oh the over-all administration of government in the states onerned. Pennsylvania's legislature in 1954 reated the ffie of Seretary of Administration, whih is responsible for budgeting, aounting and personnel servies for all departments under the jurisdition of the overnor. The offie also supervises the ativities of omptrollers in these.departments. In addition, the at direts the offie to make studies oi^ management methods and to evaluate existing programs of agenies with a view to improving their proedures. Under terms of a 1955 enatment in Idiaho, the udget Diretor of the state will serve as Diretor - ofaadministration. In New Mexio the ffie of State udget Diretor has been plaed in the ffie of the omptroller. In North arblina, where the overnor is/designated as the hief budget offier, a new law, based on a reommendation of the reorganization ommittee, provides that the Assistant udget Diretor shall serve at the overnor's pleasure rather than for a fixed term. The la,w also gives the Assistant udget Diretor responsibility for pre-audit funtions and frees both the State Auditor and the State Treasurer from ' \

5 ADMINISTRATIV RANIZATIN 151 exeutive budgetary ontrols. Also atipg. in aordane with reommendations of its Little Hoover ommittee, the South Dakota legislature established a Department of Revenue, inluding divisions of taxation and liensing, and gave the, Finane, Department some general administrative responsibilities for the work of other state agenies. New legislation in Alaska reated a Department of Finane with divisions of budgeting, aounting and purhasing.,. At least two states made signifiant hanges in their personnel agenies. Agkin, these are desribed in more detail in the artile whihnfollows, on "Personnel." Florida established a State Personnel oard, with the overnor as hairman; the board may bring under its jurisdition the employees of various state departments. The Illinois legislature adopted a new personnel ode whih inludes provision for establishment of a Personnel Department; the Diretor of the Department is to^be appointed by the overnor. Important developments affeting eduational organization ourred in three states.. North arolina's legislature reated a nine-menfser State oard of duation, with responsibility for oordinating the fisal affairs of the various state institutions of higher eduation. South Dakota aepted a part of the reommendations of its Litde Hoover ornmittee in tws field by authorizing the appointment of an xeutive Diretor for the oard of Regents. In North Dakota the legislature established a oard of duation to supervise the state's.elementary and seondary shools. In ations affeting natural resoures, Nevada reated a State oard of.forestry ^and Fire ontrol, and New Mexio a State Forest onservation ommission. Kansas pitovided for a State Park Resoures oard whih has authority to issue revenue bonds and to operate failities in the state parks. Several states during the past two years made hanges in the organization of important operating departments. y onstitutional amendment alifornia reated a Department of Aloholi everage ontrol and transferred to it funtions formerly exerised by the oard of qualization. Minnesota's legislature passed a general reorganizatibn at making numerous transfers of funtions among agenies, hanging the nairies of some departments, and reating a Department of ommere. ther: developments inluded reation, of a Department of ommere and Development in Idaho; estaiblishment of a State Pardon oard, replaing an ex-offiio board, in Montana; arid reation of a Parole oard, as a separate ageny from ^trei Prison ommission, in New Mexio; The New Mexio legislature also authorized, the overnor to merge the department of Health and Welfare and, subjet to vote by the eletorate, approved the mergmg of^the orporation ommission and publi Servie ommission. regon established a Motor Vehile Department, to whih it transferred funtions formerly exerised by the Seretary of State with respet to laws on gasoline taxes, motor vehile registr^on, liensing fees and drivers' lienses. Rhode Island replaed the Division of Publi Utilities, whih was part of the Department of usiness Regulation, with an independent Administrator of Publi Utilities. ^ The South Dkkota legislature made several hanges in aordane with reommendations of its reorganization ommittee. It established a Department of Military Affairs, to be headed, by the Adjutant eneral; reonstituted the oaird of harities and orretions as the Department of Probation and Parole; authorized the appointment of an xeutive Diretor for ^ haritable and. Penal Institutions; and provided for inreased authority for the head of the Department of Highways. At least six states' Kansas, Minnesota, North arolina, regon, RJiode Island and South Da:kota established new administrative agenies with resporisibilities affeting water. In general, the new agenies are harged with the duty of studying the water resoures in their respetive states, of making plans for the most effetive use of existing resoures, and of administering at least some legislation governing the rights to use water. reation of-'these new agenies, along with other state lemslative atibns affeting water resoures^n 1955 reflets the onern of many states about the management of their water resoures. (See the artile on. "Water Resoures," page 7.) State governments are ontinuing to

6 s 152 TH K F TH STA TS niake onsiderable use of publi authorities as a means of iinaning and operating Park Authority, Maryland set up the altimore ity ivi Autl^rity, and WasWngton various ativities. Toll road and other types reated a gen(?ral State uilfling of highway authorities are espeially ommon. Authority. In ontrast to^hese ations^ two The Virginia legislature in 1954 re-r states, eorgia and Nebraska, repealed ated two highway authorities. During the legislation for toll road authorities., same year Rhode Island approved the establishmen of one highway authority and suession took plae in three states difring Ations affeting gubernatorial ternis or one bridge authority. In 1955 Alabama, the biennium. hio voters in November, Idaho and Iowa eah established toll road 1954, approved an amendment to the onstitution providing a four-year term for authorities. The eorgia -legislature reated a Rural Roads Authority,.empowered; \,6vernor and other offiials of the exeu-' to issue revenue bonds and to use the proeeds for onstrution of free roads in rural same time rejeted a similar propj)sed tive branh. The Arkansas eletorate at the areas;^ bonds will be retired through payments made by the eorgia Highway De 1955 approved for submission to the voters amendment. In Idaho the legislatun; in partment to the Authority. eorgia also a proposed amendment whih if adopted established a Farm Market Authority. will permit the overnor to sueed him- New Hampshire reated a State Industrial seif., ' -: ; >=u,-. - r»

7 Flodda Illinois New York.klahoma South arolina' South Dakota..^....:.... L West Vlntlnia.... ADMINtStRATIV RANIZATIN I TAL 1 APPINTIN PWR F TH VRNR ,,, , :...;... L,. :,, L ^ at VJ L', L K 1 gl 1 Is L(v) L L (d) (d). -^ ->j L. L (d). (d) L L (d) (p).(p)... (u) - ' L (q) S (d)... H H L (d) (d) ii i ho S (0 ^ (k) ) S ' D (r) H e 0 ps ' ' tq5 o D S (e) (g) 0 D D 0(h) 0 0 (e) (1) 0 0 D (q) 0 o o,. Legend: leted. ^Appointed by overnor alone. Appointed' by overnor and approved by Senate. ffie or equivalent does not exist. ISee footnote (a) below.] Appointed by appropriate departmental board. Appointed by overnor and approved by either House. L. oosen by Legislature. Appointed by overnor and ' ounil. S Appointed by Judges of Supreme ourt. D Diretor with approval of the overnor. H Appointed ' by overnor ami approved by both Houses of the Legislature. -Appointed by appropriate departmental board with approval of overnor. S-ivil servie appointment by.om-; peutive examination. (a) The term finane refers to a department, variously designated a finane, revenue, administration, treasury, or exeutive department, in whih fisal and related operations have been grouped together. The department is ordinarily distinguished by tlie inlusion of a division of the budget and a division of aounts and ontrol. In a few ases, either budget preparation or aounting ontrol may be performed oy another ageny; yet the department is indnded under finane beause the department head is the hief fisal advisor of the overnor, where it is indiated tliat a state baa a:finanedepartment and it inludes divisions of taxation, budget, or aounting, the olumns with these beadlngs will be marked with an " to indiate that there are no separate agenies foi- these funtions. (b) The auditor does not nave poet-audit funtions in every state. See table on page 167y. -, ;. (e) See table oo imge 167 for performane of i)re-audit tuntkns. ' *, (d) Aadit and aounting ontrol are responsibilities of the same petao (e) udget preparation and aounting ontrol are the respon- s * I (m) (n) (o) (P) (q) (r) ^ '-.2 o-is 8 <e S S (d) (e) {0 (d) 0 D D (k). (e). (d) ' (tn) (d) ^ (u) D L L ^5 S ^ L 0 (D^ (o),a S gs S 1 (n) ds 'Si (w). ^ 1 (d) -j H HH j (d) (d) QS g : ^ S U), 8' e o.a K -1 S (i) 9 D L H (t) 1 J5 ' S L : > ) (o) 15 i V5 S (o) 0 H H. sibilities of the same person;..the omptroller ollets most of Florida's taxes. overnor ex-offihio budget o.fier assisted by auditor. overnor is Diretor of udget; Assistant Diretor- appointed by ovehior. Seretary of State is ex-ofliio Insurane ommissioner. voard of eight appointed by overnor from reommendations. overnor is ex-oriio member of board. Appointed by ommissioner.of Finantf, approved by ovl&mor and ounil. * The. offie of Tax ommissioner is responsible for budget preparation as well as revenue olletion. :. Appointed by Auditor. There is a ombined Department of Agriulture and Labor in North Dakota headed by a single eletive offiial. overnor appoints board with onsent of Senate, board appoints xeutive--diretor exept in Agriulture where board elets a membet;^ as President. Sere.tary of State is ex-offiio auditor. St^e'Auditof, appointed by-udget and ontrol oard, Is head of Finane Division. '-... The Tax ommission in Texas Is an exhjffido body whih fixes the tax rate. The omptroller is Tax Administrator. - Legislative udget oard separate. In Texas this ageny and overnor's budget offier work in the jfuiie budget Appointed by State orporation ommlssww'' (n) Treasurer also serves as omptroller.- ^P (V) Auditor eneral is appointed by Joint Legislative Audit ommittee; authority of Auditor eneral onfined to examining and reporting. -. S - (w) Attorney eneral serves ex-offiio as Industrial ommissioner. ^'

8 WH / '. T A L 2 NSTITUTIL AND STATUTRY LTIV ADMINISTRATIV FFIIALS State Alabama...^:'. / Arizona... Arkansas...::. alifornia. u^ olorado f.{>> onnetiut I Delaware, Florida eorttla Idaho luinois Indiana... Iowa...^. KansasT? Kentuky Louisiana... Maine Maryland... Massahusetts Mihigan Minnesota Mississippi / i I "55. o, r L. i;, s L a -. 9/. L L SL SL I w ( ' S() a (a) (d) (f) SL s(i) I II to 2 < Misellaneous S i. S Tax ommission S oard of qualizafion 4(b) 8 11 S olletor of yster 7 7 Revenue S S , ; Printer 9 9,..: 9 11 ll (g) " U L (h).... Highway ommissioner S oard of Agriulture 6,, S I. 7 9!! S.'.' Tax'olletor S 1 17 Highway ommission S :#*

9 Missouri Montana Nebraska... Nevada..-..^... Nei* Hampshire... L,.. L New Jersey L New Mexio NewYorl Northarolina.... North Dakota hio klahoma... refton...*.... S (e). Pennsylvania Rhode Island ^s N^ South arolina ^^^ tn South Dakota «f Tennessee... SL L.. nzl Texas.. Utah...^...\..... Vermont. S, Vfa-alnia...; L Washing ton.../... West Virfiinla..... Wisonsin I..... Wyoming.j Soure: V. S. Department, ommere, ureau of the ensus, () letive_0ts of Stale and ounty Qvernments (Washington; overnment Printing flse, 1946); modified In aordane with (d) the most reent information available' to ounil of State (e) ovemmenta., ^K^ (f) Symbols: onstitiitional. ^ leted by LeKlslature. (g) S Statutory. Numbers Indiate number of offiials, (h) (a) ommissioner of Agriulture and Industries. (i) (b) Plus ontroller, ex ofliio. 4 SL L.-'1 (l) ^- S SL 0 s (i) (n) S5(k) S.. L1 L f,. L2 After January, 1955, Superintendent will be appolnt.ed by new 9-member State oard of duation. ommissioner of Agriulture, Labor and Statistis. Seretary of State. ' ommissioner of Agriulture and.immigration. Railroad ommission. Plus 1 ex offiio. ommissioner of Agriulture and ommere. S2t 9 S12(m) S L7 S S (g) L S Surveyor eneral {j) Printer S. Fish & ame om m ission S orporation ommission oard of Publi Welfare L7 ^, Tax ommiasion^r 11 1 ommissioner of harities & orretions xaminer & Inspetor Sey, of Internal Affairs. Adj^utant & Inspetor eneral Librarian SL d. of Publi Welfare SL7 mployment Seurity ommission SL / IS »-^ S (j) Surveyor eneral is ex ofliio State Land Register. (It) Plus 2 ex offiio., (I). ommissioner of Agriulture and Labor. (m) leted by loal shool board members in onvention, plus 1 ex.offiio. / n) Seretary of State, Treasury and Attorney eneral onst!* tute a oard of ommissioners for the sale of shool and university lands and investment of funds therefrom. # \ /

10 \ "A \ FIN -MAMNT* 1-^ NTINUD expansion of state revenues and expenditures, resulting from the rapidly inreasing population, marked the period Pressing progra^ in highways, eduation and mental health heightened the burden on the resoui*i&es of the states and fored them to reexamine revenusstrutures for new soures of funds. At the same time, the states ontinued to seek eonomies in administra- ^tion. This artile briefly reviews the major hanges and developments that have ourred in the area of finane management, with partiular referene to general reorganization, auditing, budget and revenue administration. It is based primarily upon replies to questionnaires reeived from forty-six states and four territories. RRANIZATIN *Prepared by FRANK M. LANDRS, Diretor, udget Division, Mihigan Department of Adminisiration, and "President, National Assoiation of State udget ffiers, with the assistane of HNRY PRATT, udget Division Internee (Dartmouth JoUege). there were important deveibpments. /eibpi olorado, in 1955, set up a "Hoover ommission" type of study group onsisting of twelve members four eah from the^ House and Senate and four from private life. The ommission was direted to study and suggest, by Deember 1, 1956, a method of reorganizing the exeutive branh. Idaho's legislature amended its budget law to provide that the udget Diretor would also be Diretor of Administrationj with suh duties as might be presribed by law and as designated by the overnor. Montana's ^55 legislature reated a "little Hoover ommission to onsider government reorganization, witn partiular attention to the state's tax struture. South Dakota expanded its finane department to inlude administration and direted it "to investigate entralization of offie equipment and servies." ne of the major developments in this area of reorganization was in Pennsylvania where, in 1955, the offie of the overnor was thoroughly overhauled. riefly, the offie is divided into two major groups of ativities. ne of these, headed by the Seretary to the overnor, assists the hief xeutive.in the performane of his "politial and eremonial responsibilities." The other, under the Seretary of Administration, overs budget (inluding prourement), aounting, management inethods, personnel, prpgrarn evaluation and omptrollers (in agenies under the over-nor's The biennium overed a tapering-off in the drive for administrative reorganization whih developed after the work of the original Hoover ommission in the late 1940's. y early 195 more than thirty states had undertaken, with varying degrees of enthusiasm, to review and reorganize their administrative strutures. Few of them adopted hanges as basi as reommended by their "little Hooyer" ommittees. A.substantial number, however, ahievej signifiant advanes, hiefly in the form of entralization of management funtions in departments of administration. These. us'ualfy overed aounting, jurisdition).. ' budgeting, purhasing, personnel and property management. Their over-all effet at of 1955, reated a department of. Alaska, under a general reorganization was a general strengthening of the role of finane and plaed under it the responsibility for budget, aounts and purhases. the governor as hief xeutive. As indiated, this moyement was less widespread in the past -biennium, but PST AUDIT The period Under revievv enompassed a flowering of the movement to separate the post-audit funtion from administrati.v^,'f ontrol and plae it under the legislative branh. This development may be attributed to a variety of fators. In some in- 156 \ \

11 A^MIMISTRATIVJ i RANIFIATIN 157 stanes, it was the logial outgrowth of the drive for'entralization of operating responsibility and plaed it under the Legislative Audi- tor. This measure was vetoed by theoyer- under the general manager nor. Alaska, as part of its general reorgani (the overnor) with the after-the-fat zation at of 1955, reated the offie of audit reporting diretly to the board of^ diretors (the legislature). In others, the move was simply a reation from the strengthening of the overnor's position and, along with the reation of legislative Legislative Post Audit and made it responsible for all territorial auditing. UDT Developments in state budget adminisbudgepp units, may be said to reflet the tration ontinued along familiar paths, but traditional legislative onern over the powers of the exeutive. alifornia established a Legislative Audit ureau to whih it transferred the postaudit funtion froth the Department of Finane. The funtions of t ie Legislative Auditor were not affeted by this hange. at a somewhat slower rate. enerally, the hanges refleted a ontinuing desire to extend and improve the exeutive budget system. The trend, toward annual sessions of state, legislative bodies was maintained during this period. Six states alifornia, olorado,' Kansas, Louisiana, As staff for the joint Legislative udget Maryland and West Virginia now hold ommittee, his offie is onerned with off-year sessions limited to budget and budget analysis and fisal ontrol in.on- fisal matters. netion with proposed appropriations, in- f the units reporting, onnetiut, eluding the udget At. Florida reated a Maryland and The ommonwealth of. Joint Legislative Auditing ommittee of six Puerto Rio have made signifiant progmembers, three from eah house. The om- ress toward prograna or performane budg-. mittee reviews the work of the State Audit- eting. In onnetiut, the legislature ing Department. The overnor appoints authorized replaement of the old objtthestate Auditor, from a list of three names expenditure budget with a JDrogram-type submitted by the ommittee. The Auditor budget, whih will go into effet, designates one of his staff to serve as sere Maryland ontinued in develop- " tary to the ommittee and as liaison be- ment of jts performane budget, adopted "V tween the two. several years earlier. Puerto Rio, is also Minnesota reated the offie of Legisla- making strides in that diretion; all agen-, tive Post Audit, headed by a diretor ies in the ommonrwealth have t)een whose appointment, ompensation and divided into bildgetary units, and the duties are to be defined by the 1957 legis- overnor's budget has been established on lature. Presently, the Post Auditor is ap- a funtional lassifiation rather than on pointed Iby the overnor and onfirmed an organizational unit basis. Several states by the Senate.. In Mississippi and New have used other methods to strengthen the Hampshire the post-audit funtion was overnor's hand in the budget area. * transferred froiji the Department of Ad- In Arizona, the legislature appropriated ministration to the offie of the Legislative S15,o5o for the\ budget division of the udget Assistant. The North arolina overnor's >ffiev "Purpose of the, approlegislature im)ved the pre audit from the priation is to make available funds with Auditor's offie to the udget ureau and, whih the overnor will be enabled to vie versa,^, partial post-audit operation #review budget requests by the various defrom the letter to/the^rmer. Tennessee es-.partments of the state government before tablished a Stat^ ifir^e Advisory om- suh requests are. submitted to the legismittee onsisting of the vqovernor, the lature." Arkansas, whidh previously relied udget Diretor, the omptroller and the on the Legislative ounil as the budget- ornrnissipn'er of Finane ani Ta^^ation. making authority, as part of its general The^ ommittee meets monthly and at- aounting law (1955) vested the budget tempts to oordinate state finanial ations. <job in the State omptroller in behalf of West Virginia's legislature passed a bill the overnor. As spelled out in the statute, ^ that would have taken the post-audit fun- the Arkansas budget is. tp be a detailed tion from the Tax ommissioner's-offie "line-item" t^gj inluding the listing of <

12 158 TH K- F TH STATS the name and salary of eah employee. Idaho moved the date for submitting budget requests up to August 15 and, at the same time, set up a six-man Legislative udget ommittee to attend budget hearings and formulate reommendatioris to the overnor and the legislature. Maine. moved from lump sum toward the objet ode lassifiation. udgets and appropria- 6*^ons are now to be broken into (1) personal servies, (2) apital expenditures and () all other. This, it is hoped, will (1) "keep expenditures more in line with the. prografti presented and approved by the ' legislature," (2) "bring about better planning arid budgeting," and () "result in a savings to the taxpayer." hio established a apital improvement planning division in its Finane Department, with the hope that it will produe effiieny and eonomy in.future building programs. > New Jersey established a Legislative udget and Finane Diretor as a ounterpart of the udget Diretor. In New Mexio, the legislature plaed on the statutes the ^uties to be performed by the udget Di- ( rewor, and the udget Diretor has proeeded to establish a system of monthly audits of state agenies. In New York the exeutive budget has been expanded and the initial step taken to inlude a five-year projetion of ash expenditures. At the request of the overnor of Wyoming, where the oviefnor is the udget ffier, the offie of Assistant udget ffier was established April 1, This position was formerly held by the overnor's xeutive Seretary. RVNU ADMINISTRATIN As indiated earlier, the major onern of the states in respet to revenues has been to find additional soures. The number of formal study ommissions dropped off onsiderably in this period. Probably beause of the great emphasis -^n the ^searh for new revenue, fewer efforts were ^ " direted toward revamping or reorganizing the administrative mahinery. Among the developments reported along this line were the following: MasSahuVetts, in tober, 195,» 11 hanged the tap ontrol of its Department of orporationsnand Taxation. That ageny, whih had been under the diretion of a single administrator is now headed by a ommissioner and two Assoiate ommissioners. The ommissioner has assumed responsibility for administration and has assigned one Assoiate to tax olletion and the other to supervision of loal taxes. Sine the reorganization it is reported that: (1) the responsibility of the ommissioner is less absolute; (2) tax reg:ulations are being more ompletely formulated and distributed; and () the proess of reording and analyzing tax returns ^has been mehanized. ^ 'Kentuky ut its field offies from eight to five, all of whih are loated in metropolitan areas. y doing so it ahieved some savings without seriously affeting servies to taxpayers. New Mexio reorganized its Tax ommission, to provide three fulltime ommissioners in order to undertake state-wide reassessment and equalization. regon likewise reorganized its threeman Tax ommission into three funtional divisions, eah headed by a ommissioner. The administrative servies division provides general servies, inluding researh and legal ounsel; the inome division engages in the diret revienue ouer tion ativities; and the valuation,division undertakes the work related to property assessment. The report of a legislative interim ommittee whih had reommended movement toward entralization of revenue-olleting in a single ageny was shelved by the 1955 regon legislature. At the same time, the legislature did remove the motor vehile department from the offie of the seretary of state and set it up as a separate ageny under the overnor. South Dakota set up a Department of Revenue, built largely upon the former taxation division of the finane department. Idaho, Indiana and Kansas reated formal study ommissions to review the whole problem of^taxes and administration.. THR DVLPMNTS Formal efforts to develop more effetive ofganization patterns and methpds of operating were reported in three states. alifornia established a division of organization and ost ontrol iii its Departrnent of Finane. The division is to "provide on-

13 ADMINISTRATIV. RANIZATIN. 159 sultation and oordination to the depart- omplete and new aounting proedures ments and agenies... with respet to law. Subsequently, the omptroller has organization planning and the develop- issued regulations further outiining and - n&nt and appliation of ontrols over man- explaining the new system and its opera-. power and osts... and to ondut re- tion. The Illinois Department of Finane searh... in the field of management." has substantially strengthened its entral onnetiut established a management an- aounting division funtions during, the.. alysis setion of its budget division and past two years by omprehensive pre audit staffed it with seven full-time employees, of expenditures and enumbranes for all The setion, upon request of the overnor, state agenies under the overnor's juristhe ommissioner of Finane and ontrol, dition. the udget Diretor or an ageny, is avail- Finally, there have been developinents. ' able to undertake management and opera- of interest in. reporting. Indiana, with a ' tional studies. It has. already ompleted "budget-in-bdlef^" reported the broad oufseveral suh studies. Pennsylvania, as lines^ of the budget to be presented a noted earlier, has established a ureaq of month later to the legislature. New York Management Methods as part of its reor- hanged its budget presentation to larify ganization of the exeutive offie. This the finanial piture by showing the total unit will operate in six managerial fields: inome and expenditures rather than the (1).work simplifiation, (2) forms analyses operations of the general fund alone, as -- -^ and" design, () organizational analysis, had been the ustom in the past. Virginia's (4) developing of operating proedures, budget division, rather uniquely, is pro-, (5) reords management and (6) review of duing a film on the state's health ativi- ' > operating methods. ties in ooperation with the I)epartment of \ Arkansas and Illinois have revamped duation, and it expets to over similar- \ their aounting systems and proedures, ly most of the major funtions of the statev- As indiated above, Arkansas enated a government. A \ : v'' / 1 n ($' -I.^

14 m m r ^TAT UDTARY PRATIS <r state ALAAMA.. ARIZ. ARKANSAS.".., udget-making authority overnor overnor ALIFRNIA,..'... overnor LRAD Legislative ounil ^ overftor / ffiial or ageny preparing budget Division of the udget in. Depart-* ment of Finane Auditor.. Legislative ounil udget Division, under Diretor of Finane udget setion of Division of Aounts and ontrol under State ontroller who is ivil sei^ie em- Date estimates must be submitted. by dept, or agenies Feb. 1 or before, preeding eah regular session Sept. 1 eah year Nov. 1 even years Small agenies, Sept. 15, Larger agenies, t. 1 t. 1 or before Date submitt4 to Legislature y the Sth dayjfegular business ses^' No date set " Date of onvening session January in odd years, Marh in even years! 10th day of session Power of Legislature to hange budget. Limited: onstitution males ontinubus appropriations; aiotably state sup- 'port^of purli shools Power of item veto by overnor Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Fisal year begins t. I July i.y NNTIUT. ^ DLAWAR.,... FLRIDA... i RIA ' " overaor overnor udget ommission: overnor as hairman and badget offier, and six eleted offiers: Seretarj' of State, omptroller, Treasurer, Attorney eneral, ommissioner of Agriulture, Siiperintendent of Publi Instrution overnor Diretor of udget udget ommission udget Diietor, appointed by overnor Head of eah.state ageny IDAH.. overnor«diretor of udget and 6-man udget ommittee overnor Diretor of Finane INDIA udget ommittee: Diretor of udget Two Senators of opposite parties, two Representatives of. / opposite parties, and Diretor of udget,, all appointed by overnor \ IWA.. overnor omptroljar Sept. 1 or before Sept. ts even years. Nov. IS in even years, before meeting of Legislature in April in odd years overnor sets a date before meeting of ejneral Assembly Aug. IS l»fore Jan, session '. Nov.l in even years Sept. 1 in even yearj, Sept. 1 1st session day after u Feb. 14 \ y StH day of sessioti 1st day of session Not later tham Sth day of session April 1 in odd years Feb. 10 or before in odd yeara Yes Yes Yes Yes y 15th day of session N<J-. Yes No Julyl. Julyl Feb. 1 or before No

15 o KANSAS. K^^UKY. LUISIA.. MAIN. MARYLAND. MASSAHUSTTS. MIHIAN... MINNSTA., MISSISSIPPI... MISSURI... MNTA... NRASKA overnor overnor overnor overnor overnor overnor overnor overnor overnor overnor. ontroller. overnor NVADA. overnor and ~ udget Diretor NW HAMPSHIR; overnor \ udget Division of Department of Ad ministration- Division of udget, Department ' of Finane udget Diretor ommissioner of Finane and Administration Diretor of Department of udget and Prourement t. 1 of year before session t. 1 Jan. IS' before annual session ^nd Mon. in May t. 1 of even years Sept. 1 ) udget ommis- Sept, IS sioner udget Division of Department of Administration ommissioner of Administration udget ommission: overnor as ex-offiio hairman, and hairman House Ways and Means ommittee, hairman House Appropriations ommittee, hairman Senate Finane ommittee, and President protem of Senate Division of udget and omptroller.ah. Depairtment submits individual budget Tax ommissioner udget Diretor t. 1 or before, preeding onvening of Legislature t. 15 preeding onvening of Legislature omptroller- Set by administrative ation t. 1 Sept. 1 of year before session Sept. 15 in even years t. 1 t. 1 in even years. A proposed amendment liminatins this provision ia to be voted upon in November, Within weeks after onvening of regular session (odd years); within 2 days after onvening of budget session (even years)- r'd Mon. after onvening of regular session or before 20th day of regular session or before nd of 2nd week of session or before 20th day of session in odd years; 1st Wed. in Feb. in even years; (0th day for new overnor)* etween 1st and 4th Wed. in Jan. 10th day of session Within weeks after inauguration of overnor pening day of ses-- Jan. at beginning of biennial session. 1st day of session (1st Mon. in Jan.,. odd years) 15th day of regular, session 10th duy of session or before. ' Feb. 15 in odd years Yea Yes Yes k -No Limited: Legislature No may derease but not inrease exept for own operating budget * Yes Limited Limited: Three-fifths vote required to inrease overnor's reomm.endations; majoriti' vote required to rejet or derease suh items Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Julyl Julyl.. Julyl Appropriation on biennial basis Julyl Julyl

16 w w f to Slate NW JRSY:..., NW MI... NW YRK... NRTH ARLI NRTH DAKTA. I-- HI. KLAHMA... RN PNNSYLVANIA. RHD ISLAND. udget-making authority rovernor overnor overnor overnor State udget oard: overnor, Attorney eneral, Auditor, liairmen of Appropriations ommittees of House and Senate overnor overnor overnor overnor overnor SUTH ARLI State udget and ontrol oard; overnor as hairman; Treasurer, omptroller eneral, hairman Senate Finane ommittee, hairman House Ways and.means ommittee STAT UDTARY PRAtIS-ontinued ffiial or ageny Preparing budget Diretor of Division of udget and Aounting of Department of the Treasury udget Diretor Division of udget Date estimates mttst be submitted by dept, or "agenies Sept. IS _ Nov. IS Sept. IS Advisory udget- Sept. 1 preeding ommission: hair- sessionman of Appropriations and Finane ommittees and two members appointed by overnor udget Diretor No date set: about Aug. 1 Ditetbr of Finane Nov. 1 udget Diretor udget Division.'Department of Finane and Administration udget Seretary udget ffier Finane Division of State udget and ontrol oard No date set Sept. 1 of even year preeding legislative year Nov. 1 of even years t. 1 Nov. 1 or disretion of oard.. Date submitted to Legislature Feb. 1 n or before 2Sth day of session Feb.! 1st week of session eginning of session 1st week in Feb. in odd years 1st day of session De. 20 of even year preeding iegislative year As overnor desires 24th day of session 2nd Tues. in Jan. Power of Legislature to hange budget Limited: annot hange form. Line item budget annot be hanged to lump sum budget Unliinited Limited: Appropriaftionsset by onstitutional amendment annot be altered Limited: If inreases or additions annot be overed by revenue estimates or surplus, additional finaning must be enated as part of same legislation Power.of item veto by overnor Yes Yes Yes No Yea Yes -xl. Yes, in general appropriation at only Yes, onstitutional Yes. No, > Yes, in appropria-. tions bill Fisal year begins.. April 1 "i in odd years June 1..

17 SUTH DAKTA. TNNSS... TAS... UTAH... ^ VRMNT... VIRINIA... WASHINTN... WST VIRINIA. WISNSIN. overnor overnor overnor \s- overuor-. overnor overnor overnor oard of F^»i>li Works: overnor as hairman; Seretary of State, Auditor, Attorney eneral, Treasurer, Superinr tendent of Shools and ommissioner of Agriulture overnor WYMIN... overnor ALASKA UAM HAWAII PURT RI... VIRIN ISLANDS. udget Diretor overnor overnor overnor overnor Division of Purhasing and Printing.in Department f Kinane Diretor of the udget t. 15 De. 1 or before of even years xeutive udget Aug. IS of even years ffier, xeutive. Department Finane ommission No date set overnor-elet. Treasurer, Auditor of Aounts overnor appoints a Diretor of Division of udget, and other assbtants. Diretor of udget Diretor of udget Diretor Department of udgets and Aounts Assistant udget ffier udget Diretor, Department of Finane. Diretor, udget Management ureau of udget. overnor appoints a Diretor t. 1, biennially 1st Mon. in Sept. y Sth day of session Sept. 15 in odd years ; 2nd Wed. in Jan. in even years ', t. IS or before, of year preeding annual session. > it. 20 in even years t. 1 preeding session in Jan. etween Sept. 1 and Nov. 1 of even years Nov, 1 preeding session in Jan. t..is or before, preeding eah biennial session Diretor. ureau of Date set by udget the udget Diretor ommissioner of Insular Affairs 90 days before end of fisal year Jan. 14 or before unless hange in overnor; then Mar. lor' before Sth day of session or before 10 days after onv. of session or beforq rd Tues. of regular biennial session or before Sth day after onv. of sess. or before 10 days after bnv. of sess. or tiefore Feb. 1 in odd years or before Within 5 days after beginning of session Sth working day of session Ist week in Jan.! rd Wed. in Feb. in odd years, 20 days in advane to members of legislature 2nd Mon. in Jan.- Upon onvening' ^... Limited: May not inrease items of budget bill exept appropriations for Legislature and Judiiary Limited Yea Yea Ves. No Yea No Yea Yea Y«Yea Yea Yea Yea, Julyl,. Sept. 1 e. Julyl Julyl Julyl (biennium) in odd years >

18 ;, i. -. ' , / TH K F TH STATS ^ANNUAL SALARIS pf STAT ADMINISTRATIV FFIIALS*./ Maximum or urrentfigures,as of August, 1955 r state. Alabama... $12,000 Arizona 15,000 Arkansas aufomla, (b) -\ olorado 17,500 onnetiut... : 15,000 Delaware Florida 20,000 eorgia '... 12,000() Idaho (d) lulnols......*... 25,000 Indiana ,000 Iowa : 12,500 Kansas. 15,000 Kentuky Louisiana.. 18,000 Maine... Maryland, Massahusetts 20,000 Mihigan Minnesota 15,000 Mississippi. 15,000 Missouri f (1) Montana Nebraska...: Nevada.:.. 15,000(m) New Hampshire New Jersey...:...:. 0,000 New Mexio... 15,000 New York ;... 50,000 North arolina.. ls,000(o) North Dakota... 9,000 hio 25,000(1) llahoma 15,000(v^) regon ls,00(r) Pennsylvania... 25,000 Rhode Island.../. 15,000 South arolina... ls,000(t) South Dakota 12,000 Tennessee. 12,000(0 Texas...; 25,000(t) Utah... Vermont,* Virginia V Washington.f West Virginia Wisonsin (1) Wyoming Alaska. 15,000 uam (y) Hawaii 16,000 Puerto Rio.-..., (aa) Virgin Islands... 15,000 xeutive Seretary overnor to the overnor Attorney eneral $ 8,500 6,00 7, ,000 10,500. 7,500() 5.400(e) i-:.8,684(e) 11, ,000 8, (k) , ,000 12, ,000 5,500 6,000 8,000 ls,000(e) 7,150 7, ,500(e) 7.800(e) ,000 i6!827 11,000 $ 6,000 2, , ,000 7,500() 7, ,500 11, ,000(1) (1) 12, ii.ooo ,500 7,500 12,500 7,500 15,000(1) 7,500 14,500"" ; (z) (ab) Seretary Lieutenant overnor of Slate Auditor Treasurer 12(a) None ,S00(b), (a) None 2.000() 20(a) / 12, (0 M (a) 6.000(g) None None (0 9,600U) 1, (1), 12(a) (n) None None 5(a) 20,000 2.ino(p) None 15,000 ' 5.000r' l,000(u) 2, (v) 25 (w) None 2,500 1,260 6,000 None None 7 7,040 12,o6o(a07 -None $ 6, S0(b) , ,500() , (h) 8,000 9,000 12, ,000(1) ,080 1, 'i7.0l»0 5,000 15,000(1) ,500 8,500 7,250 (1) 8,400 14,850{x) 15,525 (z) 15,6 None(a) 14,000 10,500 $ ,000 18,000(b) 8,000 12, () 6, , ,000-9,000 12, ,500 5,000 6,00 7,764 F , , (1) 6,000 (s) 15,000 9,174 i 9,000 6,000 15, ,250 12,500 8,400 7,800(z) - 11,250 16,000(ad) None $ 6,000 6,600 5, S00(b) , () , , ;: (1) ,000 5,op 15,000(1) , i 7,500 6,000 7, ^ 7.800(z) ,000 (ae) 11,000 For speifi titles, see "Administrative ffiials lassified by Funtions/' udget ffier; F Finane ffier; omptroller or ontrolltr; R Revenue ffier: T Taiation ffier. (a) Per diem.. Delaware. Idaho and Montana, per diem served. Alabama, plus $10 and Kansas, plus $6. per diem during. legislative sessions. (b) ffetive on expiration of present term. () Minimum; Ata 195 provided a minimum salary for **. eleted offiials with an automati inrease of $800 for eah four ^ years of servie until fixed maximum is reahed. Minimum for overnor, $12,000; maximum $16,000. ther eleted offiials, minimum $7,500; maximum VI 1,500. ' (d) Plus residene. (e) Idaho and Maine, Administrative Assistant; Pennsylvania, Seretary to the overnor; Washington, Assistant to overnor; West Virginia, xeutive Assistant..(f) Plus $1,200 as President of Senate and $5 per legislative* day. \ (g) Same; ompensation as overnor when serving as overnor, plus per diem during sessions of eneral Assembly., (liv $8,000 ;as Seretary of State; $4,000 as hairman of Insurane ommission; $4,800. as ustodian of voting mahines, (i) Salary $4i000; expense aount $1,000; member of State Administrative oard, $,500. (j) Per term (2 years), plus $50 pier day for speial sessions; effetive (k) For xeutive ounsel; xeutive Assistant. $6,000. (I) ffetive January (m) Plus mansion fund of $7,200..'Ttn) Per diem while presiding in the Senate; plus $15 per diem while ating as overnor. (o) Plus $4,000 travel exi>ense allowane.. Plus $700 as President of Senate and $1,000 expense allowane.. '. _ (q) Plus maintenane; in klahoma, plus $9,000 main-, tenane.,".. (r) Plus $400 per month for expenses../ A

19 ADMINISTRATIV RANIZATIN 165 ANNUAL SALARIS F STAT ADMINISTRATIV FFIIALS*-ontinued Maximum or urrent figures, as of August, 1955 stale hief: udget ffier Revenue and/or Taxation PuoU Instrution Adjutant eneral ' Agriulture hief Health ffier Highways Alabama..... $7,200 $ $ $7,500 $8,400 Arizona. ; (ag> H 8,400(ah) 9,600. 6,000 00(ah) Arkansas... 8,500 R , ,50(aj) alifornia.' ,000 15,600 18,000(b) (al). J.5,500 olorado 8,894, 8,500 12,000 7, onnetiut.. 10,200 11,400 r 15, Delaware T. 8,000 ' 6, Florida... : , ,000 15, ,000 eorgia f(t) 9,24 7,50i0(> Idaho.....:.... 5,400 T. 6,500 6,500 5,500 5,500 Illinois F R. 12,000 12,000 12,000 Indiana , ,500 Iowa :.&. 9,000 T. 6,500 7,500 Kansas R. 7, Kentuky R Louisiana. 14,000^ao) 12,500 12,900 Msiine... 11,22 V 8,788 8,000 Maryland /. 12,000 17,500 6,000 Massahusetts.... T. 15,000 11,000 11,916 Mihigan i.. 12, (aq) 12,500 ll,652(ar) Minnesota... ; 11,00 T ,00 (as) Mississippi. 7,500 9,50 8, Q Missouri.&. 7,000 R ,000 Montana...' ;.. 7,000 7,000 6,000 9,74(at) A Nebraska. 7,500 9,000 Nevada 7, ,000 9,000 New Hampshire t. 8,625 10,50 New Jersey ,000 T. 1,000 18,000 7, ,000 ^ i 8, ,000 11, ,000 6,600 7,000 l,600(au) 7,200. 8, (av) J $ 8, (at) (ak) 15,000 17,500 16, ,000 7,250 15,000 11,400 12, ,500 7,500() 7,-500() 9,600 12,000 12,000 1,000-1,500(ani) 17,850(an) 8,400 15,000,U , ,00 9,50 7,500 12,000 11,500 10,956 10,50 18,000 4, ; (ap) ,600 15,000 ^ 12,000 10,S(ap) 18,000 ;.* NewMexlo...^...; (T" , New York 18,500 " 18',500 22,500 14,250 17,000 North arolina...;... 1, ,910 North Dakota ". 6,000.T (aw) hio F T. (b) I0,000(b) 11,915 l.i klahoma. T , regon F T (ah) 11,000 ^,000 9,500 Pennsylvania.. 12,108(ax) ' ,000 15,000 Rhode Island. 11,242 T. 11,242 8,500 7, South arolina... Auditor ,775 llpo '^ South Dakota T , Tennessee.. T. Texas... (av) " Utah... F T ,500 6,000 Vermont.;..: overnor T ,500 7,500 Virginia...., ,500 12, *500 Washtagton....I. T. ll.(ah) West Virginia T ,250 7,000 7,250 Wisonsin ,500 T Wyoming...;... overnor 7,000(az) 8,400 6,000.6,200 Alaska T , uam.., 8,580(z). F. 8,190(z) 8,580z) 7,800{z) Hawaii..., T Puerto Rio ,000 T (ae) 14,000.8, Vh-gln Islands... F. 11,000 T. 5,600 11,000 None 11,000 12,500 18,500 14, ,000 10,080 12,000 16,000 11,500 8,996 1,000 12,000 12,500 10,400 14,500 7,800(z) 12,500 14,000 11,000 1,40i 15,000 9,600 12,000 15,000 15,000 15, '< 15,600 11,0)0 17,500 '-''' 6,000. 7;500 1,5^00 15,000 * ir.ooo (ap) (ba) 14,000(ap) ll,000(ap) Seretary of State ia Auditor, t) Plus mansion and other expenses, u) Plus $1,500 as President of Senate.. v) Plus $1,500 for supplies and expenses.,w) Per diem, not to exeed 120 days, during regular session; $25 per day for alled sessions; same as overnor when serving as overnor. (x) ffiial title is Territorial Seretary. (y) Staftutory, rgani At of uam. (z)' Plus territorial post differential where appliable, (aa) S. effetive with next offie holder,.(ab) ffiial title Is Seretary of Justie. (a) Seretary of State sueeds overnor in his absene. In ase of permanent.vaany. Seretary holds offie for rest of term., (ad) Post-audit by.ontroller, who is an offier of legislative branh. Pre-audit funtion performed by Seretary of Treasury. (ae) ffiial title is Seretary pf-treasury; also responsible for olletion of revenues.,.,. '. (af) Virgin Islands do not have an Attorney.eneral; the orresponding offier is the United States Attorney. Salary set by- U.. S. Attorney eneral. (ag) Vested in overnor and State Auditor. tan) For eah of three members. (ai) Per diem for eah of five members to 100 days, plus travel.- ".. ' (ai) $7,24 state, $2,266 federal. (ak) $6,500 state. $6,000 federal. (al) Pay and allowanes of ^ajor eneral of U; S. Army. (am) Per month. (an) Plus $2,500 in lieu of mainteiiiuie. (ao) $12,000 as olletor.of Revenue; $2,000 as head of Automobile Title Division..y (ap), Publi Works inludes Highways. (aq) Plus $2.000'as hairman of Tax ommission. (ar) Quarters and subsistene. $2,628. (as) Pay and Allowanes of rank held. (at) Paid from federal funds.

20 .166 TH K F TH STATS ANNUAL SALARIS F STAT ADMINISTRATIV FFIIALS*-ontinued Maximum or urrent figures, as of August, 1955 State Insurane Labor Mines and- Minerals Personnel Publi Safely Publi Works and uildings Purhasing Welfare Alabama $7,500 $7,500 $7,200 Arizona 8.400(ah) 8.400(ah) 6,000 Arkansas , alifornia....15, (b) 12,000 olorado 8.IS6 7,500(ah) onnetiut 10,200 11,400 Delaware <~v2,50 Florida. (ba) eorgiia... 7,50() 7,5D() Idaho... 5,500 5,500 Illinois 12, Indiana S0 9,000 Iowa Kansas. Kentuky Louisiana Maine... Marylqaid Massanusetts. Mliiigan..:... Minnesota. Mississippi. '^'"Missouri.,. Montana... Nebraska... Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey..New Mexio... New York North arolina. North Dakota.. hio klahoma. regon... Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... Soutli. arolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee... Texas. ;.. Utah Vermont... Virginia... Washington..,. West Virginia.. Wisonsin. Wyoming Alaska.. uam.... Hawaii. > Puerto Rio 7,000 4,600 7,500 6,500 l (h) 8, (bg) , ,500 5, ,000. 8,151 7, io.ooo ,200 (ba)" 8,500 7, ,500 8,75 'isah) 5,000 7,000(bi) 7,200 7, , , (aw) io.ooo IS.t) 9,50( ' ,.S ' ,500 5,400 li {z) io,oao 14,000 7,000 7,800 6, ,200 io.ooo,900 8, ,800 7,920 5,400 9,000 15, , (bq)' Virgin Islands.. (br) (au) State's share to be supplemented.by federal funds. (av) hief of Staff. Departmnt'of Defne. (aw) ommissioner of Labor serve's av- ommissioner of Agriulture, with a total salary of $5,000. ' (ax) udget Seretary. (ay) Salary set by overnor. (az) $4,0()0 as member of.publi Servie ommission; $,000 as member of oard of qualization.,(ba) Highways ngineer is Publi Worki Superintendent; udget Diretor is Purhasing xeutive; Treasurer is Insurane ommissioner. ' ' (bb) State Polie. In Minnesota. Missouri and Nevada. State Highway Patrol. In Washington. Sta' Patrol. (be).diretor.of Industrial Relations. (bd) Health and Welfare. (be) udget.and Prourement. $ $ io.ooo $ ,000 7,500(ah) ,600 7,592 12, ,597 11,00 '7.s I8.000(bj) i4.656(bj) (bj) 9,174 '6.666 ' i (bl)) 7, '. 1 (}.(;;,; io.siw '6.666(bb) ,680. '?,b66 6,000 4,400 12,000 6,500 io.bbo ,916 8,500(bb) 1.500, : 7,92b(bb) L (bb)!l. 6, ^00 6,066 /l , \ (bb) 7, (z) (bb) 11,000 ' 18,000 7, io.boo ,000 io.ooo ,-44 12, ,500 t ' 10.5 # ) (b) (bin) ' I *2, l.(bn) ii,666 (ap) 7.800(z)- 12,000 14,000(ap) 11,000 $ 7,200 ' Ksoo 1,800 8, ,500 5,500 4,500 9,924 12,000 8,100 6,604 (be) ! m. 5,060 7<068 8?050 1;000 16, ,098,840 H,760 5, , (bo) 7, (bp) (bh) 7,488(z) (bl) 7.2'J $ ,750 8,000. 7, ,000 5,600 " 12, (bd) ,597 ll,00(bf) ,50 18,000(bk). 10,2o6(bl) 18,500 8,910 9,600 12, ,500 '1^,000 7,S00(q) 8, S00(au) i , (bf) ommissioner of Publi Welfare is also Superintendent of Publi Institutions... ^ ', ihg) Auditor is also Insurane ommissioner. (bh) ontroller is also Purhasing Agents (bi) $,000 state funds: $4,000 federal funds. (bi) Administrator of ivil Seryi.. (bk) Department of Institutions and Agenies. (bl) Subjet to inrease during fisal (bm) hief. Division of Publi uildings. $7,29; Diretor of Publi Works. $12,.S()0.. fbn) Diretor of Dept. of eneral Administration.. (bo) Purhasing Div., Dept. of eneral Administration. (bp) ombined Seretary of oard of Supplies and Seretary of Hoard of harities and Refori handles'personnel and Purhasing.... ' (bq) Mining ommission responsible for mines and minerals registration. (br) Dept. of Labor inludes Agriulture. v&

21 / Alabama. Arizona.. Arkaiuas. alifornia. olorado onnetlnit... Delaware Florida. eorftla. Idaho... IlllnoU. Indiana. Iowa..:. Kansas. Kentuky.. Loolslana. Mai line Marjriii U7land Maasaliosetts. issanosetts. MIhiftan.. Minnesota. Mississippi. Mlssbon... Montana. NelnaskJi Nerada: New Hampshire ^ New Jersey... (a) W) {«> () (h) (0 ADMINISTRATIV RANIZATIN STAT FFIRS R DPARTMNTS IN HAR F PR AUDIT and PST AUDIT (As of July, 1955) i Pre Audit Post Audit Pre Audit '(Post Audit omptroller (a) ' /Auditor (b) I hief xaminer () Auditor (b) Post Auditor (d) omptroller fe) and Legislative Audit ^Vuditor (b) Div. ontroller (b) Auditoreneral(o) Diretor'of ontrolier'(0 omptrollfer (b) Auditor (b) omptrollar (b) Auditor (i) Auditor (b) of 'Finane (e) ( Diretor.Auditor (b) Auditor (b) omptroller (e) ontroller in the Depjirtment of Administration (I) ontroller (a) At Ageny Level ontroller (a) omptroller (b) oinptroller (e) ontroller (e) Auditor (b) Auditor (b) omptroller (e) oard of xaminers (b) ontroller (e) Auditor (b) Auditor (b) Tax ommis-, sioner (e) ' udget ffier (e) omptroller (b) Diretor of.^ Aounts (m). Diretor of the Division of udget and. Aounting (g) Finane (e) Auditor (b) Auditors (i) udget ommission (h) Auditor (p) Auditor (i) Auditor lb) Auditor (b) ^ State xaminer (e) Auditor (b) Diretor of Post Audits (k) Auditor (b) Auditor (b) Auditor (i) Auditor () Auditor (b) Auditor (b) Publi xaminer (e) Auditor (b> Auditor (b) [ontroller (e) \ State xam iner (e) lauditor (b) (Auditor (b) Tax ommisl sioner (e) Legislative Auditor (j) Legislative udget Assistant. Auditor (!)..?;. Appointed by ommissioner of Finane: in.alabama appointed by Diretor of Finane from ivil Servie Regisfer. leted.'.. Appointed by Leslslative ommittee on Publi Aounts, wjtn onaent of Seaate. Appointed by Speaker of House and President of. Senate, with onsent of Lesislature. Appointed by overnor. Positioa subjet to ivil Servie. Apixrinted by overnor from list of three names reom-. mended by Leslslative Audit ommittee. Three memben eleted; two members appointed by ovesuor. Appointed by Legislature. ';,».. New Mexio... New Yorl North arolina. North Dakota.. hio, ldahorna. regon.,., Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South' arolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee T^xas. Utah Vermont Vtfiinla... Washington...: West Virginia.. Wisonsin Wyoming; Alaska... HawaU Puerto Rio... Virgin Islands.. Auditor (b) omptroller (b) Assistant udget Diretor (e) Auditor (b) omptroller (e) omptroller (b), Auditor I'b) /State xaminer (e) \oardofaudiu(b) Auditor (b) State xaminer and Inspetor (b) Auditor (b) [Auditor (b) I Diretor of I Finane (e) State udget ffier Direto'r bf Finane and.administration (e). 1 Seretary' of Seretarj' of State (b) State (b) Auditor eneral (b) Auditor eneral (b) Finane ommit tee of eneral Assembly Auditor (n) 'omptroller (i) Diretor. Department rf Administration (e) omptroller (b) (Auditor (b) I omptroller (i) Diretor of Aounts (e) omptroller (b) Derartmenfof Finane Auditor (b). omptroller (e) Diretor of the udget (e) Auditor (b) Auditor (b) Diretor of the udget (e) Diretor of. udget and Aounts (e) Auditor (b) ontroller Auditor (e) Seretary of i Treasury (e) ommissioijer of Insular Affairs omptroller (i), Auditor (o) Auditor (b) Auditor (b) Auditor (i) Auditor (h) Tax 6mmi- sioner (e) Auditor (e) State xaminer (e) Legislative Auditor (o) Auditor (e) ontroller (Q) ovt. ostroller 0) Appoijited by Legislative ounselt^ureau. (k) Appointed by State Auditor. (I) Appointed by xeutive Diretor of Department of Administration, from ivil Servie Register.* (m) Appointed, by the omptroller subjet to approval of ovimor. ' (n) Appointed by Stat^ udget and ontrol oard: heads Fmane Division of this oard, (o) Appointed by Legislative Audit ommittee; in Texas and (P) (q) Alaska, with onaint of Senate. ' Appointed by Diretor of Finane. Appointed by the overnor wlth*the advie and onsent of the majority of the total meml>ers of eah house y \ U > i^

22 RNT DVLPMNTS IN STAT PURHASIN* FR several years there "has been a on- umstanes aurate and up-to-date speitinuing trend in state government to fiations are essential, plae the purhasing funtion in an in- The general publi, moreover, is beomtegrated unit, often a division of an over-all ing inreasingly onsious of'how its tax administrative and fisal department. Usu- money is being spent. It insists that governalty the exeutive head of suh a depart- mental buyers be on the alert to expend the ment is appointed 6y the overnor, with tax dollar wisely and ^ffiientiy. ood purthe onsent of the Senate, and serves'at the liasing involves more than seeking the low- overnor's pleasure. In an inreasing num- est prie. It is measured in end osts, and ber of states,,the other personnel of the de- these start with the speifiation, partment, inluding the purhasing agent. The National Assoiation of State Puronsist entirely of ivil servie areer em- hasing ffiials, organized in 1947, has ployees whose duties are onerned stritly been onerned with speifiations for years, with tehnial matters. o<ia and has been partiularly ative in this The onsolidation of previously separate regard during the past year., T ageni^ into a single integrated govern- A poll of the thirty-six, states represented,^ mental unit has'brought ooperation and at the annual meeting of the Assoiation in ^ '^^oordination into many areas formerly af- November, 1954, revealed that only thirteen feted by jurisditional disputes, dupliated had a_ tandards engineerion theii;; staffs effort, and lak of full exhange of mutually a total that now probably has risen to fibenefiial information. teen or sixteen. From the standards engi- In twenty-four states, the ommonwealth neers a ommittee was seleted to work of Puerto Rio and the Virgin Islands the with the xeutive ommittee of the Assopurhasing division is now operating under iation in developing a plan to* make the the integrated plan indiated, or a system most effetive use of existing speifiations losely akin to it. Study groups in some of and add others most urgently needed by the remaining states ontinue to support state purhasing offiials, this system of governmental management. The Speifiations Qomrnittee believes _ thzft almost all present federal speifiations SPIFIATINS AND STANDARDS are adequate, but that eah should be Many perplexing problems onfrontstate studied individually to determine whether purhasing divisions. hief'among them""" it an best be used in its present form or a perhaps is the need for speifiations. This is slightly modified one. The ommittee, areadily understandable beause the pur- ordingly, is making a thorough study of hasing divisions proure, the supplies and federal speifiations for use by the various materials for many widely diversified state state purhasing departments. / " agenies: for example, tuberulosis sana- Purhasing offies in various states, espetoria, mental hospitals, training shools, ially those employing standards engineers, olleges, penal and reformatory institutions, have voluifteered to assist in this study. ah highway and onservation departments, all offie partiipating in the projet is listing^ with theirhkwy speialized programs. The the federal speifiations in whih if is^li^ number of different ommodities requirejl terested. The ommittee has assigned to^ run into many thousands. Under those ir- individual states groups of federal speifiations for their study and evaluation, in ooperation with manufaturers, suppliers ^*Prpard;by J-STANLY IN, Diretor PUT- ^^^ distributor whose produts are sold on hasing Division, Mihigan Detjartment of Ad- ~T -j j_ * i ^ ^ ministration, and President of the National Asso-» nation-wide 'basis. A omplete report of iation of State Purhasing ffiials. the study on eah speifiation, when om- ' *

23 ^. -.. ADMINISTRATIV RANIZATIN 169 pleted, will be forwarded to the ommittee a vendor reeived within a short interval for further study and for determination four fairly large orders for men's work shoes, whether the speifiation is to be reom-.ne order was from the purhasing division mended for state use. of a large ity in' the reat Lakes area, \ fforts are being made to standardize another from the ounty in whih the ity, ^speifiations, insofar as possible, for use on was loated, the other two from the pur- ^"N a nation-wide basis. The first attempt along hasing departments of two nearby states, this line will be for me^t and meat prod- All four orders were aompanied by spei-"^""*" uts. In Marh, 1955, a piarketing speial- fiations whih alled for shoes of omparaist of the U. S. Department of Agriulture tive types and value, but whih had slight. '^ mbt with the xeutive and Speifia- dpferenes that neessitated hanges in the tions ommittees of the National Asso- nmnufaturingproess. Hene mass produiationofstate Purhasing ffiials to learn tim of the entire quantity w&s impossible, firsthand of problems enountered by states ana*<he shoes ost the agenies more than using the grading and inspetion servie of wouiohyive been the ase had the speifithe Department of Agriulture, and to dis- ations been idential. This is typial of uss some of the difl5ulties experiened by thousands of ases in whih osts ould belts inspetors in performing this servie. He lowered materially by use of standardized * reported that thifty-onestatfesare novy using speifiations. the servie. All of the states have their own "Most of the states have standardized to a speifiations, whih vary in minor re- large degree many of the speifiations used spets. This, in the large paking and ship- within their own domains, partiularly ping areas, requires eah inspetor to those for purhasing for institutions of the beome familiar with eah set of speifia- same type. It is beoming more and more tions. As it is also neessary to stamp eah, evident that governmental agenies of difshipment of meat with an identifiation ferent levels, suh as muniipalities, ounstamp of the state to whih it is onsigned, ties, states and possibly the federal governthe extra work involved seemed exessive ment, ould gain by ooperating insofar as to the department. It was agreed at the joint possible in standardized speifiations on a meeting that the Departrhent of Agriulture nation-wide basis. In ases where, due to, would prepare'pilot speifiations and sub- limati or other onditions, speifiations mit them to the states for further study. The idential to those suitable in other regions. Speifiations ommittee believes that if are impratial, regional speifiations are speifiations on meat are adopted on a an alternative, nation-wide basis it an hastefi the stand- «A T^ ardization of speifiations on a large sale. ASSIATIN RPRTS asially there are two lasses of stand- The National Assoiation of State Purards: hasing ffiials likewise is ontinuing its. u (1) Those whih Heal with thingis their "Prie omparison Reports." These onsist -"' size, shape, oloi^, physial and hemial of lists of various ommodities on whih. propertieissand performane harateristis, states are interested in learning the pries ' /^ (2) Those whih deal with operating rules, paid by other states. The reports have beaounting praties and personnel proe- ome popular as a means of preventing, to. dures; these are known as managerial a degree at least, overharging by suppliers. Landards. bviously the governmental The Assoiation now is preparing a new purhasing diretor is very muh onerned edition of its report of 1947, "Purhasing with both. ne funtion of a standard or by the States," to bring up to date its inspeifiation is to identify a ommodity so formation on th^ organization and operathat the requisitioning ageny, the buyer, tion of entralized state purhasing agen-' ; and the vendor are all talking about the ies. Similarly, the Assoiation has greatly same thing. therwise they are apt to be- expanded its JV(?a;j/^W^r, as a medium for exome involved in many ompliations, hange of ideas and information among Agreement to utilize standard speifia- purhasing offiials, tions lowers osts by making mass produ- ' ne problem whih from time to time tion possible. For example, a few years ago auses onfern arriong state purhasing di-, «. \ >.

24 ^ ; t i 170 TH K F ''\ y visions arises from proposed legislation for \ granting a perentage preferene to in-state bidders. Purhasing offiials readily agree that, all things being equal, purhase of ommodities grown or produed within the state is to be preferred. eyond that point, however, there is onsiderable differene of opinion. A number of states have statutes whih permit a fixed perentage preferene on purhases for goods grown, produed or manufatured ^within the state. Inxsome spates with preferene provisions, these are optional with the purhasing diretor, in, others mandatory. enerally, the purhasing diretors themselves do not favor preferene poliies. In 1949 a report of the National Assoiation of State Purhasing ffiials summarized: "Preferene should be given to state bidders or on state produed ommodities only when there is no sarifie or loss to the state in prie or quality." A. resolution adopted at the annual meeting iirl 954 onluded: "The National As^oia- TH STATS tion of State Purhasing ffiials desires to re-affirm its unalterable opposition to die pratie of allowing preferential treatment to any firm or individual doing business with a state." STAT MANUALS --. During the period overed by this report, onnetiut published an inspetion manual. It outlines in detail the methods used by the state in performing this important funtion. alifornia published a pamphlet tided, "Selling to the State of alifornia," for presentation to those interested in doing business with the state. This is an exellent, well illustrated treatise fully explaining the m-anner in whih the state takes, bids and the things the vendor should and should not do. Following an established ustorii, opies, of both publiations were sent toall bf the^,:^f states. They undoubtedly jtyijl be used to %> advantage by many of the states' as patterns for similar publiations. i\ / r

25 2 Personnel Systems ^ ' I DVLPMNTS IN.SAT^PRSNNL SYSTMS^ K NT developments in state person- names, submittmitd litt^d^it by a speial examnel management reflet a ontin- ining ommittee. ut the appointment uing, desire to find new ways to will be for a term of six years; formerly meet the growing and hanging needs of they were without fixed term. The Direstate government. Some of these hanges tor may be reappointed by the ommisare inaugurated by state legislatures, but sion, with Senatorial reonfirmation. : equally important improvements are de- New Tork. An amendmenf of 1955 to veloped on the initiative of eletive and the New York personnel at provides that areer offiials. This summary reords a pennanent ompetitive-lass employe'e' some of the more important developments against whom disiplinary harges are in 1954 and made shall be entitled to a hearing, and _, ^ _, PRSNNL STUDY MMISSINS that the burden of proving inompeteny ->^^ misondut shall-be on 5ie person mak- Speial personnel study ommissions ing the harges. "Formerly, if the ivil whih have bebn appointed in many states Servie ommission found that an emin reent^ears exemplify the interest of the ployee had been improperly dismissed, it states in improving personnel administra- -ould modify the determination of the aptiqn. During 1955 study groups in olorado, New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota and Florida made their reports. PRSNNL AT AMNDMNTS t alifornia. A alifornia amendment of 1955 removes from the ivil Servie Law the provision that when the State Personnel oard is onsidering an appeal by an employee from disiplinaryjation "it shall be a presumption that the statement of the auses (for the ation) is true." Minnesota. The Minnesota method of appointing the State Personnel Diretor has been hanged under an amendment adopted in The ivil Servke^bmmissidh will still make the appointment pointing offier to permit the employee's transfer to another ageny or plae his name on a preferred employment list, but the ommission had no authority to diret his reinstatement. Now the ivil Servie ommission is granted power to reverse a djfetermination of the appointing offier iind, if a transfer annot be arranged, to diret the employee's reinstatement to his former position. RAI^IZATIN F PRSNNL SYSTMS Florida: An "At to reate a Merit System of Personnel Administration," adopted in Florida in 1955, provides the basis for what may eventually beome a state-wide system. The at gives statutory foundation from among a list of from three to five f^r the existing Merit System ounil, ftepared by the IVIL SRVI ASSMLY F TH UNIWD STATS AND ADA... whih had been established on the basis of > a mutual agreement between the state de- 171.// 4«

26 p ax- 172 TH K F TH STATS partments partiipating in the grant-inaid programs now administered by the Federal Department of Health, duation, and Welfare. The new. law authorizes the overnor to extend the jurisdition of the Merit System ounil to any departments or agenies under his ontrol, ther -state agenies, headed by 'eletive offiers, m iy be inluded under the mferit system's jurisdition through ation^' of these offiers, subjet to'approval bynthe ' State Personnel oard. The State Personnel oard is a new statutory body, reated by the at. It onsists of the overnor as hairman, the Seretary of State, the omptroller, the ommissioner of Agriulture, the Attorney eneral, the Superintendent of Publi Ii strution and the Treasurer. These are the^ onstitutional, eletive offiers. The Personnel oard appoints the Merit System ounil, adopts and amends rules to arry out the purpose of the at and performs "suh other duties as may be elsewhere speified in the At, or, if not prohibited, as in the judgment of suh oard are deemed neessary to effetuate the provisions hfereof!'**thus the board has general supervision of the merit system program but is -not harged with responsibility for day-to-day operation. Responsibility for detailed administration is vested, as at present, in the staff of the Merit System ounil. The ounil onsists of five members, a!jppointed for overlapping' terms of four years eah. Its members must "be in sympathy with the appliation of merit priniples to publi employment" and annot be ative in partisan politis. The ounil will at as a hearing board to onsider employee appeals. Its deisions on suh administrative_matters as aeptane or rejetion of; job appliations will be final. ounil deisions on disiplinary ations, however, will be subjet to review and final ation by the State Personnel oard. Illinois. The provisions of a Personnel ode enated in Illinois in 1955 will ompletely revamp' the administrative struture of personnel management in this state.when they beome effetive, The ode reates a Personnel Department of abinet rank,^ headed by a Personnel Diretor appointed by the overnor and onfirmed by the Senate. The person hosen must have had pratial working experiene in personnel administration -^ and must not have been ative in any politial party during the two years preeding appointment. Assisting him will be a bi-partisan Advisorv;,oard of nine members and at ivil, S^vie ommission of three. The Advisory oard will (a) submit names to the overnor for onsideration in filling vaanies on the ivil "Servie ommission; (b) advise the overnoi:, the.- Personnel Diretor and the ommission on problems onerning personnel admfnis- tration; and () foster the interest of msti-, tutions of learning and of industrial, ivi, professional and employee organizations in the improvefnent of personnel standards in/mtsstate servie. The ihree members of the ivil Servie ommfesion are to be persons "in sympathy with the appliation of merit priniples _M publi employment." The ommission will (a) approve or disapprove ivil servie rules and amendments to them; (b) approve or disapprove the position lassifiation plan and its amendments; () hear appeals of employees who do not aept the alloation of their positions under the lassifiation plan; (d) submit a pay plan and amendments to the overnor; and (e) at as an appeals board for employees overed by the merit provisions of the at. The Personnel ode has a number of noteworthy features. It reates three separate "areas of jurisdition" for the Personnel Departjnertt. Jurisdition A onerns the lassifiation and ompensation of positions in the state servie. Jurisdi- V tion onerns those positions in the servie to whih appointments are made on the basis of "merit and fitness." Jurisdition onerns onditions of employrnent-w-^w ontrol of positions may be assigned to the Personnel Department for any or all of those purposes. Thus, a position may be under the Personnel Department for purposes of lassifiation, pay administration and working onditions (suh as sik leave, vaation and hours of work) but not for purposes of orhpetitive reruitment and protetion agaipst dismissal. Initially, the new Personnel ode applies only to departments under the overf.t

27 7 ADMINISTRA TIV RANIZ TIN 17 nor. However, jurisditions may be ex- sonnel matters. This type of administratended to ot^r departments on request of tive organization permits personnel athe appropriate offiials and approval of tions to be handled more speedily and rethe overnor and.the ivil Servie oni- suits in ^ loser understanding of operatmissioh. Nonaademi employees of the ing-ageny problems by personnel ageny state olleges arid universities will ontinue staff members.^ under.the jurisdition of the University ivil Servie System of Illinois, and Highway Polie under the State Polie Merit..Personnel ounils. New York and regon report that in 1955 they established "personnel ounils" to give departmental oard. Funtions of the present Merit personnel offiers ah opportunity to parti- System ounil, whih serves downstate ipate in the poliy-deision disussions of ounty departments of welfare, will be the entral personnel agenies. regon transferred to the new Personnel Depart- also has set up a Personnel Advisory omment.-. " ^ mittee, omprising the heads of the major In addition to the Per^nnel ode, departments, whih meets regularly with legislation prohibiting politial ativities, the State Personnel-Diretor. Similar was enated in Illinois. It applies to all groups are in existene in a few other states, employees "whosfe employment or tenure Suggestion Programs. "Suggestion sysis subjet to reognized merit priniples of tems" to enourage employee initiative publi employment"; thirteen speifi politial ativities are prohibited. ^ SINIFIANT HANS IN PRSNNL PRATIS ^ in proposing means of improving state: servies now have been established in at least five states. regon and Wisonsin inaugurated theirs in In New Jersey the limit on. awards for individual ideas ne of the major areas of progress in was raised from S500 to $1,000, alifornia personnel administration has been an in- and New York programs, in operation for reasing reognition that the ultimate goal a hurhber of years, have demonstrated that is to assist operating departments to arry suggestion systems an make important out their jgrimary funtions. Signifiant ontributions to the development of better developments whih refle^ this onern and more effiient ways to ondut the inlude the'following: publi business. ontinuous xaminations. Personnel ad- ertifiation Methods. Three states have ministration of the states of Illinois, Mary- broadened the hoie of appointing authorland and Vermont report that they have ities in seleting employees from eligible speeded up. their programs of "ontinuous lists or employment rosteis. -Jllinois is, the examinations." Under these programs ap- first state to adopt the muqi disussed propliants for employment an be examined posal that andidates for appointment be and referred to departmental appointing ertified to appointing.authorities on the authorities with a minimum of delay. basis of broad ategories of ompetene. Promotion Programs. In amovrndl^yixh- The new Personnel ode provides that, igan and Wisonsin, offiials of the operat- with the approval of the ivil Servie ing departments are being given a greater ommission in eah instane, the Personpart to play in seletion of. employees for nel Diretor may ertify eligibles on the promotion. This is being aomplished basis of the following ratings: Superior, through use of "promotional potentijil rat- xellent, Well-qualified and Qualified, ings." The ratings emphasize preparation When these ratings are used they will refer advanement to higher positions rather plae ertifiation, of the three highest than profiieny in the employee's present ranking persons on the list; Rhode Island also has modified the {ontinued.on page 178). position, <^ measured by the normal "servie" or "perforrnane rating." "eneralist" Personnel Administration. Ten states now have organized their personnel agenies along "generalist" lines, with one personnel ageny staff member dealing with operating offiials on all or most per- *For an exthsive disussion of this type of personnel program'see "Personnel eneralist: xperiene and Advie," by Lyman H. bzad and Kenneth. Warner, Publi Personnil Review, July, 1955, pp / u. ">J

28 /^? 174 TH K F TH STATS Slate STAT PRSNNL ANIS overage, rganization and Selee^d Poliies overage (a) Alabama. State Personnel d eneral Merit System ounil... Loal Arizona. ', Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid Merit System ounil... StatjPolie!$Lrkansas ' Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid alifornia State Personnel d.. eneral olorado ivil Servie ommn.'... enerjjl Merit System ounil... Loal onnetiut >. State Personnel Dept... eneral Delaware Merit System ounil..; rant-in-aid Florida Merit System ounil rant-in-aid eor&la! ' Merit System for Pers. Admn... eneral Idaho Personnel ounil... i* Pub. Asat. Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid Illinois ivil Servie ommn eneral Merit System ounil... Loal State Polie Merit d Stg,te Polie. JJniv. ivil Serv. System. ' Nonaademi Indiana State PersonnfiJ ureau.. rant-in-aid(1) Iowa ^ Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid Kansas Personnel Div,, Dept. of Admin eneral Kentuky Personnel ounil rant-m-aid(l) Merit System Advisory oun Health Dept. Div. of Personnel eneral ' Fish & Wildlife ortimn.. Fish & Wildl. Polie Personnel d State Polie Louisiana Dept. of ivil Serv eneral ' Maine. Dept. of'personnel... eneral Maryland \ ommnr, of Personnel... eneral Massahusetts. "' Div. of ivil Servie eneral Mlhi(ian ivil Servie ommn... eneral Minnesota,. Dept. of ivil Servie... eneral ountywelfa'remeritsys. Loal Mississippi ',. Merit: Sy.,mpl., Se. ommn?mpl. Se. Merit System ounil... ihealth Merit System ounil... /Pub. Welf. Merit System ounil... / rippled hild, / Serv. Missouri Div. of Personnel...i..i rant-in-aid (1) Merit System I rippled hild Serv. Number of employees overed 9, r- 6, , ,27 1, , ,000 18, W 1, ,000, " 26,000 6,000 15,820 0,000 25,042 14, r No. - ' S oard members none 5. ',. V 5> js 4 ' S 4 ' How appt. (b) (d) (d) (b). A ' (b) (b) (b) (b) (J).(d) (b) A (m) (n). (o) 6(b) A A (b) Term (yeari) ( (k) ' 6 5. ^ 8' 6 4 «. Work week for offie workers, ^, llrs. Sat. 40 none 40 () 9 () none 40 none' 7J^ 40 none 5 none 40 none M () 40 none 40 none 40 () 7^ () 40 () 40 none 8}^ none 40 none 42 () 7H 7J^ 7J4 none. none none 40 none none SJ4... 7>i none 40 none none 40 () 40. none 40 rtone 40 ' hone vertime pay ffie workers * omp. Str. Time time time and off } (h) no plan'.. ^>^.. :. '.'. '.'... ;.....j.... ;..... * (h) 1..,.:,' -(h) varies (h) ;.... Prepared by the ivil Sr.vie Assembly of the UnHe<l States and anada. Abbreviations: ovemdr; A Agenie's; overnor and abinet; omp. ompensatory., (a) The pattern of penbnnel ageny overage varies widely from state to state. Where oyerage is shown as "eneral," roost employees In the state agenies are overed by the^ program. Seldom, however. Is overage omplete. "rantrln-ald" Indiates that the prorram overs employees engaged in ativities overed by the grant-in-aid programs administered by the U.S. Department of Health, duation and Welfare. "Loal" Indiates that the program overs only loal government employees administering grant-in-aid programs. ther entries indiate that the program overs the ativities designated, e.g^ state polie, publi w-elfare, health, employment seiirityij ^ (b) With onfirmatlon'of legislature. () Skeleton fore working half day %

29 -.. '.,.,,.,, ^ NSTITUTINS AND LTINS STAT PRSNNL ANIS (ontinued) overage, rganization and Seleted Poliies 175 ^» verlime Pay * -^ Labor & trades A r amp Time time Str. and off time J4 '.. k -'.It t ' I ". " ' *., * ^ x: ',,., "N... '..^... A_. _ ^ ^ (h) I. a.. ' no plaa'.. ' ' ' f.. (h) *,. (h) varies. > >.... *. *..... Paid vaation {days) r- * V umu- After, la- 1 yt. ' live varies ( IS 0 IS varies none (f) \ no lim. 5( , ,J '. ' ,* IS 60 12( (0 20 1(0 0 12(0 24 2A no lim IS 0 'IS 0 Sik leave. (.days) A umu- la- No. live varies no lim. IS IS 90 1 Ji 90 -_. 15 no lim ^ no lim. 12 no lim. ' , no lim IS no. lim. 1 -no lim. 12 J no lim none IS (e) 11 ;ll(e) 11(e) 11 10(e).. 11 ' (e) 11(e) (e) V'l. ov8 '' 9.~, i(e) IIH Paid holidays roup insurane, : "- r^» Uos- Medial pitalitation surgial or roup life,...,,,, ',,,,. ' ' % "»..,, '.. - \, ,,...,, x "T,, ' (i) ",,... (g) (g) (i) 1....', * ^-^''- ' ",, : ' '' ;x. * -,,,, (i) -. state Alabama State Personnel d. Merit System ounil Arizona Merit System ounil Merit System ounil Arlflnnnn Merit System ounil aiifornla State Personnel d. olorado.'ivil Servie ommn. Merit System ounil onnetiut State Personnel Dept. Delaware Merit" System ounil - Florida Merit System ounil eorgia Merit System for Pers. Admn. Idaho Personnel ounil Merit System ounil luinols ^ ivil Servie ommn. Merit System ounil State Polie Merit d. Univ. ivil Serv. System Indiana State Personnel ureau Iowa Merit System ounil Kansas Personnel Div.; --^ Dept. of Admin. Kei^tuky Personnel aunil Merit Systenr-^ Advisory ounil ~- Div. of Personnel Fish & Wildlife ommn. Polie Personnel d. Louisiana Dept. of ivil Servie Maine Dept. of Personnel Maryland ommnr. '6f Personnel Massahusetts. Div. of ivil Servie Mihigan,. ' ivil Servie ommn. Minnesota, Dept. of ivil Servie oupty Welfare Merit Sys.. MissiMlppl Me^it Sys., mpl. Se. " ornn. Merit System ounil Merit System ounil Merit System ounil Missouri Div. of Personnel. Merit System ' 'd) Appointed from riamea submitted by overed, agenies.,e) Plus eletion days. \ * Additional vaation after atnumber of years, usually ten. Available throush employees' assoiation. 8 Method optional. State pays all or part of premium. Trustees of olleges and universities from amons their own membership. (k) No fixed term. (1) Plus some additional overage. (m) From names submitted by panel of university presidents.. (n) overnor appoints three members for four years eah, employees elet one m^ber for two years; these four members hoose a fifth member. (o) With onfirmation of overnor's ounil... (p) leted by eneral Assembly. '", \. ^

30 176, TH K F TH STATS - «^ STAT PRSNNL ANIS (ontinued) overage, rganization and Seleted Poliies *'>'.., overage Stale (a) oard members Number of etiiiployees overed No. ' How appt: Term {years) Montana. Joint Merit System rant-in-aid Nebraska Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid 941 (b) Nevada Dept. of Personnel eneral 1,800 5 '.4 / New Hampshire Div. of Personnel eneral 4,215. Q New Jersey ivil Servie ommission eneral (b) 5 New Mexio Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid 855 A New Ydrk Dept. of ivil Servie... eneral 75,865. (b) 6 North arolina State Personnel Depf... eneral ^ Merit System ounil /.. rant-in-aid.600 5/ 6 North Dakota Merit System ounil... rant-iiiraid 50 5 (d) s hio «> ivil Servie ommn... eneral Qjdahoma State Personnel oard... rant-in-aid rei^on ivil Servie ommn eneral 14,500 - Merit System ounil.., Loal 00 Pennsylvania t>, ivil Servie ommn... rant-in-aid 14,07 6 Rhode Island Div. of Pei'sonnel Admin. eneral none.. South arolina Merit System ounil... m ply. Se. 500 A 5 Merit System ounil... Pub. Welf <P). 4,.- Merit System ounil... Heajth South Dakota Merit System ounil,.. rant-in-aid(l) 500? ivil Servie ommn State Polidf- Tennessee / Dept. of Personnel.. eneral Texas y Merit System UIKU... rant-in-aid,00 (k) Merit System ounil... Health * s Utah ^ Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid(1) Vermont * Personnel oard... eneral Virginia State Personnel Dept... eneral 21,000 none Merit System ounil... rant-in-aid A 6 Washini^ton State Personnel oard..! rant-in-aid(1) West Vlrdlni^ - Merit System-ounil... rant-in-aid 1,560 (b) Wisonsin. ureau of Personnel. eneral (b) 6 WyominiJ Joint Merit System. rant-in-aid 250 (d)- Alaska Merit System ounil:... rant-in-aid '09 6 uam Dept. of Labor & ^^-' Personnel..." '..eneral HawaU Dept. of ivil Servie... eneral it (b) 5 Puerto Rio ^ ffie of Personnel... eneral (b),...#, Virgin Islands ^^. Div. of Personnel... 'eneral hm 2 Work vreek. for offie workers ; *, Mrs. Sal. '8 44 1^ none 5 hone 8H none 7>^ () 40 none 40 fione () 42 -() 40 none 40 (). 7 J4 none 5 none 40 none 9 -: () 44 H 8M none 40 none.8 () 7H none 40 none 40 none 40 none i7>^ () 40 none 8 () 7)4 none 40 () 7>4 none 40 none. vertime pay-' 1 ffie workers A omp. Sir. Time time time and off M... ^.. (h).... \>...':.., x. "^ ; , (h). (h)... no plan (»0. r ::U. - ;..,..1 '.., x.. :., <' ' varies u

31 .. ',,, '. ' ' NSTITUTINS AND LTINS STAT PRSNNL ANIS (ontinued) overage, rganization and Seleted Poliies 177 vertime pay ' A s _ Labor 6* trades omp. time Str. off time..,,.. ',.. ",,' "\ ( ''x '.'... no "plan., \ ' '"^ I I. 1 ir \ " V '\x. V- - \ i / x t Time and } ,... (h).. ' '? / (h) '' / ;- -.,.. '.... (h) ^ (h) ' /.. x. : tf.',.. ' ',..,.. varies Paid vaa' tion {days) After 1 yr. IS.12 ls<f) ' 15 * 12(f). / IS , 12(f) 'is 10(f)... 10(f) 15 1(f) / ' ' 15(f) (0 12(f) 12(f) 12(f) IS IS varies 0,, 0 0 <» - 24" 20 ' M "24 2S none , '0,, 60 " * Sik'leave (days) No ' t IS «. 15 / is IS 18 umulative IS IS 15 umulative 12 J ^ * W- 6 < 12 12(0 IS, IS ) ' ' 60',< ^ 0 90 no lim no lim. no lim none no lim. J / 60, roup insurane r- * -> Paid Has- Medial holt- pitali- or roup days sation surgial life State 10(e) ta. 10(t)"" (e) 11(^) 12(e). n(e) '. 9(e) 14(e) ' 8(e) 8(e) 9(e) '. 11(e)'.10(e) 10(e) 11(e) '".o. 11(e). 18(e) 11 'x..,, ' '. ". * V ;xv " -,,, ^^^"^,,.; ".,,. x,,.'.... (i)'. " -,,,,,, (i) (i) (g)... : '. x(i) :.. * * f ' ' " ' " (i),,.;'..., V.x... ^ ' -? *>- ".. (;) Montana Joint Merit System Nebraska Merit System ounil Nevada Dept. of Personnel '. New Hampshire Div. of Personnel New Jersey -x. ivil Servie ommission New Mexio., ^ Merit System ounil New York Dept. of ivil Servie Nofth arolina State PersonnelDept. Merit System ounil.. North Dakota Merit System ounil hio ivil Servie ommn. klahoma State Personnel oard.. regon ivil Servie ommn. Merit System ounu Pennsylvania ivil Servie ommn. Rhode Island Div. of Personnel Admin. South arolina Merit System ounil Merit System ounil Merit System ounil South Dakota Merit System ounu ivil Servie ommn. Tennessee Dept. of Personnel Texas. Merit System ounil Merit System ounil Utah ' Merit System ounil Vermont Personnel oard Virginia State Personnel Dept. Merit System ounil Washington State PersoniSel oard West Virginia Merit System ounil Wisonsin ureau of Personnel "Wyoming Joint Merit System Alaska ' Merit System ^Qunil u$m Dept. of Labor & Personnel -" HawaU Dept. of ivil Servie Puerto Rio ffie of Personnel Virgin Islands Div, of Personnel 4^ / /.^'t. V'' ;< %i ^ A ^-t V.... : ' '^- t v.

32 '>-N i^h*.- fe -i 178 TH K F TH STATS "rule of three" to provide that at least six names shall be ertified to fill a vaany when the employment list ontains that many names. However, an appointing authority must aept any ertifiation whih ontains at least three names. In Minnesota appointing authorities will still reeive the names of the three highest persons on the list, plus all other appliants who have a sore within three points of the highest ranking person ertified..all of these hanges will give responsible departmental offiials greater leeway in appointing the appliant who best fits the requirements of the immediate vaany. ' SURVY F SLTD PRSNNL PRATIS Suh are some of the highlights of reent personnel developments. Additional information o^nyjrrerit praties and poliies of state personnel agenies is presented in the aompanying table. The data were obtained in a speial survey made by the ivil Servie Assembly in the summer of NRAL RFRN WRKS N STAT MRIT SYSTMS William. Mosher, J. Donald Kingsley, and. lenn Stahl, Publi Personnel Administration (rd ed.), Harper and rothers, New York, ivil Servie Assembly of the United States and anada, Publi Personnel Review (a quarterly journal); Position lassifiation in the Publi, Servie; mployee Training in the Publi Servie; Publi Relations of Publi Personnel Agenies; mployee Relations in the Publi Servie; Reruiting Appliants /or the Publi Servie;. ral Tests in Publi Personnel Seletion; Plaement and Probation in the Publi Servie th Street, hiago 7, Illinois. / ): 'r. 7 / rs^";' *-.' \, ^

33 J^'\ STAT MPLYMNT IN 1954 AND 1^55* STAT VRNMNT payrolls anjountd I to $19 onillion per month in January, This ompares with $275 million a year earlier and with $16 niiilibn in January, 19,47..,. During 1954, state employment reahed a new high, exeeding 1.2) million for the first time. The total ra;nged losely about this level during the twelve months that ;ended ^ January, 1955, exept for the summer months whih were marked by the usual seasonal droj) in eduational employees. ven in midsummer of 1954, however, the level of state employment was above 1 million. As indiated by the hart below and in Table 1, state employment rose rapidly after World VVar II arid»then more gradually, while state payroll expenditure has limbed at an even more onsistent and rapid rate during reent years. Januaryto-january hanges in state, employment and payrolls sine 1947 have been as shown in the following tablp in olumn two. *Ad^pted from U. S. ureau of the ensus, Publi mployment iii January, 1955 and StaleJDisiribution of Publi mployment in 1954, Year ^ ;... Number of employees Per ent hange Monthly payrolls Figures available for nonshool personnel of state governments bak to 1940 show that their total number dropped off from a 19i0-41 level of about 50,000 to a wartime low for January of less than 450,000 in 1944 and The postwar inrease rapidly anelled out this, drop, and by. Januaryj 1955 state nonshool -employees. numbered 84,000, or 59 per enttore than before World War II. i. f the total number of persons on state' government "payrolls in January, 1955, 1,027,000 were employed on a full-time basis and 180,000 were part-time employee^. All but 7,000;of the rise of 94j000 in statq employmentr during the twenty- STAT MPLYS AND PAYRLLS, MNTH F JANUARY I I I I r I I I I I NUMR F MPLYS I n 1 I r I I III MNTHLY PAYRLLS "T I T I V >. "H. u 1.0 duation 1940 '4 '47 #51.. * >\

34 180 TH K four month interval from January, 195, to January, 1955, inyolved full-time personnel/ FUNTIL DISTRIUTIN F STAT PAYRLL^ ' More state personnel and payrolls are required for eduation than for any other funtion. As intiiated in Table 2, the 5^,000 state eduational employees inlude 287,000 working for institutions of higher eduation, 50,000 diretly engaged with publi elementary and seondary shools, and 2,000 others mainly employees o entral state eduational agenies and offies. Altogether this funtion involves ajdout,three-tenths of all personnel aiid payrolls qf.st^te governments. Hospitals and highways are lose togeth- ; er as the next ranking funtions in terms of state employment, and together they aount jfor another one-third of the total. Next, as employing funtions, ome natural resoures ativities, general ontrol, administration of employment seurity, and publi welfare. A funtional distribution of the employment arid;^ayrolls of individual state governments appears in Tables 5 and 6. Some of the interstate differenes evideht there. result from differing degrees of delegation of responsibility to loal governments for partiular funtions. TH STATS' SHAR F PULI MPLYMNT ' F. - ^. -. Staite governments aounted for almost 17 per ent of the 7,22,000 persons on publi payrolls federal, state and loal in tober, The states have about 50 per ent as many employees as the federal government and about one-third as many as all loal governments ombined. f total publi payrolls amounting to $2,- 088,000 for the month of tober, 1954, the states aounted for 15. per «:nt. * The states' share of publi employment differs v^dely as antong various governmental funtions. National defense and the postal servie are federal funtions, in volving more than one-fifth of all publi employment at that level. At the other extreme, loal shools, polie and fire protetion, and loal rereation and publi utility servies primarily involve loal government personnel. The states aouht, TH * STATS however, for most einployment of publi.institutions of higher eduation, and jfor a sizeable fration of all governmentar employees engaged in highway, publi welfare, health, and hospital, and natural resoures ativities. These fats are refleted in Table 2, relating to employment and payrolls of state aiid loal governments, and in the following summary distribution of ivilian publi personnel of all'governmental levels as of tober, 1954:. - Funtion '. \ ' National defense....'. Highv\?ays... Health and hospitals.. Loal fire protetion^. Natural resoures...,.. eneral ontrol... Allother; Total Total 1, , ,126 7,22 Number of employees {in thousands) ' Federal {ivilian) 1, ' "l58 ^U\ 242 2,7 Slqte (a) " ,198 Loal < 1, ,661.'. (a) Minbr numbers for state National uard inluded in "Allother.". ; Differenes between states in the pattern for assignment of funtional responsibilities as between the state and loal govern- 'merits also result in onsiderable.geographi varitition in the fration of all state and loal employment aounted for by the. st'ate governments. ", Nationally, loal government personmel' outnumbers the personnel of the states by a ratio of three to one, and in some^ areas the ratio is over four to one. In North afplina and' Delaware, however, persons on state payrolls outnumber loal employees-r-mainly refleting diret state- paymeht of loal shool staffs and- employees of some other state governments also ompriise a onsiderably larger-thanaverage fration of the state-loal total. AVRA MNTHLY ARNIN '..''' } - " ' '... Average monthly earningsr of full-time state government employees in tober, 1954 amounted to S292. This ompares with $287 in tober, 195 and with $271 in tober, There is onsiderable range in average earnings of full-time employees as among r>

35 «p ADMINiSTRA^TIV RANIZA TIN 181 various individual states. As indiated in Table 4, the average earjiings: in tober, 1954 rangqd from over S00 per month for twelve state governments down to less than's24p per* month for ten others. 'MPLYMNT Y INDIVTUAL STATS Poetially one-half of all payrolls and. employees of the forty-eight state governments are aounted for by eight states. These, in? desending order of number of employees, -are New York, alifornia; North arolina, Pennsylvania, hio, Illinois, Texas an(d Mihigan. The relativelyi?high volume of state employment in North arolina reflets state operation of loal publi shools'there, in lieu of.loal operation as is ommonly the ase elsewhere. As this example suggests,-are must be exerised in omparing employment and payroll data for individual state governments,, whih differ onsiderably in the. sope and intensity of funtions they perform. These differenes arise from eonomi, geographi and traditional fators. that influene the total sale of publi servies and the alloation of responsibility as between the states and their respetive loal governments, partiularly in suh fields as shools, highu'ays, publi welfare,,and health and hospitals. ^'" ' It will be noted from the summary state-hy-state figures in Table that a relatively high level of state government em-, ployment often is assoiated with a relatively low level of employment by loal governments. The ureay of the ensus report. State Distribution of Publi mployment in 1954, provides additional'data in this regard by showing employment and payrolls for both state arid loal govern-* ments, by state-area, in terms of various funtions. V -<?*=- r-»~-- I.1? f A' :> /.'P^,t^

36 r r 182.^H K. F TH STA TS i TAL 1 SUMMARY F STAT MPLYMNT: Number j>/ e>iu>loyees {in thousands) Monthly. Payroll (in millions) Month and year Total Full-time Total Full-time AU Shool Nanshool AU Shool Nonshool AU Shool Nonshool All Shool Nonshool 1955: January i $18.8 $89.2 $229.6 $01.1 $80. $220.7 '1^4:. Deember... November... tober... September... August Jiily... June... May...' April... Marh... February January I.IS ^ " " '; R5.0, ' , ,86.0" 85V ^ 220^0^ " ' ' , 75, 75, January, prior years 195 y. 1, ' r ;... 1, ;., ' ' 2 2I5 N.\ N.V IS , 58, 58, 57, : N.\, r '" indiates data not available. TAL 2 MPLYMNT AND PAYRLLS F STAT AND LAL VRNMNTS, Y FUNTIN: TR, 1954 Funtion,. Number of employee:, (in-thousands). Total. State Loal' Total tober payrolls, ' {in miwioip) ", State Loal % Highways....;..... ;. Health ; Water supply...'...,. Transit , ' ' ;... ' 68" ' $1, , , ' $ , J $1, : ^ :4 < 5&

37 H. ADMimSTRATiy RANIZATIN > 18 '. - ' '. I /, ' ;. TAL ^... NUMR F STAT AND LAL "MPLYS: TR, Number pf. employees Number Per ' population (a) State State Loal Full-time equivalent' \.._ t, K ' ' :. United States , luinois... Indiana Massahusetts. Mihigan.. Minnesota...;... Mississippi New Mexio......^.... North arolina North Dakota. South Dakota. Tennessee. Texas. Virginia.. Total , ,106 47,594 0, ,297 4,54 9, ,264 44,495 27,185-15, , #.966 6,554 27, ' ;275 5, , ,98 47,71 8,87 4,860,72 Full-time equivalent 1,071, , , ,971 1,746 5, , ,78 41, , ,76 Washington ,99 i20,622 69,254 59, West Virginia... 18,489.15,472 2,111 29, , ,780 75, Wyoming,476 2,977 8,95 7, » "" indiates data not available, (a).omputation based on estimated'population in ontinental United States as of, 19S4. Total.661,265 57,611 20,727 1,85 49,642. '7, ' , , , ,87 87,58 : 41, ' 15,127 8,78 6,247 14, ,176 15,180 44, , ,429 52,572. 8, ,75, 42,685 19,10 67, ,861 19,71 8, Full-tfme equivalent,27,051 54,057 19, ' , ,14 78,179 56,87 42,699 4,06 54,224 15, " 74,985 12,991 2, , ,69 1, ,222 45,949, ^ 1, ,761 57,52 State and loal ' " ; ' '' ; , , , «. >. State :1 ; " , ;4 80. ' i ; Loal ; , *, ' ' ,

38 (?^*»--:, 184 \ TH K F TH STATS. -.''--.'r- '-..TAL.4,.. STAT AND LAL VRNMNT PAYRLL^ Y STAT: '^ ' TR,1954 Total payroll for tober omputed average tober earnings ^ Slate Amount (,in thousands) Per unl of state-loal total Full-time employees ^ ; ^:- ; ; y United States. Alabama... Arkansas... k>iorado onnetiut... -.Florida... Illinois Iowa -..;... - " ' * Maryland..;.'. Massahusetts... Mihigan : Minnesota... Montada. Nebraska. New Hampshire... New Mexio New York... North arolina... North Dakota... hio., Pennsylvania Rhode Island South f^arollna... SontfaLakota... Temess'-'e... ;. Utah... V<rmint... V'fglJila Westyirfttola Wyoming... Total $1,18,259,9 16,51> 8, , '8.4 t, SS.1 18, ( , , , , , , , , , , , Q;$ 44,8508 6, ,97, , ,987,1 11, , , , ,4.8 11, "" indiatea data not available. State $14,641. 4, ,7 0, , , , , , , , ,187.4' , , , ,276.6, , , , ,495.7', , ,77.8 1, ' ,5^ , , , Loal $1,00, , J , ,88.5 9, , , , , ,7L5.», , , ,64.9 6,69.2 4,299,1 141, , V , ,572.9, ,269.4, ,82. 47, ' ,516,8 2,071,0 Stale 2,9 25, , Sl. \ \ ; 2.4./ -2^, '2.8 l5 26' ,9 0,1 20,4 ;2, ,1, 8,7 18, , Loal ^ : , ^ ' r, 81.2 \ 71, , State and. loal $ r , i R ? ' '^ 25 : 284 Stale $ ' : ' , f , Loal $ ' m , 226 I V <^276 ' : "[v-.^^uf r ^

39 * ADMimSZR-ATiy^ RANIZ i 185 / TAL ^ ' ', -' / -FUNTIL DISTRIUTIN F STAT MPLY^Y STAT:.. ' /. 1 - Slat* 1 ' United States.. Alabama /... Arizona...'... alifornia Florida. (eorgia...,.^. Idaho Illinois... Indiana... iowa Kentuky.,...;... Louisiana... Maine Maryland... Mihigan Mlsslsslppj^ Montana... Nebraska New Hampshire... New Jersey New Mexio New York... North arolina... hio ' Pennsylvania... / South arolina... -' South Dakota... Utah... Vermont... Virginia... Washington... Wisonsin^ Wyoming. Total, all funtions , , , ,890 2,188 7, ,275 5,70 48,186 24, ,805 8,08 16,098 6,178 19,98 47,71 8,87 4,860,72 24,99 18,489 2,714,476 IMA" indiates data not available. duation, 59,265 6,578,144 4,54 27,047 5,790 2, ,14 8,747 7, , ,444 2,071 4, ,585 4,525,228 9,84 56,129. 2, , ,96 2,260 5, ,46 1,94 7,728 9,021 5,545 11,07 1,! ,215 1,(J09 2, JS 5,;60 Highways 4,977-1,507 6,425,778 2,28,019 5,92 5,11 2,969,18 7,277,066 4,00 2,774 4, ,14 2,5 72, f=, 1,288,864 6;594 1,750 1,085 9, ,821 2,665, ,040 1,250 4,249 11,614 1, ; 10,705,40 5,172 1,075 8 Health and hospitals ' ,27 1,20 4,40, ,241 7,17 5^426,425 2,052 9,97. 1.^72, 5,920 12,471 11,175 5, , ,860,5, , ,552 2,45 18,47tf 2, ,54' ,990 2, " ivj y^ Polie 2, , , , , Publi welfare 41, , 277 ^ 500 ^>^Q : ,210., ,^ , , , , , f 2,1.8 1, , ,068 1, , Natural resoures , ,158 2,1 1,090 1,81 1,771 1,58 1,092 1,554.,19 1,128 1, ^697 2,502 -,07 1,54 lil4 1; , ,675 2, : , ,788 2, State liquor., stores 14,051 rv (J1,'' * 299 ; 'io, v eneral ontrol 6f , ; , ,710 1,75 18, , ' : 1, , All other 157, , ,647 2, " " , ,781. 1, l-, , , , fl^v. w ^^ th-

40 S' r: «\ 1' 186 THr K F TH STATS / TAL 6. FUNTIL DISTRIUTIN F STAT PAYRLLS, Y STAT:, ' TRyl954 (In tnousands of dollars), State _ United States... Alabama. Arkansas k>ilnetlut Florida,. Illinois /;» Kentuky... Louisiana Massahusetts... Minnesota...'. Missouri Montana ;.. New Hampshire.. New York;. North arolina... hio ;... regon South arolina... South Dakota... Texas'... Utah... Vermont. Virginia... Washington West Vh-ginla Wyoming., Total, all funtions $14.( , , ,417.5 S , , , ,7 8, , ,441,7 12, , , ,455.8, ,10.8 7, ,6.9 6, 'I^A"iridiate data not available. dua' tion $87,02,8 1, ,94.5 1, , , , , , , , , High- ways : $5,621.5 $58, , : , , , , , , , ' Health and hospitals ,7, , , ,265.6,184.9 i; ,82.7 1, : Polie $7,274.4 $11,158.6 $2, : ,.0 887,5 86,1 S / , , , Ptibli welfare N?N S ' ' S S ,1 45, , , ,1 1,09, ' J 4.6 Natural resoures ' ' ,0.286, i; , , ,1 122, ,1 16, Stalf liquor eneral ; stores ontrol $,755.6 $21,474.5 $47, ,5. ""' ,9 72, "7. *' '65.8 v-^ , i; : 1, , r ' AU other iso.o , , ,5.. 7Ar 210, , ,78: , , , ,1 461,7 562,5 2, , 'i n

41 PULI MPLY RTIRMNT ; SYSTMS. AND-^ ':.': FDRAL SIAL SURITYt I. TH 1954 amendments to the Soial positi ns overed by^uh retirement sys^ Seurity At, effetive September 1, tern should be exluded from or inluded 1954, established permissive overage under an agreement with the federal under its old-age and survivors provisions government; to about.5 million state and loal government employees who were? members of ferendum wi^ given and was limited to (b) j^ri opportunity to vote in suh re retirement systems. eligible employees; The 1950 soial seurity amendments had extended eligibility to state'and loal () ]^[ot less than, ninety days' notie of suh referendum was granted to all suh government employees who were hot mem- employees; bers of retirement systems, but ontinued (d) 1 he referendum,was onduted under the exlusion of employees who were in positions overed by an existing systpm on the supervision of the overnr or an ageny lor individual designated by him; the date: their.group was brought under 'and \ '.mii, ", soial seurity. 'The 1954 legislation extended overage to the latter group under voted ini favor of soial seurity overage (e) A majority of the eligible employees ertain presribed onditions, with the exeption of poliemen and firemen who are The law ontains a: statement of poliy under thie federal-state.agreement. members of retirement funds.. on the part of ongress, as follows: ' Thus publi agenies desiring to oordinate their retirement systems with federal ongress in enating the sueeding paragraphs "It is hereby delared to be the poliy of the -soial seurity may do ^o.this an be aomplished through ertain legislative pro employees n positions overed by a retirement of this subsetion that the protetion afforded edures and upon the affirmative approval 'system"'o*iiiithe date an agreement upder this of at least a majority of the ative members setion is made appliable to servie performed of the retirement system (pensioners exluded). Ation on soial seurity overage under suh tretirement system at suh time, will in suh positions, or-reeiving periodi benefits is optional, first with the state legislature; not be impaired as a result of making the agreement so appliable or as a result of legislative then with the loal legislative body if the enatment m antiipation thereof." retirement plan was originally established by loal ordinane; and lastiy with the eause the 1950 amendments did not members of the retirement, system, who permit"ixt nsion of soial seurity overage must approve any hange in their statias to member^ of retirement systems, the only whih involves soial seurity overage. method by whih it oum be obtained for The states are granted the privilege of them was lirough dissolving their retire-, entering into a'voluntary agreement with ment systems. This was done by several" the federal government for the extension of states and 1 Dal governments. Most of thesje soial seurity overage to members of ex- units reirislated their loal, retirement sysisting retirement Systems if the overnor of tems on a redued basis after the extension the state ertifies to the Seretary of Health, of soial seurity overage. This method duation, and Welfare that the following was rather involved and gave rise to a onditions have been met: number or important legal and tehnial (a) A referendum by seret ballot was problems. The 1954 amendments speifiheld on the question of whether servie in ally prohibit a dissolution of a retirement system for/the express purpose of providing Prepared by A. A. WINR, Atuary, hair- soial - -' seurity ' - overage^ without the approval: of/members of the retirement sys man, ommittee on Publi mployee Retirement Administration, Mimiipal Finane Qffiers Assoiationtem under a referendum plan. 187 '^^

42 188 TH K F TH STATS y-,onfrastin JTIVS, The primary objetive of soial seurity is to 'provide a measure of protetion for aged persons and the dependents of workers. Its motivations are soial and humanitarian. The basi fojrmula of soial seurity provides disproportionately higher, benefits ' in relation to earnings for those employees. yvho are at the lovver wage levels, and dis-- proportionately lower benefits for employees in the higher wage brakets. In addition, the servie-qualifying onditions for ' /, maximum benefits are so low that there is / no differene in the final amount of benefit between a fully insured worker with five years of overage and an employee who has had thirty years of overage. Thfe objetive. is a measure of adequate subsistene to the : aged and to survivors. Salary and servie fators are of seondary importane. A publi employeeisl retirement plan, on the other hand, although pnerned with finanial seurity after retiremeht, has other primary aims. It seeks, first, to indue the entry of ompetent people into publi administration; and, through a formula whih relates the measure of benefits diitly to length of Servie, age and salary thus providing inreasingly greater benefits to those who ontinue in servie it provides an inentive for staying in government employment. Finally, by providing an annuity '. reasonably related to the average of final earnings (whih are in almost all ases at the highest level of the entire period of servie) it enourages the retirera;ent of the superannuated employee. Through this. orderly system of retirement, the plan af-. fords an opportunity for the systemati promotion of younger employees in salary and rank. ^ The entire philosophy of the^jjtvern mental retirement plans is geared to these personnel objetives. In ontrast, federal soial seurity is'wholly unonerned with those aims, sine the federal government is not in the relationship of employer to the vast perentage of employees under or eligible for soial seurity. Thiis, at the very outset, the marked'distintion between pb-' jetives shows that federal soial seurity and loal retirement plans do not operate in areas of mutual onern and that the funtion of eah may be justified separately... IMPAT F SIAL SURITYV. Federal soial seurity ontinues its profound impat upon loal retirement plans ' for publi employees. In severaljurisditions, soial seurity has superseded loal retirement overage to a full or partial extent. In a number of states, oordination of soial seurity with state and loal plans has already been effeted, and the movement in this diretion is growing rapidly. ' The publi employee's attitude in respet to soial seurity is haraterizei largely by unertainty. n the one hand, the benefits for short term servie, survivorship benefits, the urrent lesser rates of. ontribution, and the' fator 0^.>preservation of servie redit upon hange in em-: ploy merit attrat many employees. n the ' other hand, the more generous retirement anniiity under_ state and loal plans, disability benefit provisions, and the pjrivilege of a refund of ontributions upon termination of servie, are equally attrative. Sine the 1954 amendments to the Soial Seurity A't permit oordination of soial seur-, ity with publi employees' retirement plans, in a manner that enables e,mployees to share in the advantages of both, it would appear that this should be uniformly aeptable to them. However, there is fear in some quarters that oordination would lead to the repeal f the state and loal plans; x. for that reaison the unertainty ontinues. SoiM seurity will ontinue to" have a profound effet upon the whole subjet of employee protetion unde;r publi employee plans. Its philosophy is now deeply ingrained in the national/ onsiousness. With its ontinuous expansion of overage, an inreasing number of publi employees "~ will earn redits under soial seurity whih they will not want to relinquish. Moreover, if the trend for. liberalization of soial seurity benefits ontinues, the remaining opposition among publi empieyees may,be expeted to abate. These and related fators make it important that there be a ontinuing appraisal of the ation and. interation of the national and state-andlog^l pla:ns, arid' a onstrutive and enlightened onsideration of their respetive - funtions. The problerii bepomes one of balane and adjustment, to the end that the legitimate objetives of both the na-