America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed

Transcription

1 America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

2 America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 1: Roots of the New Conservatism Reagan s Second Term The George H. W. Bush Presidency Politics in Recent Years Theme 2: Americans in the New Millennium Theme 3: The Reagan Revolution Theme 4: The United States in a New World Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

3 America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 1 Government and the People Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

4 Roots of the New Conservatism Chapter 26, Section 1 What were the major events in Ronald Reagan s political career? How did conservatism evolve in the years between the 1930s and the 1970s? Why did the 1980 election mark a turning point in United States history?

5 Reagan s Political Career Chapter 26, Section 1 When Ronald Reagan began his career as a movie actor in Hollywood, he became actively involved in the political affairs of the actors union. Originally, Reagan considered himself a Democrat. However, he found himself less comfortable with the Democratic Party after World War II, and joined the Republican Party in the 1950s. Reagan was elected governor of California in During his eight years as governor, Reagan eliminated California s budget deficit by modestly increasing taxes, cutting funding to social programs, and reforming state spending. Reagan became popular both for his likeable personality and his conservative values.

6 The Evolution of Conservatism Chapter 26, Section 1 Historical Background: Conservatism 1930s 1980 New Deal Opponents From Eisenhower to Goldwater The Great Society Nixon and the Welfare State Critics of the 1930s New Deal programs argued that the nation could not afford the high federal spending involved in the New Deal. The American Liberty League, formed in 1934, advocated individual and property rights. President Dwight D. Eisenhower accepted the basic outlines of the New Deal, keeping and expanding the federal bureaucracy. In 1964, Republican Senator Barry Goldwater ran for President on a conservative agenda, winning the votes of some southern states. President Lyndon B. Johnson s Great Society program in the 1960s extended New Deal reforms. Programs such as Medicare and Medicaid improved life for many Americans but cost billions of dollars annually. When Richard Nixon became President in 1968, he aimed to reduce spending on social welfare programs. However, the federal government continued to grow during Nixon s presidency.

7 Issues of the New Conservatism Chapter 26, Section 1 Social Issues Conservatives were disturbed by rock music s increasingly shocking lyrics as well as rising illegal drug use. A new wave of often violent student riots provided another cause of concern for conservatives. Many conservatives were critical of the sexual revolution and the women s movement. Civil Rights Although most people supported the desegregation of public schools, many parents questioned why their students had to be bused to distant schools. Many Democrats who objected to affirmative action moved their support to the Republican Party. These Reagan Democrats would help Republicans win many victories in the 1980s.

8 Turning Point: The Election of 1980 Chapter 26, Section 1 By 1980, conservative groups had formed a powerful political coalition called the New Right. The New Right wanted to improve the economy and reduce the size of government by cutting spending on social programs. One group on the New Right included evangelists such as Jerry Falwell of Virginia. Using a new format called televangelism, Falwell and others appealed to television viewers to contribute money to their campaign. During the 1980 election, Ronald Reagan criticized incumbent opponent Jimmy Carter s handling of the economy. Reagan won the election by a landslide. Republicans also gained a majority in the Senate.

9 Roots of the New Conservatism Assessment Chapter 26, Section 1 Which of these phrases best describes Reagan Democrats? (A) Nixon supporters who favored smaller government (B) Conservatives who were critical of the women s movement (C) Republicans who joined the Democratic Party (D) Democrats who objected to affirmative action What was the New Right? (A) A group consisting only of televangelists (B) An offshoot of the American Liberty League (C) A coalition of conservative groups (D) A group in favor of higher government spending

10 Roots of the New Conservatism Assessment Chapter 26, Section 1 Which of these phrases best describes Reagan Democrats? (A) Nixon supporters who favored smaller government (B) Conservatives who were critical of the women s movement (C) Republicans who joined the Democratic Party (D) Democrats who objected to affirmative action What was the New Right? (A) A group consisting only of televangelists (B) An offshoot of the American Liberty League (C) A coalition of conservative groups (D) A group in favor of higher government spending

11 Reagan s Second Term Chapter 26, Section 3 In what ways did the United States experience a renewal of patriotism in the 1980s? What were some important social debates that continued through Reagan s term in office? How did the economy evolve during the 1980s? How did Reagan s hands-off style of governing lead to problems? What was the legacy of Reagan s presidency?

12 Patriotic Renewal Chapter 26, Section 3 Reagan was reelected President in 1984, winning a landslide victory over Democratic opponent Walter Mondale. Numerous events during Reagan s second term celebrated a renewal of patriotism. These included American victories in the 1984 Olympic Games, which took place in Los Angeles; the centennial of the Statue of Liberty in 1986; and the 200th anniversary of the Constitution in 1987.

13 Continuing Social Debates Chapter 26, Section 3 Continuing Social Debates Civil Rights The Women s Movement Sexual Orientation Conservatives on the Supreme Court The number of African American elected officials rose dramatically during the 1980s, and Martin Luther King, Jr. s birthday became a national holiday. However, Reagan appointed federal judges who were less sympathetic to civil rights goals, and resistance to affirmative action programs rose. As women gained access to new opportunities, opposition to the women s movement grew. The proposed Equal Rights Amendment failed to gain approval, and anti-abortion groups protested the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court ruling. The campaign for homosexual rights presented another controversial issue. The spread of AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, caused alarm. Reagan appointed conservative judges Sandra Day O Connor and Antonin Scalia to the Supreme Court. He also raised conservative Justice William Rehnquist to the position of Chief Justice.

14 An Evolving Economy Chapter 26, Section 3 America s farmers suffered setbacks during the 1980s. Oversupply and falling prices put many farmers in debt. Federal aid helped farmers for the short term but failed to address underlying problems. A decline in the manufacturing industry caused many workers to lose their jobs. In most cases, workers found new jobs in other industries, as the United States economy shifted away from manufacturing. Under Reagan, wealthy Americans flourished while individuals wages declined. By the late 1980s, wealth was more unevenly distributed than at any time since the end of World War II.

15 Reagan s Hands-off Style Chapter 26, Section 3 The S & L Scandal Reagan favored less government regulation of the economy. Some savings and loan banks (often called S & Ls) took advantage of new laws to make risky investments with depositors savings. When hundreds of S & Ls failed, taxpayers had to make up the billions of dollars lost. A number of bank officials were prosecuted for their role in the scandal and for their efforts to cover it up. The Iran-Contra Affair In Nicaragua, the United States secretly supported guerrillas known as Contras against the ruling Marxist Sandinistas. This policy violated American laws on international intervention. Congress discovered this violation and, in 1984, cut off aid to the Contras. In what became known as the Iran-Contra affair, some government officials secretly continued supporting the Contras using profits from arms sales to Iran.

16 The Reagan Legacy Chapter 26, Section 3 Foreign Policy Success Relations between the United States and the Soviet Union improved during Reagan s second term. Reagan developed a close relationship with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who advocated policies of political and economic openness called glasnost and perestroika. The 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty provided for the destruction of thousands of American and Soviet missiles in Europe. Domestic Policy Initiatives Payments for entitlements, or programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, which guarantee payments to a particular group of recipients, grew faster than policymakers had expected. Investor fears about budget deficits and rising national debt led to a stock market crash in Despite these setbacks, many Americans viewed Reagan s two terms in office as a time of national pride and confidence.

17 Reagan s Second Term Assessment Chapter 26, Section 3 Which of the following declined during Reagan s presidency? (A) Relations with the Soviet Union (B) Opportunities for women (C) Jobs in manufacturing (D) Payment for entitlements What was the Iran-Contra affair? (A) A scandal in which many S & Ls lost investments (B) The secret use of arms-sale profits to support guerrillas (C) Reagan s nomination of conservatives to the Supreme Court (D) A treaty calling for destruction of missiles in Europe

18 Reagan s Second Term Assessment Chapter 26, Section 3 Which of the following declined during Reagan s presidency? (A) Relations with the Soviet Union (B) Opportunities for women (C) Jobs in manufacturing (D) Payment for entitlements What was the Iran-Contra affair? (A) A scandal in which many S & Ls lost investments (B) The secret use of arms-sale profits to support guerrillas (C) Reagan s nomination of conservatives to the Supreme Court (D) A treaty calling for destruction of missiles in Europe

19 The George H. W. Bush Presidency Chapter 26, Section 4 What challenges did George Bush face in the 1988 presidential election? How did the Cold War come to an end? In what ways did the United States play a new international role after the end of the Cold War? What effect did domestic issues have on Bush s presidency?

20 The 1988 Election Chapter 26, Section 4 Republican Vice President George H. W. Bush began the 1988 campaign far behind his opponent, Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts. Bush campaigned promising no new taxes and aired television advertisements that attacked Dukakis s records on crime, the economy, and environmental issues. Many voters felt that neither candidate addressed the major issues facing the country. Bush won a solid victory but failed to gain the mandate Reagan had enjoyed.

21 Politics in Recent Years Chapter 27, Section 1 What led to Bill Clinton s election in 1992, and what issues did he tackle during his first term? Why did Republicans issue a Contract with America? What scandals were debated during Clinton s second term? What were the results of the 2000 election, and what goals did the new President set?

22 The 1992 Election Chapter 27, Section 1 The Candidates President George H. W. Bush, a Republican, sought a second term. Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot, an independent candidate, entered the race out of frustration over government economic policies. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, a Democrat, pledged to address the nation s economic problems. Campaign Issues Clinton campaigned on the belief that government was necessary but that it should be made smaller and more efficient. Character issues, including reports of a past affair, marred Clinton s campaign. Nonetheless, he won the election with 43 percent of the votes.

23 Clinton s First Term Chapter 27, Section 1 Economic Reform Clinton tried to follow a middle course in dealing with the economy. To reduce the deficit, Clinton proposed a budget including both spending cuts and tax increases. Congress passed the budget, but just barely. Neither the spending cuts nor the tax increases were well received by the public. The Battle Over Healthcare When Clinton took office, many Americans lacked access to affordable healthcare. Clinton proposed the creation of a government-supervised health insurance program that would guarantee affordable coverage to every American. Despite popular support for healthcare reform, Clinton s proposal failed to gain the necessary votes in Congress.

24 The Republicans Contract with America Chapter 27, Section 1 Contract With America During the 1994 midterm elections, Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich called on Republican candidates to endorse a Contract with America, a pledge to scale back the role of the federal government, eliminate some regulations, cut taxes, and balance the budget. Congress Versus the President During that election, Republicans won majorities in both houses of Congress. They proposed cuts in many social services to balance the budget. The debate turned from whether or not to balance the budget to how to balance it. The Government Is Shut Down At the end of 1995, Clinton and Gingrich were unable to compromise on budget issues. As a result, budget allocations expired without reauthorization, leading to the temporary closure of government offices and disruption of services to many Americans. Welfare Reform In August 1996, Congress and Clinton agreed on a sweeping reform of the nation s welfare system. The new law eliminated federal guarantees of cash assistance, gave more authority to states, and placed limits on the length of time Americans could receive welfare.

25 Clinton s Second Term Chapter 27, Section 1 Clinton won reelection in 1996, defeating Republican Bob Dole and Ross Perot of the newly created Reform Party. A strong economy improved Clinton s popularity. In 1998, the government achieved its first budget surplus since Charges of scandal continued during Clinton s second term. In what came to be known as the Whitewater affair, Clinton was accused of having taken part in fraudulent loans and land deals in Arkansas years earlier. A further scandal arose when Clinton denied a sexual relationship with a White House intern. In December 1998, the House voted to impeach Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. In the Senate trial which followed, Clinton was acquitted.

26 The 2000 Election Chapter 27, Section 1 The mixture of a strong economy and a scandal-ridden presidency promised a close presidential election in Vice President Al Gore ran for the Democrats, while the Republicans nominated Texas Governor George W. Bush. Pre-election polls showed Gore and Bush virtually tied. On election night, votes in several states were too close to call. One undecided state, Florida, could give either candidate enough electoral votes to win the presidency. Lawyers, politicians, and the media swarmed to Florida to monitor a recount of votes there. A series of court battles eventually reached the Supreme Court, which voted 5 4 to stop the Florida recounts, awarding the state s electoral votes to Bush. Although Gore had won the popular vote, Bush won the election by 271 electoral votes to Gore s 266.

27 The George W. Bush Administration Chapter 27, Section 1 Change in Presidential Style Bush s approach to the presidency differed from that of Clinton. Bush preferred a more formal atmosphere in the White House and began keeping a stricter schedule than the former President. Advisors, staff members, and the Vice President, Dick Cheney, were granted more responsibility for setting policy under Bush s administration. Bush on Domestic Policy Early in his presidency, Bush received congressional approval for a tax cut that granted most taxpayers a $300 rebate. Bush also proposed an education reform bill that called for redirected funding and increased accountability from schools.

28 Politics in Recent Years Assessment Chapter 27, Section 1 What was the Contract with America? (A) Bill Clinton s proposal to reduce the deficit (B) Bush s new approach to the presidency (C) The American bombing campaign in Afghanistan (D) A Republican pledge to scale back the federal government What was the Supreme Court s role in the 2000 election? (A) Bringing lawyers, politicians, and the media to Florida (B) Deciding whether to continue the recount in Florida (C) Counting votes in states too close to call (D) Deliberating on results of pre-election polls

29 Politics in Recent Years Assessment Chapter 27, Section 1 What was the Contract with America? (A) Bill Clinton s proposal to reduce the deficit (B) Bush s new approach to the presidency (C) The American bombing campaign in Afghanistan (D) A Republican pledge to scale back the federal government What was the Supreme Court s role in the 2000 election? (A) Bringing lawyers, politicians, and the media to Florida (B) Deciding whether to continue the recount in Florida (C) Counting votes in states too close to call (D) Deliberating on results of pre-election polls

30 America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 2 Who are the Americans Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

31 Americans in the New Millennium Chapter 27, Section 3 What factors contributed to the growing diversity of the nation s population? In what ways did Americans disagree over how to make diversity work? How did the technological revolution at the end of the twentieth century affect American life? What was the impact of the expanding global economy?

32 A Nation of Diversity Chapter 27, Section 3 Changes to immigration policies contributed to America s growing diversity. The Immigration Act of 1990 increased immigration quotas by 40 percent and erased restrictions which had denied entrance to many people in the past. The 2000 Census revealed dramatic growth and change in the Latino population. Latinos surpassed African Americans as the country s largest minority group. The 2000 Census also showed that minorities represented the majority of people in California, New Mexico, and Hawaii. Texas, too, had nearly joined the ranks of minority-majority states.

33 Making Diversity Work Chapter 27, Section 3 The Debate Over Immigration Americans continue to disagree over how immigration affects the nation. One debate is over bilingual education, in which students are taught in their native language as well as in English, while their English skills improve. Critics say that this method does not provide enough incentive to learn English. California, Arizona, and Massachusetts have all passed anti-bilingual education initiatives. Affirmative Action Another continuing debate concerns affirmative action, or giving preference to African Americans, women, and other minorities who had been discriminated against in the past. In 2003, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its opposition to the use of quotas by educational institutions in two cases involving the University of Michigan. The court upheld the narrowly tailored use of race as a factor in admissions.

34 Making Diversity Work (continued) Chapter 27, Section 3 America s Aging Population As the United States approached the turn of the millennium, its population was older than ever before. Average life expectancy rose from 47 to 77 years during the 1900s. An increase in the number of elderly Americans had important political and economic effects. The Social Security system became strained when the number of retirees receiving benefits rose faster than the number of workers paying taxes into the program. The American medical system began to face similar challenges. Medicare costs went from $7.5 billion in 1970 to $225 billion in Federal lawmakers agreed that long-term changes were needed to meet these challenges, but disagreed on what those changes should be.

35 America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 3 Economic and Social Change Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

36 The Reagan Revolution Chapter 26, Section 2 How did President Reagan attempt to change the economy? In what ways did Reagan change the federal government? What were the major initiatives and key foreign policy crises of Reagan s first term? How did the economy move from recession to recovery in the early 1980s?

37 Changing the Economy Chapter 26, Section 2 Supply-Side Economics One of Reagan s main goals was to spur business growth. Reagan believed that supplyside economics, a strategy that focused on the supply of goods, would achieve this goal. Supply-side economics advocated giving more money to businesses and investors. These businesses in turn would hire more people and produce more goods. Cutting Taxes Cutting taxes was another of Reagan s priorities. In 1986, Congress passed the most sweeping tax reform in history. The 1986 tax reforms eliminated loopholes, simplified the tax system, and cut tax rates, especially those of the most wealthy Americans.

38 Changing the Government Chapter 26, Section 2 Cutting Regulations Like President Carter, Reagan wanted to eliminate government regulations that he believed stifled free market competition. Reagan continued and expanded the deregulation of the energy, transportation, and banking industries. Reagan also challenged the power of labor unions, firing many air traffic controllers who refused to return to work during a 1981 strike. Slowing Federal Growth Cutting the size of the federal government was among Reagan s priorities. Under Reagan, public service jobs were eliminated, unemployment and welfare benefits were reduced, and Medicare rates were raised. Reagan initiated a plan called the New Federalism in which the federal government would no longer tell states exactly how federal aid had to be used.

39 Reagan s Foreign Policy Chapter 26, Section 2 Reagan was determined to defend American interests in the Cold War. Part of this involved continuing to build up both conventional military forces and the nuclear arsenal. In 1983, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), popularly known as Star Wars. SDI proposed the creation of a massive satellite shield in space to intercept and destroy incoming Soviet missiles. Continuing difficulties in the Middle East, especially Libya and Lebanon, claimed American lives. The United States sent aid to groups that were resisting Communist forces in several Latin American nations. These nations included El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Grenada.

40 The Federal Budget Deficit Chapter 26, Section 2 During the 1980 campaign, Reagan had promised to balance the federal budget. However, a combination of defense spending and tax cuts meant that the federal budget deficit grew.

41 Recession and Recovery Chapter 26, Section 2 During Reagan s first two years in office, the United States experienced the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. By 1983, the economy had begun to recover. Unemployment and inflation rates fell, and investment rose. Those in favor of supply-side economics claimed that the recovery supported their views. However, one prediction of this theory did not come true. Cuts in tax rates failed to generate enough economic growth for the government s tax revenues actually to increase. Rising budget deficits drew the nation deeper into debt. Despite this debt, many Americans continued to support Reagan s values and policies.

42 The Reagan Revolution Assessment Chapter 26, Section 2 What was the Strategic Defense Initiative? (A) Reagan s plan to reduce government spending (B) The elimination of government regulations on many industries (C) The name given to American involvement in Libya (D) A proposal for a massive satellite shield against Soviet weapons Which of the following could be considered a success of supply-side economics? (A) The recession of (B) Greater consumer spending and investment in 1983 (C) United States victories in Latin America (D) The rising federal budget deficit

43 The Reagan Revolution Assessment Chapter 26, Section 2 What was the Strategic Defense Initiative? (A) Reagan s plan to reduce government spending (B) The elimination of government regulations on many industries (C) The name given to American involvement in Libya (D) A proposal for a massive satellite shield against Soviet weapons Which of the following could be considered a success of supply-side economics? (A) The recession of (B) Greater consumer spending and investment in 1983 (C) United States victories in Latin America (D) The rising federal budget deficit

44 A Technological Revolution Chapter 27, Section 3 Communication and Information Computer ownership rose tremendously during the 1990s. The Internet, a computer network that links millions of people around the world, revolutionized many areas of American life. The New Economy The technological boom during the 1990s helped the United States enjoy the greatest period of economic expansion in its history. Education Education is becoming increasingly important in a technology-driven world, but the role of computers and the Internet in education is still being determined.

45 Impacts of Technology Chapter 27, Section 3 Impact on Government The federal government is in the process of addressing many issues raised by the Internet and new technologies, such as privacy. Many people worry about the security of and online purchases. Another issue concerns ownership rights. One company, Napster, grew popular because its software allowed users to trade song files over the Internet for free. Record companies successfully sued Napster, and the company had to stop allowing users to download music for free. Impact on Daily Life Americans have come to rely on technology, such as cell phones and the Internet, for keeping in touch with friends and family, shopping, and many other tasks. However, some have begun to question whether the advantages of modern technology outweigh the disadvantages.

46 Trade and the Global Economy Chapter 27, Section 3 New communications technologies helped the development of the global economy. Economic cooperation among nations proved to be another vital ingredient in the expansion of world trade. In 1993, Europe established the European Union. The European Union (the EU) has expanded to include 25 countries. It has its own currency and constitution. One goal of the EU is to rival the size and strength of the American economy. Meanwhile, the United States encouraged greater economic cooperation within the Western Hemisphere. In 1992, the United States, Canada, and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which called for a gradual removal of trade restrictions among the three nations. Another institution to support free trade is the World Trade Organization (WTO), which replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). As with NAFTA, opponents claimed that the WTO favored big business over workers and the environment.

47 Trade and the Global Economy (continued) Chapter 27, Section 3 Opponents of the WTO are concerned about the growing importance of multinational corporations, businesses that operate in more than one country. One multinational, the Enron corporation, owned energy-related businesses throughout the world. When the company filed for bankruptcy, it was discovered that Enron executives were overstating profits and enriching themselves at the expense of investors. After the booming economy of the 1990s, the United States entered a recession in President Bush succeeded in instituting two major tax cuts. The President insisted that a bold package of tax relief would add jobs to the economy and boost the stock market. Critics of this plan believe that tax cuts would create huge deficits far into the future.

48 Americans in the New Millennium Assessment Chapter 27, Section 3 What is the definition of a minority/majority state? (A) A state that has a larger population of people who are categorized as a minority group than the population of people who are categorized in the majority. (B) A state where more minorities vote in the elections. (C) A state that has a larger percentage of immigrants than native-born people. (D) A state that has less restrictive immigration quotas. Why is an increase in older Americans of concern to the government? (A) Newer technology is being used by more older Americans. (B) Older Americans compete with immigrants for jobs and housing. (C) The Social Security and medical systems are becoming strained. (D) Older Americans have a difficult time adapting to new technologies.

49 Americans in the New Millennium Assessment Chapter 27, Section 3 What is the definition of a minority/majority state? (A) A state that has a larger population of people who are categorized as a minority group than the population of people who are categorized in the majority. (B) A state where more minorities vote in the elections. (C) A state that has a larger percentage of immigrants than native-born people. (D) A state that has less restrictive immigration quotas. Why is an increase in older Americans of concern to the government? (A) Newer technology is being used by more older Americans. (B) Older Americans compete with immigrants for jobs and housing. (C) The Social Security and medical systems are becoming strained. (D) Older Americans have a difficult time adapting to new technologies.

50 America: Pathways to the Present: Cambridge Ed. Theme 4 The U.S.A. and the World Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

51 The Cold War Ends Chapter 26, Section 4 Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev encouraged policies of glasnost and perestroika in Eastern Europe, which contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. In Poland, free elections came to replace Communist rule. A union alliance called Solidarity had a large role in this conversion. On November 9, 1989, East Germany began allowing travel to and from West Germany. Germans gleefully smashed the Berlin Wall, the most potent symbol of the Cold War. A year later, East and West Germany reunited.

52 The Soviet Union at the End of the Cold War Chapter 26, Section 4 In August 1991, conservative Communists in the Soviet Union staged a coup which they hoped would force Gorbachev to resign. Although the attempt failed, the Soviet Union s 15 republics sensed weakness in the central government and began to move toward independence. Gorbachev resigned the presidency of the Soviet Union on December 25, A week later, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. It was replaced with a loose alliance of former Soviet republics called the Commonwealth of Independent States. As the Soviet Union disintegrated, Bush continued arms-control talks with Gorbachev. The first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), signed in 1991, called for dramatic reductions in the two nations supplies of long-range nuclear weapons.

53 Europe and Western Asia After the Cold War Chapter 26, Section 4 The reunification of Germany and the breakup of the Soviet Union caused changes in the map of Europe and Western Asia.

54 A New International Role Chapter 26, Section 4 Tiananmen Square In May 1989, Chinese students occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing, protesting for democracy and reform in China. On June 3, 1989, China s leaders ordered the army to attack the protesters in Tiananmen Square, killing many. Bush took a nonconfrontational stance to China, not wishing to risk China s relationship with the United States. However, many Americans saw Bush as indifferent to human rights in China. The Invasion of Panama Bush suspected General Manuel Noriega, leader of the Central American nation of Panama, of smuggling cocaine into the United States. After Noreiga declared war on the United States, Bush launched a lightning attack against Panama in December American forces won control of Panama the following month. Although they had criticized Bush s stance toward China, many Americans praised his bold handling of the Panama invasion.

55 The Persian Gulf War Chapter 26, Section 4 In August 1990, the Arab nation of Iraq, headed by dictator Saddam Hussein, invaded neighboring Kuwait. Ancient territorial claims as well as Kuwait s substantial oil wealth motivated this invasion. President Bush believed that protection of Kuwait s oil reserves was an issue of national security. Bush, working with the United Nations and leaders of more than 25 other countries, mobilized forces for the Persian Gulf War. In a series of airstrikes called Operation Desert Storm, UN forces, directed by General Colin Powell and led by Norman Schwarzkopf, liberated Kuwait after just six weeks of war. Bush s popularity soared. Bush opted not to send troops deep into Iraq to oust Saddam, believing that his opponents would soon overthrow him. However, Saddam s opposition proved weaker than expected, and he remained in power.

56 Domestic Issues Chapter 26, Section 4 Although Bush s foreign policy was popular, many Americans felt that he did not have a clear plan for handling domestic issues. Bush s nomination of conservative African American judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court angered many liberals and moderates. Charges of past sexual harassment plagued Thomas s confirmation hearings. A deficit reduction plan that included new taxes broke Bush s campaign promise and angered many Americans. A recession which began in the early 1990s resulted in widespread downsizing, or the laying off of workers to cut costs to companies. Cuts in defense spending and rising oil prices also contributed to America s economic problems.

57 The George H. W. Bush Presidency Assessment Chapter 26, Section 4 How did former Soviet republics reorganize after the collapse of the Soviet Union? (A) They formed a strongly unified commonwealth. (B) They formed a loose alliance of independent states. (C) They became colonies of a newly-unified Germany. (D) They invaded Kuwait to gain its oil wealth. Which of the following decreased George H. W. Bush s popularity? (A) Rapid victory in the Persian Gulf War (B) Bold moves in the invasion of Panama (C) Creation of new taxes (D) Television advertisements attacking Michael Dukakis Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

58 The George H. W. Bush Presidency Assessment Chapter 26, Section 4 How did former Soviet republics reorganize after the collapse of the Soviet Union? (A) They formed a strongly unified commonwealth. (B) They formed a loose alliance of independent states. (C) They became colonies of a newly-unified Germany. (D) They invaded Kuwait to gain its oil wealth. Which of the following decreased George H. W. Bush s popularity? (A) Rapid victory in the Persian Gulf War (B) Bold moves in the invasion of Panama (C) Creation of new taxes (D) Television advertisements attacking Michael Dukakis Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

59 The United States in a New World Chapter 27, Section 2 What political changes took place in the post-cold War world? What conflicts proved difficult to resolve during the post-cold War years? How did Americans respond to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001?

60 Post-Cold War Politics Chapter 27, Section 2 Russia The international community offered aid and support for Russia s move towards western-style democracy and free market economy. Presidents Boris Yeltsin and then Vladamir Putin have worked to keep Russia moving toward these goals. Russia has also agreed to work with NATO to halt the proliferation, or spread, of nuclear weapons to other countries. Eastern Europe and South Africa In the post-cold War era, many Eastern European countries have instituted free market economies and democratic governments. By the end of 2003, ten former communist nations will have joined NATO. With South Africa s rejection of apartheid, the systematic separation of people of different racial backgrounds, that nation has made a peaceful transition to black majority rule. The Truth and Reconciliation commission won international praise for investigating the brutal crimes of the apartheid era.

61 Post-Cold War Politics (continued) Chapter 27, Section 2 China China and the United States sought peaceful relations. However, the issue of Taiwan resulted in tensions between the two nations. China viewed the island of Taiwan as part of China. The United States has supplied weapons to Taiwan and opposed any military action against Taiwan by China. Relations between the United States and China improved as both nations worked on ways to expand China s trade with other nations. In 2003, President Bush and China s new president Hu Jintao, met to discuss trade and the status of Taiwan. Their most important discussion involved nuclear weapons and North Korea. Both presidents agreed that North Korea should join discussions aimed at peaceful resolution.

62 Post-Cold War Conflicts Chapter 27, Section 2 Africa Conflicts in Africa demonstrated how hard it was for the United States to balance Americans desire to promote peace around the world and their fear of costly commitments. In 1992, Somalia was suffering from a famine, made worse by a civil war. President Bush sent American troops to assist a United Nations relief effort. The troops helped ease the famine, but were not able to end the civil war. With this conflict in mind, the United States, in 1994, did not intervene in Rwanda, to stop the Hutu government from attempting to exterminate the Tutsi minority. After over 800,000 killings, a French-led U.N. force moved to stop the genocide. Yugoslavia In the 1990s, the United States did play a peacekeeping role in Yugoslavia. In the conflicts in the former Yugoslavian republics of both Bosnia and Kosovo, American-led NATO forces allowed for peacekeepers to work to end brutal ethnic violence. As a result, the Serbian people were able to vote a dictator out of office and continue in their bid for peace and independence.

63 post-cold War Conflicts (continued) Chapter 27, Section 2 Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland, the United States encouraged efforts to end decades of violence. The conflict was between the Catholic nationalists, who wanted to reunite with Ireland, and the Protestant unionists, who wanted to remain a part of Britain. In 1998, with the help of the United States, the major parties signed the Good Friday Accords. These accords included provisions for power-sharing between the Catholics and Protestants. Violence has slowed the implementation of the agreement, but Britain has made plans to withdraw most troops over a three-year period. Israel In September 1993, Palestinian leader Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Rabin signed a historic peace agreement. Radicals on both sides tried to destroy the agreement, and, in 1995, a Jewish extremist assassinated Prime Minister Rabin. In 2001 Ariel Sharon, a critic of the peace process, became prime minister. Palestinian extremists increased their suicide bombings, killing many Israelis. In 2003 the UN, the United States, and the European Union presented a road map to peace. The road map calls for establishing a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza. No one is sure if this plan will result in a lasting peace.

64 The War on Terrorism Chapter 27, Section 2 On September 11, 2001, terrorists struck at targets in New York City and Washington, D.C. Thousands died in the attacks. Americans responded to the tragedy with an outpouring of support for the victims. Meanwhile, President Bush vowed to bring justice to those responsible for the attack. On October 7, an American bombing campaign known as Operation Enduring Freedom began in Afghanistan. The rulers of Afghanistan, the Taliban, were believed to be harboring Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden, suspected of masterminding the 9/11 attack. Bin Laden was not found, but the United States and Afghan forces defeated the Taliban.

65 The War on Terrorism (continued) Chapter 27, Section 2 The President also moved to combat terrorism at home. Less than a month after the 9/11 attacks, Bush created the Office of Homeland Security. A year later, in a major government reorganization, the Bush administration created a new cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security. In the State of the Union Address in January, 2002, President Bush sent a warning to hostile nations to stop developing weapons of mass destruction. He declared that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea were an axis of evil, recalling the United States enemies in World War II, the Axis Powers. In November, Saddam Hussein allowed UN weapons inspectors to resume their search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Two months later they reported finding no banned weapons. Despite this report and lack of support from several key allies, President Bush declared war on Iraq. The war began on March 19th, Three weeks, later American tanks arrived in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. American troops and officials worked to establish a democratic government in Iraq.

66 The United States in a New World Assessment Chapter 27, Section 2 What has happened in Eastern Europe during the post-cold War era? (A) Many countries have tried to recreate old communist states. (B) A common currency among Eastern European nations has encouraged economic prosperity. (C) Many countries have instituted free market economies and democratic governments. (D) There has been a move back to communism in the large cities. What major government reorganization was instituted after the terrorist attacks on 9/11? (A) The United States military came under control of the Congress. (B) The President created the Department of Homeland Security. (C) The Environmental Protection Agency became part of the judiciary. (D) The Legislative and Executive branches merged.

67 The United States in a New World Assessment Chapter 27, Section 2 What has happened in Eastern Europe during the post-cold War era? (A) Many countries have tried to recreate old communist states. (B) A common currency among Eastern European nations has encouraged economic prosperity. (C) Many countries have instituted free market economies and democratic governments. (D) There has been a move back to communism in the large cities. What major government reorganization was instituted after the terrorist attacks on 9/11? (A) The United States military came under control of the Congress. (B) The President created the Department of Homeland Security. (C) The Environmental Protection Agency became part of the judiciary. (D) The Legislative and Executive branches merged.