Contents. Proof. Acknowledgements. List of Abbreviations. Introduction 1

Transcription

1 Contents Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations x xi Introduction 1 Chapter : The Gaullist Settlement and French 6 Politics The elements of the new republic in The birth of the new republic 11 Understanding the new republic 21 The characteristics of the new republic 29 Chapter : The Consolidation and Evolution 37 of the Fifth Republic The 1962 referendum and elections 40 Gaullism and the Gaullists 45 De Gaulle on the world stage 47 Left opposition 55 The new conditions of the republic 58 Gaullism and government 59 De Gaulle 60 The left Chapter and its Aftermath 67 Sous les Pavés, la Cinquième République 71 Opinion 82 The unmediated relationship escapes to the streets 83 Personal leadership (and its rejection) 83 Chapter : Gaullism Without de Gaulle 89 The 1969 referendum 89 The 1969 presidential election 95 The Pompidou presidency: Pompidou and the institutions 98 Pompidou and foreign affairs 103 Left opposition, vii

2 viii Contents Chapter : The Giscard Years 113 The 1974 elections 113 Slowing down the Marseillaise then speeding 116 it up again Giscard and his presidency 120 Gaullism and Giscardianism 123 The left Chapter : From the République Sociale to the 138 République Française The 1981 elections 140 The 1986 election Chapter : The Long Decade of Vindictiveness, 154 Miscalculations, Defeat, Farce, Good Luck, Good Government, and Catastrophe. The Presidency Right or Wrong : System dysfunction and occasional chaos 155 Rocard 155 Cresson 159 Bérégovoy : Balladur. Almost President : Balladur out, Chirac in; Jospin up, 168 Chirac down: Politics as farce : The eternal cohabitation. Good 171 government, and catastrophe 2002: Jospin snatches defeat from the jaws of 173 certain victory Jospin and the 2002 campaign 174 The republic saved by presidentialism 176 The left, lost again 176 Beyond neo-gaullism 177 Chapter 8 The Presidential Election of Ségolène Royal 179 The trajectory 179 The Mitterrand years 180 The Jospin years 182 From the local to the virtual 184

3 Contents ix Ségolène Royal and Ségolène 185 From virtual to presidential 186 The campaign 187 Nicolas Sarkozy 191 The trajectory 191 Neuilly s favourite son 192 Balladur s favourite son 193 Return from the wilderness 194 Sarkozy and Sarko 195 Sarkozy the hero 195 Sarkozy the minister 195 Sarkozy the lover 196 The campaign 199 Conclusion 206 Notes 215 Bibliography 237 Index 252

4 Introduction On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle returned to power in France as the last Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic. In the preceding three weeks, the country had experienced a series of events that seemed to be dragging it towards civil war or a military coup. The regime itself seemed to be collapsing, and the political elites were unable to impose their authority on the deteriorating situation. Twelve years earlier, in January 1946, de Gaulle had resigned as Prime Minister, leaving the new Fourth Republic to its fate. He returned to his country home in Colombey-les-deux-églises, about 200kms south east of Paris, to write his Memoirs and observe politics sadly from a distance. His modest home and the village of Colombey became a kind of mythical site and place of pilgrimage. He was considered a controversial figure by many during the 1940s and 1950s, 1 but for a brief, crucial moment in 1958, he was seen as the only person who could prevent the country from descending into chaos. The Algerian War had begun four years before in 1954, and in 1958 the government was still searching for a solution to the continuing crisis. Most of the French army was in Algeria trying to suppress the rebellion. The main problem for government was that the French state s authority in Algiers was weak. Successive and unstable governments in Paris had been unable to impose reform or to defeat the independence movement or to satisfy the European Algerians, who regarded these successive governments as vacillating and untrustworthy. De Gaulle s return therefore had two related aspects. On the one hand, he was to solve the Algerian problem, and, it was assumed, keep Algeria French. On the other, he was to restore the integrity of the state and the effectiveness of the government. It took him four years for the former, and his solution, Algerian independence, was the opposite 1

5 2 Political Leadership in France of what had been expected, the opposite of what he had been brought back to do. The latter saw him, in the space of six months, introduce a new constitution and a new republic which exists to this day, over 50 years later. Why was de Gaulle seen as legitimate? Why was he seen as able to solve both the problem of Algeria and the problem of France s political instability? What were the effects of conferring authority upon this individual? And what effects did he then have upon French republicanism and the regime he created in 1958? De Gaulle s claim to legitimacy in France s crisis in 1958 did not arise only from his having been France s Prime Minister between 1944 and 1946, nor even from his having, Cassandra-like, predicted and warned against the immobilisme and instability of the Fourth Republic, and gone unheeded. An even greater source of de Gaulle s claim to legitimacy and this was why he had been Prime Minister in 1944 was that he had been a kind of warrior-philosopher of French national pride, embodying, personifying almost, French national identity through World War Two. On 18 June 1940 de Gaulle, then a 49 yearold General and junior government minister, flew to London to continue France s struggle against the invading German army. He refused to accept the conditions of the armistice imposed upon France, or the legitimacy of the new Vichy regime, led by his former superior officer, Marshal Pétain. In the summer of 1944, de Gaulle entered Paris as the commander of the Free French forces, the liberator of the nation and the hero of the Resistance. He had been right when most others had been wrong, and as the head of the provisional government he saw himself as a kind of personalized expression of the nation as it emerged from the trauma of the period. This was the persona, the character, and the man who came back to solve France s dire problems in Another aspect of this persona his own perceived view, his philosophy, his vision would have crucial influence upon the nature and development of the Fifth Republic. One of the essential characteristics of de Gaulle s approach was his attitude to how a republican regime should be organized, given France s history and political culture. More importantly, this attitude was based upon a fundamental conviction that certain individuals in this case, himself were endowed with the wisdom and the duty to impose their view, their will, upon reality. The lone individual based his action and this framed his political ethics and selfjustification upon a love for France and a devotional commitment to its well-being.

6 Introduction 3 There were of course others who had different views about the organizing principles of the republic. In the Resistance period and the postwar provisional government he had to work with political parties and individuals who saw good governance very differently from him, and disapproved of his emphasis upon personal leadership and upon himself as the solution to France s problems. The antagonism between him and the political parties was one of the most divisive issues in French political life. In the main, the political parties were based upon the democratic process and upon gradualism rather than the exalted individual and an envisioning personalism. Many felt that Europe had seen quite enough of that in the preceding decades. This difficult relationship between competing conceptions of democratic republicanism would be formative of the Fifth Republic. The political actor who came to power therefore in 1958 was a complex, composite, and although acclaimed, controversial character. He was seen as singular, even unique: professing a philosophy of the state and of national pride; in an ambivalent relationship to republicanism and to the political parties; in personal terms was proud, brave, intelligent, self-certain, devoted to a romantic notion of France for many, had been anointed by history or some historical or mysterious force; and, finally, he was the man, the character, who had saved France (1940), returned in triumph (1944), then been as if rejected (1946), and was returning, vindicated, in dramatic circumstances, to save France once again (1958). He was in a constructive relationship with the new regime he set up, but a destructive one with the regime he replaced. What was his symbolic significance in the Fourth Republic as it unravelled? And what was his symbolic significance as he stepped up onto the political stage to construct his own new Fifth Republic? This ambivalence is the focus of our study, how this integrating of an individual persona into the mainstream functioning of a new regime established in dramatic circumstances affects politics, and how such a beginning and the decisive presence of an individual within the newly configured political institutions goes on affecting the regime as it evolves through his presidency, then on into the post-de Gaulle period up until the present day. De Gaulle brought to French politics not simply Gaullism but, as it were, himself; that is to say, by bringing his political self and political persona to the heart of the Fifth Republic s institutions, he changed French politics completely, and introduced elements into the French polity whose dynamism is still there. De Gaulle s character and comportment meant that, in 1958 and thenceforward, both the real

7 4 Political Leadership in France personality and the imagined political persona would inform politics in fundamentally new ways; and this would continue to be the case in the aftermath of de Gaulle s return and in the aftermath of his departure. What all the French Presidents share is a set of circumstances in which both their real attitudes and actions and their symbolic selves have inordinate significance within the Fifth Republic because of the way that the political performance of individuals within a particular configuration of institutions resonates within politics and the political culture. This is the real nature of the Gaullist settlement. Political performance (of individuals in action, in language, through ascription, and through the projection of a particular image) takes place within a particular configuration of institutions (e.g. of the presidency, Parliament, the parties, the media). The institutions are embedded within the political culture, and in the wider culture s institutions, traditions, attitudes, memories, shared expectations, hearsay and experience, shared political past, shared understandings and misunderstandings of the meaning and significance of discourse and rhetoric and its place within the culture and within political relationships. Given the attitude and relationship of the French to de Gaulle in 1958 and subsequently, his own attitudes and behaviour, and those of each of his successors and contenders for leadership, and their relationship to the electorate, to the people, to the nation, and to opinion, the role and influence of culture upon the polity and institutions has been all the greater. The culture, in turn, is informed by myths and memories (for example, about France, about leadership, about past leaders, about imagined relationships between leaders and regime or nation, and between people and leaders). One could say this perhaps of all regimes: the wider culture and history and historical memory inform the institutions, and the configuration of these frames action, allowing political personae to act, perform and speak to political purpose and with a range of political outcomes. What makes the French case so compelling is the degree of performance allowed to political actors given the configuration and the culture, and this because of the Fifth Republic s dramatic beginnings and the performance of its first President. In order to demonstrate this, we shall take a narrative and analytical approach and show how the nature of the Fifth Republic has unfolded over the last 50 years. We shall analyse the narrative of the Fifth Republic through the prism of person and persona. De Gaulle s stamp upon French politics meant that his own intervention not only took place in highly dramatic circumstances, but also

8 Introduction 5 brought drama itself inside the parameters of the republic, and that in various forms, and in crucial relation to persona and to institutions, it remains there dynamically informing the republic. Personality politics therefore develops both dramatically and dynamically, in particular in its relation to political relationships and imagined political relationships within the polity and culture, so that it becomes in many ways the motor, the driving force of politics and the organizing principle of political activity. After the Third Republic, the Fifth is the longest surviving regime in France since the Revolution. In those 200 years and more, when compared to the UK or the US, for example, the French polity has been chronically unstable and fragile. In part, the longevity of the Fifth Republic is due to the Gaullist settlement; itself arguably unstable, that is to say, the bringing to the heart of the institutions and practices of the regime a romantic and chivalric notion of a leader being needed and called forth by history and the nation to reaffirm the strength of the state and the integrity of the body politic, and develop a very particular relationship with the people, themselves a composite as is the leader himself or herself of both real and imagined characteristics. Once the presidency of the Fifth Republic was established and took on the shape it did, it began to inform politics significantly. The President became the main political actor in the regime, with very different modes and styles of political action from other regimes, whether presidential or not. Even though the President was the principal political actor, he also used all the ceremonial, ritual, and symbolic aspects of the new office to assert his position and the authority and legitimacy of the new regime. The presidency began to have decisive influence, and the political parties began to respond in a series of ways. The Gaullist settlement did not just confer upon the President the authority to act in dramatic circumstances. By bringing the President to the heart of the institutional configuration, the Fifth Republic made the President central in all circumstances, and the character and comportment of the President also became central and formative. After de Gaulle, all the Presidents, in a variety of ways, asserted and reasserted the centrality of themselves and their persona as decisive political agencies within the configuration of institutions and in relation to opinion. This scope for presidential initiative and its emphasis upon the personal, and the consequences of these, link Charles de Gaulle through Georges Pompidou, Valéry Giscard d Estaing, François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac, to Nicolas Sarkozy. Let us narrate the Fifth Republic from this perspective.

9 Index Adenauer, Konrad, German Chancellor, 51 Africa, 49; Diamonds Affair, 136 7, 138 Algeria (May 1958 Algiers putsch), 1 2, 10, 11 21, 22 6, 27, 28, 29; and May 1968 Paris riots, comparison, 76, 77, 78 80; referendum (1962) and elections, 37, 39 40, 40, 41, 46 7; release and pardoning of prisoners, 70 Algérie Française, 13, 22, 34, 35, 37, 39, 46, 58 ambiguity and ambivalence, 26, Arab Israeli conflict, 53, 103, 104, 172 aviation industry; Ariane rocket launch, 123; UK French Concorde project, 53 Balladur, Edouard (Prime Minister): early career of Sarkozy, 164, 168, 192, 193 4, 196; financial scandals, 166; persona, 165, 166; presidential candidacy, 163 8; previous roles, 70, 148 Barre, Raymond (Prime Minister): appointment, 122; Barre Plan, 123; elections (1981), 140, 144; presidential candidacy ( ), 147, 150, 151, 152; re-appointment, 135 Bayrou, François, 178, 190, 201, 203, 204 Bérégovoy, Pierre, 162 3, 163, Bidault, Georges, 13, 18 Bokassa, Jean, 137 Boulin, Robert, 136 Brezhnev, Leonid, 104 Canada, de Gaulle s visit to, 53 Le Canard Enchainé, 102, 136 7, Centre national des indépendants et paysans (CNIP), 35, 36, 39, 41, 44, 64 CERES group, 111, 134, 140 CGT see Confédération générale du travail Chaban-Delmas, Jacques (Prime Minister): Bordeaux elections (1970), 102; and media, , 102, 114; New Society, , 102 3, 106; persona, 102, 103; President of the National Assembly ( ), 98; presidential candidacy (1974), , 115, 117, 124 5; sacked by Pompidou, 103, 106 character see persona Charléty rally (1968), 70, 77, 78, 88 Chevènement, Jean-Pierre, 111, China, 51, 104, 189, 201 Chirac, Jacques: and career of Sarkozy, 193, 194, 200; early career, 70, 114; election (1981), 140, 141; election and campaign ( ), 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152; Maastricht Treaty referendum, 162; Mayorship of Paris candidacy (1977), 127; persona, 150, 152, 175; presidency, 170 1, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178; President of RPR, 126 7, 128 9, 133, 135, 136; presidential candidacy ( ), 164, 165, 166, 167 8; as Prime Minister, 117, 122, 123, 124 5, 126; rally strategy, 128 9; re-election (1983), 145; security and law and order, 150 CNIP see Centre national des indépendants et paysans co-gestion model of socio-political relations, Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 68, 69, 73 5,

10 Index 253 communists see Parti communiste français (PCF) Concorde project, 53 Confédération générale du travail (CGT), 15, 78 constitution (1958), 29 33, 49; reform proposal (1962), 41 2 constitution (1986), 149 Constitutional Council, 120 corruption see financial scandals Corsica, military invasion and occupation (1958), 19, 22 Coty, René, President of the Fourth Republic, 21, 24, 35 Couve de Murville, Maurice (Prime Minister), 90, 93, 108 Cresson, Edith (Prime Minister): appointment, 159, 161 2; gender issue, 161; party issue, 160 1; persona/image, , 161; protocol, 161 Cuban missile crisis, 50 culture, 7, 27; youth (1960s), 67 de Gaulle, Charles, 1 5; Algiers government, 13, 15 16, 26; appointed Prime Minister (June 1958), 21; assassination attempts, 41, 42; constitution, 29 33, 41 2, 49; Corsica, military invasion and occupation (1958), 19, 22; death (1970), 93, 101, 113; elected President (1958), 35; election (1965), 57 9, 60 3; election (1965), responses to, 63 6; and Europe (EEC/EU), 40 1, 52, 54, 55; foreign policy/international relations, 47 55; left opposition, 55 8, 61 3; May 68 events, 69 71, 75 6, 81 2, 83 4, 85; persona, 2, 3 4, 26 7, 32, 53 4, 58 9, 60 1, 62, 76 7, 79; personalized leadership, 6, 24 6, 95; Presidents of Assembly and Senate (1958), 21; press conferences/releases (May 1958), 15, 16 18, 19 20, 24 5; proposed participation reforms, 89 90; publication of Memoirs delayed by Pompidou, 101; rally strategy, 128; referendum and elections (1962), 40 5, 62; resignation (1969), 93; return to power, 11, 14 15; social stability, economic expansion and opinion, 27 8; unity and legitimacy, 22 3; as war hero/liberator/reformer, 17; see also Fifth Republic; Gaullism; Union pour la nouvelle république (UNR) de Villepin, Dominique, 178, 200 Debré, Michel, 30, 40, 45, 65, 101; appointed Prime Minister, 36 Defferre, Gaston, 32 3, 35, 57, 61; Express magazine Monsieur X campaign (1963), 56; left opposition ( ), 109, 111; presidential election (1969), 95 Delors, Jacques, 163, 167 8, 182 Diamonds Affair, 136 7, 138 discourse/rhetoric: Algiers events and new republic, 19 20, 22, 23, 24 5, 27; element of Fifth Republic, 7 8; left, 110, 131, 143 4; May 68 events, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79; Sarkozy, 202 drama/persona: elements of Fifth Republic, 9 10, 205 6, ; May 68 events, 73, 74, 77 Droit, Michel, 60, 71, 93 Duclos, Jacques, 95, 96, 107 Dumont, René, 116 economic expansion and social stability, 27 8 economy: (1960s), 48, 66, 114; (1970s), 107, 113, 122, 136; 1976 Barre Plan, 123; (1980s), 144 5, 146, 157; (1990s), 160, education system: as explanation of May 68 events, 71 2; reforms, 86, 121, 145 elections see legislative elections; specific leaders and parties Emmanuelli, Henri, 163, emotional relationship, President public, 89, 113 Empire, 49, 54

11 254 Index Epinay line, 111, 134, Europe (EEC/EU), 40 1, 52, 54, 55; elections, 135 6, 148, 163, 197 8; Maastricht Treaty referendum, 162; UK entry/enlargement referendum, 52, 102, Express magazine Monsieur X campaign (1963), 56 Fabius, Laurent, 145 6, 147 8, 163, 187, 188 Faure, Edgar, 86, 114 Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste (FGDS), 57, 64, 65 6, 71, 88 feminized government, 121 feminized society, Fifth Republic: birth, 11 21; characteristics, 29 36; consolidation and evolution ( ), 37 66; elements, 4 5, 6 10, 205 7, , ; Pompidou presidency, passim; understanding, 21 9, ; vs Fourth Republic, 7, 10, 28 9, 31, 35 6, 47 8, 213; see also May June 1968 events financial scandals, 158 9, 162, 166, 170, 203; Diamonds Affair, 136 7, 138 FN see Front national (FN) foreign policy/international relations, 103 6, 135, 162, 172, 189, 201; de Gaulle, 47 55; Fourth Republic vs Fifth Republic, 10; see also Europe (EEC/EU) Franco German Treaty (1963), 51 Frey, Roger, 34, 43 Front national (FN), 148, 153, 158; see also Le Pen, Jean-Marie Gaddafi, Colonel, 103 Garaud, Marie-France, 114, 126, 136, 141 Gaullism, 45 7, 59; and Giscardianism, , ; weakness of, as explanation of May 68 events, 72 3; see also de Gaulle, Charles; Fifth Republic gender issue, 161, 179, 187, generational revolt (May 68 events), 72, 73, 74, 83 4, 86 Germany/West Germany, 70, 76, 104, 105; Franco German Treaty (1963), 51; West Berlin student unrest (1967), 67 Giscard d Estaing, Valéry: early career, 41, 44, 63 4, 86, 91; foreign policy/international relations, 135; and Gaullism, , ; and left, 130 4; Maastricht Treaty referendum, 162; Marseillaise national anthem, ; and media, 64, 115, 136 7; modernization, 120 2; persona/style, 117, , 122 3, 125 6; presidency ( ), ; presidential elections (1974), ; presidential elections (1981), 138, 140, 141, 153; presidential elections (1988), 147; and UDF, 164, 170; Verdun-sur-le-Doubs speech, 133 Green politics/party, 116, 121, Grenelle Agreements, 70, 75 Guaino, Henri, , 202 Gulf War (1991), 159 hearsay, role of, Heath, Edward, 105 Hollande, François, 177, 180, 181, 182, 188, 189 image see persona immigration, 158, 160, 167 Independent Republicans, 43, 63 4, 86 7, 127 8; Parti républicain (PR), industrial relations, strikes and demonstrations, 156 7, 160, 166 institutions: element of Fifth Republic, 8; Mitterrand presidency, 143 4, 145; Pompidou presidency, ; reform referendum (1969), 89 95

12 Index 255 intergenerational conflict see generational revolt (May 68 events) international relations see foreign policy/international relations internet rally, Israel, 53, 103, 104, 172 Jospin, Lionel, 150, 163, 168, 171, 172; appointment as Prime Minister (1997), 177; persona, 168 9, 175, 176; presidency and career of Royal, 182 4; presidential candidacy and campaign (2002), 173 5, 176; PS party leadership rivalry, election (1986), 146, Juillet, Pierre, 114, 126, 136 Juppé, Alain, , 200 Kennedy, J.F., 51, 54 5; and wife, visit to France (1961), 50 Krushchev, Nikita, visit to Paris (1960), 50 Laguiller, Arlette, 116 Latin America, 54 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 116, 128, 152, 174, 175, 176, 201; see also Front national (FN) Lecanuet, Jean, 57 8, 60, 61, 64, 65, 114 left: 1962 and aftermath, 55 8; discourse/rhetoric, 110, 131, 143 4; elections (1980s), 141 4, 146 8, 148; Giscard presidency, 130 4; Jospin s defeat (2002), 176 7; and May 68 events, 67 9, 71, 87; new conditions of the republic, 61 3; Pompidou presidency, ; see also specific parties legislative elections: (1950s), 34, 35, 43, 71; (1960s), 55, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 83, 86, 87, 89, 95, 97; (1970s), 132, 138; (1980s), 142, 145 6, 151, 152, 153, 180, 193; (1990s), 170, 171, 173, 193 legitimacy: political and mythical, 10 11, 18 19, 21, 23 4, 28 9, 94 5, ; and unity, 22 3, 94 Lycée Condorcet, Paris, 68 Malraux, André, 30, 31 2, 34, 43, 72, 90 Marchais, Georges, 109, 131, 141, 151 Marseillaise anthem, Mauroy, Pierre, 111, 134; as Prime Minister, 145 May 1958 see Algeria (May 1958 Algiers putsch) May June 1968 events, 67 71, 97; consequences of, 83 8; explanations of, 71 82; leadership issues, 83 8, 91 2; opinion, 80, 82 3 media, 6 7, ; Algiers coup and new republic, 14, 15, 16 18, 19 20, 24 5; Chaban-Delmas, , 102, 114; de Gaulle interviews (1960s), 71, 76, 93; election campaigns (1960s), 57, 59, 64 5; Giscard, 64, 115, 136 7; May 68 events, 71, 76, 80, 90; Pompidou, 100; referendum campaign (1962), 92 3; reorganization of ORTF, 120; Royal, 180 1, 183, 184, 185 6, 189; Royal/Sarkozy debate, 190, 202 3, 204 5; Sarkozy, 197, 198, 203 4, 209, 210 Mendès France, Pierre, 18, 35, 39, 64, 65; Charléty rally (1968), 70, 77, 88 Messmer, Pierre (Prime Minister), Middle East, 53, 103, 104, 172 Missoffe, François, 68, 73 5 Mitterrand, François: Constitution, 149; early career, 18, 35, 56 8, 60, 61, 63, 64 5, 77, 79; elections (1974), 114, 115; Giscard presidency, 129, 130 1, 132 3, 134, 135; May 68 events, 88 9; persona, 131, 152, 162;

13 256 Index Mitterrand, François: Constitution continued Pompidou presidency, ; presidency and career of Rocard, 152, 155 9, 161 2; presidency and career of Royal, 180 2; presidency and elections (1981), , 180; presidential candidacy and re-election ( ), 146 8, 150 1, 152, 153; rally strategy, 128, 130, 134 modernization, 120 2, Mollet, Guy, 56, 88, 111; and new republic, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 30, 32 3, 39 Mouvement des radicaux de gauche (MRG), 112, 133 Mouvement républicain populaire (MRP), 33, 34 5, 36, 39 40, 57; resignations, 41, 52 Nanterre University, Paris, 67 9, 72, 73 4 National Assembly: dissolutions, 42, 70, 76, 142 3; FN, 148, 152; and Senate, nationalization/privatization, 145, 150, 165 NATO, 50 New Society, , 102 3, 106 Nixon, Richard, 104 Le noeud gordien (Pompidou), 98, 101 nuclear weapons, 50 1, 52, 126; testing, 155, 169 Odéon, Paris, 71, 77 opinion: Algiers, 13 14; Chirac rally strategy, 128; death of Pompidou, 107; element of Fifth Republic, 6 8, 9, 207; May 68 events, 80, 82 3; social stability and economic expansion, 27 8 Parti communiste français (PCF): de Gaulle presidency, 34 5, 38 9, 40, 43 4, 55, 56, 57; dissidence, 158; elections (1981), , 141, 146; Eurocommunism, 131; and FGDS, election (1967), 65 6; Giscard presidency, 132, 133, 133 4, 136; legislative elections, 153; May 68 events, 71, 77 8, 79, 81, 87; and PS, , 112, 114, 133, 143, Parti républicain (PR), Parti socialiste (PS), , 133 4, 136, 142, 143 4, 146, 150, 152, 158, 164, 168, 171, 172 3, 177, 181 2; European elections (1994), 163; legislative elections, 153; and PCF, , 112, 114, 133, 143, 172 3; and PSU, 130 1, 132, 133 Parti socialiste unifé (PSU), 39, 70, 79, 81; presidential election (1969), 96; and PS, 130 1, 132, 133; referendum, 91 Pasqua, Charles, 148, 149, 160, 170, 193 patrimony, 149 PCF see Parti communiste français persona: Balladur, 165, 166; Chaban, 102, 103; Chirac, 150, 152, 175; Cresson, , 161; de Gaulle, 2, 3 4, 26 7, 32, 53 4, 58 9, 60 1, 62, 76 7, 79; election (1969), 96; election (1974), , 116, 117; element of Fifth Republic, 4 5, 6 8, ; Giscard, 117, , 122 3, 125 6; Jospin, 168 9, 175, 176; Juppé, 169; Mitterrand, 131, 152, 162; Pompidou, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 113; Royal, 180 1, 184, 185 6, 187, , 208 9; Sarkozy, 191, ; see also drama/persona personalized leadership: de Gaulle, 6, 24 6, 95; element of Fifth Republic, 8; vs parliamentary ascendancy, Pflimlin, Pierre, 11, 12, 15, 21, 30 Pinay, Antoine, 18, 19, 21, 36, 41, 178 Poher, Alain, 90 1, 93, 96, 113 political parties: constitution, 32 3; element of Fifth Republic, 9 politics of grandeur, 48, 53

14 Index 257 Pompidou, Georges: election campaign (1967), 64 5, 66; illness and death, 106, 107, 113; and May 68 events, 69, 70, 75, 76; persona, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 113; presidency ( ), ; presidential election (1969), 95, 96; press conference (1969), 100; as Prime Minister, 41 2, 45, 46, 59, 87; referendum (1962), 90, 91; referendum on EEC/EU enlargement (1972), 102 presidentialism, 143, 154, 163, 176; Fifth Republic, 31, 39, 55 6, 61 3 press conferences/releases: de Gaulle, 15, 16 18, 19 20, 24 5, 90; Pompidou, 100 proportional representation, 147, 148 PS see Parti socialiste PSU see Parti socialiste unifé Radicals, 32, 35, 91, 112, 127 Rainbow Warrior scandal (1985), 146 rally strategy, 128, 130, 134, 142; internet, Rassemblement du peuple français (RPF), 25, 33, 46, 47, 126, 194 Rassemblement pour la république (RPR), 128, 129, 133 4, 135, 158, 168; election (1993), 163; and UDF, 147, 153, 177 referendums, 33 4, 41 2; and elections (1962), 40 5, 62; institutional reform (1969), 89 95; see also Europe (EEC/EU) Reynaud, Paul, 30, 45 rhetoric see discourse/rhetoric Rocard, Michel, 114, 140, 147 8, 150, 154, 165; early career, 39; Giscard presidency, 130 1, 134; leadership of PS, 163; Pompidou presidency, 96, 108; as Prime Minister, 152, 155 9, Royal, Ségolène, 178, 179, 199, 200 2; career trajectory, ; election campaign, ; persona/media image, 180 1, 183, 184, 185 7, , 208 9; Sarkozy debate, 190, 202 3, RPF see Rassemblement du peuple français RPR see Rassemblement pour la république Salan, Raoul, 12 13, 14, 19 20, 22, 24 Sarkozy, Cécilia (née Albeniz), 196 7, 198, Sarkozy, Nicolas, 178, 189, 190; Balladur government, 164, 168, 192, 193 4, 196; career trajectory, 191 5; financial scandals, 203; persona/media image, 191, , 203 4, 209, 210; presidential election campaign (2007), ; Royal debate, 190, 202 3, Section française de l internationale ouvrière (SFIO), 16, 32 3, 39, 40, 43 4, 55, 56, 57, 64, 87; modernization (New Socialist Party), 108, 109; referendum, 91 Séguin, Philippe, 170, 171, 194 Senate, d social movement, May 68 events as, 72 social stability and economic expansion, 27 8 socialists, 20, 21, 26, 34 5, 39; see also left; Parti socialiste (PS); Parti socialiste unifé (PSU); Section française de l internationale ouvrière (SFIO) societal change, 21 2; element of Fifth Republic, 9 Sorbonne, Paris, 68 9, 71, 77 Soustelle, Jacques, 18, 34, 38 terrorism: 9/11 reaction, 172; Human Bomb, Neuilly, 195; Paris, 136 U2 spy scandal, 50 Union démocratique du travail (UDT), 38, 43 Union des démocrates pour la république (UDR), 47, 92, 96, 101, 147

15 258 Index Union pour la démocratie française (UDF), 133 4, 135, 136, 163 4, 170; confederation, 127 8; election (1993), 163; and RPR, 153, 177 Union pour la nouvelle république (UNR), 33 4, 35, 37 8, 43, 60, 90, 92, 177; CNIP coalition, 39; election (1967), 65; identity and ideology, 46 7; referendum, 91 United Kingdom (UK): Concorde project, 53; entry into EU, 52, 102, 105 6; Suez crisis (1956), 50; and US, 55 United States (US), 49 50, 55; 9/11 reaction, 172; and EU, 52; and Franco German relations, 51; Pompidou visit, 103 4; USSR relations, 50 1, 52 3, 54 5 unity, 27, 30, 32; and legitimacy, 22 3, 94 USSR, 141; de Gaulle visits and relations with, 52 3; Pompidou visit (1973), 104; US relations, 50 1, 52 3, 54 5 Vallon, Louis, 38 Veil, Simone, 121, 125, 136, 164 Vietnam War, 53 4, 54 5, 67, 80, 104 vision/envisioning, element of Fifth Republic, 8 voting age, 120, West Germany see Germany/West Germany women s issues, 121, 180, 181, 183 worker student relationship, 70, 77 8 Yom Kippur War (1973), 103 youth culture (1960s), 67