The 1920s and 1930s: An Overview in Q&A Format. Chapter 8 From Prosperity to Despair: The 1920s and 1930s

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1 Chapter 8: Questions # 1-3, p. 120 The 1920s and 1930s: An Overview in Q&A Format Chapter 8 From Prosperity to Despair: The 1920s and 1930s 1) Make brief notes outlining the impact of at least four forms of technology in this period. - Automobiles: useful for transportation, and let consumers gain knowledge of outside world as they were no longer isolated. - Aviation: transport geologists to study different territories in Canada, transportation (exports and imports), and airmail become popular. - Radios: voice and music were broadcast, become essential device for modern living, farmers and isolated communities were no longer remote, and American influence began as they started to push Canadian stations off the air. - Telephone: standard household appliance, elaborate steps, not private as neighbours shared 1 line and could eavesdrop, and remote locations could stay in touch more easily. 2) Identify and explain the importance of the CBC, the NFB, Foster Hewitt, and Bobbie Rosenfeld. - CBC: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation established in 1932, insured Canadian content to be on radio stations, included both French and English language on air which helped to mend relations between French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians, fought against American influence - NFB: National Film Board, similar to CBC, protected Canadian culture, insured Canadian films and strived to promote Canadian values and culture rather than American ones - Foster Hewitt: *not in the reading* Canadian radio broadcaster most famous for play-by-play calls for Hockey Night in Canada - Bobbie Rosenfeld: moved from Ukraine to Canada, was best Canadian women athlete, won gold in 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, later became sports writer for Toronto 3) Make an organizer. In one column, list aspects of culture imported from the United Stated in this period. In the second column, summarize their impact on Canada. Culture Imported from U.S. Hollywood (extravagant & successful) Values and Behaviours Movies- Mounties capture villain and save beautiful lady -Glorified rural life Magazines ( split run editions) Impact on Canada Many Canadians drawn to Hollywood such as James Oliver Curwood & Mary Pickford Women wore long pants after Marlene Dietrich did in a film, undershirts disappeared for men after Clark Gable appeared without one in a film -Misleading perception of Canada and Canadians -Canadian writers began to portray Canadian realities, focused on hardships and bleak loneliness of life (Canadians didn t enjoy them as they were too close to home) Mostly American with little Canadian content and great Canadian advertising Fought against it but had to compromise Chapter 8: Questions # 1-4, p ) What was the Persons Case of 1929, and what was its outcome? Up until 1929, women were not yet recognized as official persons, hence a group called the Famous 5 brought up the Persons Case with the Supreme Court. The Persons Case was a famous case that decided that women were eligible to sit in the Canadian Senate. The outcome of this case was that a female senator was appointed, and women were now considered persons. CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 1

2 2) Explain how women benefitted in the 1920s. Women benefited in several ways: - They had the right to vote in The Persons Case made a female senator possible. - Loose-fitting clothes became acceptable. - Women started to smoke in public. - It became acceptable for women to drive and take part in energetic sports. NOTE RE: ALL QUESTIONS: As you prepare for the unit test, consider the significance and implications of this and other findings. 3) Why did the government adopt immigration restrictions after World War I? Why were restrictions relaxed in 1925? Many people, including the Europeans, were refugees from the war and looking for a new place to live after WW1. Canada, wanting to retain its White-Christian society, felt threatened, and so the government adopted immigration restrictions. They also wanted to keep out any nationality or race they deemed unsuitable and to block entry of "enemy aliens. It was then relaxed in 1925 when the Canadian government signed an agreement with the nation's two transcontinental railways, and wanted immigrants to work for the railways. 4) Make a timeline of major events that affected Aboriginal Nations in the 1920s and 1930s > The League Of Indians Of Canada was created > Aboriginals discovered oil on the reserve > Williams Treaty was established, and government took some of the Aboriginal land. Chapter 8: Questions # 2-8, p ) What services did airplanes provide? Why were they needed to open up Canada s north? In what way might they have contributed to a Canadian sense of identity? Stunt pilots gave audiences entertainment in county fairs and were called "barnstormers". Other pilots using surplus war planes became "bush pilots," taking geologists and prospectors into the Canadian Shield, and gave services to remote north communities, such as giving aid to save lives. 3) a. In what ways can clothing indicate a person s status in society? People wore clothing to impersonate actresses from Hollywood films. Types of fashion trends include long pants for women, and no undershirts for men. b. Why were women s fashions so important in the 1920s? Women's fashions were important for women to express their high status during the 1920s, since many women had the opportunity to become wealthy. 4) How did immigration to Canada differ before and after World War I? Record your answer in point-form notes under appropriate headings. Immigration restricted Eastern Europeans during WWI. Immigration was restricted to Eastern Europeans due to the socialist movement. Immigration was restricted to all foreigners during the Great Depression. 5) What were the short-term and long-term results of American influence on Canadian culture? Make a two-column chart to record your answer. America had a great influence on Canada in many ways such as: American culture had shown in Canadian magazine, movies, shows, fashions and many more. Also, many people used to go to local theaters to watch silent films. CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 2

3 6) In point form, list the causes of the Great Depression. Distinguish between immediate causes and background causes. Canada was booming in wealth and its economy but after the crash in stock markets in major cities such as New York, Montreal, Toronto, and around the world in The stock market crash set off a domino effect; for example, bank failures around the world, the falling prices of goods made people to sell more than the company could give thus causing massive wage cuts and people losing their jobs, which lead to the great depression. 7) Explain a) pogey, b) hopping a train. Pogey it was a financial or other relief given to unemployed by the government. 8) Why were movies and magazines so popular during the Depression? It was the easiest way to relax. Chapter 9: Questions # 1-2, p. 132 Chapter 9 From Wealth to Want: Responding to Change 1) Identify a) William Lyon Mackenzie King, b) Arthur Meighen, c) Maritime Rights Movement, d) National Progressive Party. a. William Lyon Mackenzie King was the Liberal Party leader in He represented change and had a reputation as a reformer and on authority of social and economic issues. b. Arthur Meighen became the leader of the Conservative Party in He was also known as a brilliant debater. c. Maritime Rights Movement is a movement in which urged all politicians seeking office to promote policies that would benefit the Maritimes. d. National Progressive Party is combined of former associations which ones? 2) a) In your own words, define welfare. Checks of money every week from the government for the poor. b) List some early steps that were taken towards the creation of a welfare state. The Pension Act of 1927 began to collect taxes for the financing of hospitals, schools, and various other institutions. Chapter 9: Questions # 1-5, p ) How did Canadian cities change during the 1920s? Urbanization caused cities to grow by how much? Cities were the centre of industry explain. Smoke and filthiness impacted citizens how so? Affluent citizens lived on the edge of downtown why? 2) List some of the resources on which Canada s economy was based in the 1920s? Many natural resources such as pulp, paper, mining, smelting, and hydroelectricity. Wheat still remained a staple of the economy. 3) Why did thousands of Canadians move to the United States in the 1920s? Many manufacturing jobs were available in the United States. Tell me more. CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 3

4 4) What was rum-running and why did it arise? Rum running is the smuggling of alcohol across the border to the US. It arose because Canada s ban on alcohol was lifted while the ban in the US remained. Thus, people could make money its sale. People used speedboats or automobiles to transport the smuggled alcohol. 5) Make an organizer to compare the nature of British and American investment in Canada s economy. British invested indirectly, lending money to companies and setup branch plants. Canadians could (payback?) British investment but could not buy back. NOTE: This question is unclear and incomplete. You will need to finish it independently. Chapter 9: Questions # 1-13, p ) Make an organizer to summarize the economic and political changes in Canada s regions: the Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario, and the West. Complete the organizer in point form. NOTE: Not submitted, but you will want to do it before the test. 2) Regionalism grew in the 1920s and at other times in Canadian history. However, in the 1930s, many believed the power of the federal government should be increased. What events and factors in the Depression would cause people to support added power for the federal government? In the 1920s, regionalism grew more popular because all the separate areas were prosperous and selfsustainable. However, in the 1930s, when the Depression set in, people wanted to give the federal government more power because the municipal and provincial governments were already in debt from expansion of infrastructure and education from the 1920s. Because of this, the people wanted the federal government to have more power to try to fix or improve the economy. 3) List three (3) reasons why Mackenzie King was not prepared to finance relief payments. Mackenzie King was not ready to finance relief payments because: - He feared unbalancing the country s finances - He suspected the Tories of having some kind of agenda - He did not see the crisis (most specifically, unemployment) as a major issue 4) Scan the text to identify steps Bennett took to deal with the problems of the Depression. Bennett s attempted solutions were not very successful. He initially opposed the relief support campaign that would help Canadian citizens but eventually put it into effect (the Unemployment Relief Act). Also, he raised tariffs which he thought would protect Canadian businesses but instead crippled them because they had more difficulty trading with the other countries (as they reciprocated in kind). Bennett also approached Britain to propose an imperial customs union, but Britain turned him down. 5) Explain a) Unemployment Relief Camps, b) the On-to-Ottawa Trek. a) Unemployment relief camps were camps that provided basic food, shelter, and very low wages for the unemployed in exchange for labour. b) The On-to-Ottawa Trek was an event in 1935 where many people having poor work or trouble with work travelled to Ottawa and to complain before Parliament. This also involved shouting insults at the Prime Minister and various other activities. Find out more. 6) Why were the On-to-Ottawa Trekkers feared? Given the conditions of the Depression, what might justify those fears? What might make such fears exaggerated? The trekkers were thought to be rebels and radicals. Everyone was desperate and afraid, making everyone more fearful of large movements that could pose a potential threat (think Winnipeg General Strike). However, the trekkers already announced their intentions and were peaceful up until their arrival in Ottawa, making these fears very exaggerated. NOTE: Read the entire excerpt in your text. CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 4

5 7) In point form, explain what each of the following parties believed: a) the CCF, b) Social Credit, c) Union Nationale. CCF: (Regina Manifesto, 1933) Favoured public ownership of key industries, establishment of monetary welfare compensations, national minimum wage, social insurance, money spent on public works to increase employment, assurance that nobody hungry or homeless Leader? Members? Social Credit: (founded 1935) Believed capitalism an inefficient system, sought to reform economic institutions, promised each citizen 25 dollars a month for necessities Leader? Members? Union Nationale: Nationalist French-Canadian party believed English minority (in Quebec) responsible for economic crash, desire to defend French language, religion and culture, find new markets for Quebec farm products, create low-income housing, fight to increase provincial powers, still angry over Conscription in 1917 Leader? 8) What was Bennett s New Deal, and why did it fail to convince voters? Bennett s New Deal was a series of promised reforms, which included a maximum work week, health insurance, unemployment insurance, financial assistance to farmers, and the creation of the Economic Council of Canada. This plan was attacked by Liberals and was deemed a sham to simply gain votes. The general populace, having already lost faith in the Conservatives, were swayed and thus the Liberals were voted into power. 9) a) What prompted Mackenzie King to set up the Rowell-Sirois Commission? No answer provided. Following the 1935 election, King knew the provinces and municipalities could not fund a solution alone, so decided to appoint a Commission in 1937 to investigate the issue. b) What was the Commission s role? No answer provided. The Commission was to work on the understanding that human well-being was a national problem, and to suggest ways in which different levels of government could cooperate to provide social support. The Commission pointed the way to a vast change in federal-provincial relations and another step towards the welfare state (144). 10) a) Why was providing relief considered the responsibility of the provinces and municipalities? It was considered a responsibility for provincial and municipal governments to provide relief because it was considered just as an extension of what they have already covered. Explain this answer. b) How did provincial governments lead the way to the welfare state during the 1920s and 1930s? They proposed a series of acts, such as the Old Age Pensions Act (actually passed under King in 1927 for the poorest elderly) and the mother s allowances (e.g., Mothers Pensions Act in Saskatchewan in 1920 and the Ontario Mothers Allowance Act in Ontario that same year). 11) List the technologies and inventions of the 1920s. For each, suggest both positive and negative results. - snowmobile - electric refrigerator - Kraft paper - linoleum - pitch-blende - Bush plane - washing machine 12) How did Canada s economic relationship with the United States change during the 1920s? Select specific facts to prove your summary. 75% of newsprint produced was sent to US. The US was thriving so they were interested in investing in Canada. US began to outstrip British investment. Find out more. 13) What is the connection between an invention and the economy? Consider the automobile, the snowmobile, and the bush plane. As something new is invented, the people of the area will be very intrigued by it. Hence, as more people buy the new product, a positive feedback loop is created and the economic state goes up. Not exactly. Think of such things as the business cycle; primary, secondary and tertiary businesses; and the economy of the time. CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 5

6 Chapter 10 Canada Becomes a Nation Chapter 10: Questions # 3-4, p ) a) What was Article X? Article X was an article (item) contained in the League of Nations charter. It stated independent and territorial integrity and political independence as the goal, with negotiations with aggressors as needed, and military aid to be given by member nations to those countries in the League experiencing threats from other countries that could not be resolved through discussion. b) Why was Article X a contentious issue? Many countries did not wish to be involved in the affairs of other countries that did not concern them. Focus on Canada Canada did not believe it was at risk of attack and so did not want to engage on behalf of other countries in a military effort related to conflicts elsewhere. Canada was isolationist in nature, uninterested in events beyond its borders unless Canada was affected directly. 4) Make a two-column chart. In one column, list Canada s reasons for joining the League of Nations. In the other, list Canada s reservations about the League. See notes below and notes added above. Reasons for Joining Wanted to be recognized as an independent country internationally. Active participation in the war earned Canada a spot in the League. Canada would not have to be overshadowed by Britain Reservations Canada was an isolationist nation Canada did not want to be involved in the affairs of other countries Chapter 10: Questions # 2 & 4, p ) Explain the significance of the following: a) the Chanak Crisis, b) the Halibut Treaty, c) the King-Byng Crisis. The Chanak Crisis of 1922 availed to assert Canadian autonomy because, in that crisis, the Canadian Parliament (rather than the British Parliament) decided what Canada's replication to the crisis would be. Turkish troops threatened to assail British troops that were protecting the Dardanelles. In the prelude to WWI, a few years afore, the British regime had committed to a war without consulting the regimes of the other components of the Commonwealth. This time, Mackenzie King (PM of Canada) did not sanction this. Instead, he had the Canadian Parliament debate what Canada's response would be. The Parliament did not decide anything before the crisis passed, but the point that Canada would decide its own policy was made. Canada chose to negotiate the new Halibut Treaty (1923) without the presence of a British official, despite argument by the British. In every prior negotiation, the British had been actively involved and would ratify the resulting document. This time, Prime Minister Mackenzie King protested, saying that it was Canada's issue and thus only its concern, not Britain's. King threatened to send independent representation to Washington, DC, if Britain intervened, at which point Britain finally backed off; independent representation for Canada would effectively bypass any authority Britain had. Mackenzie's insistence won a major fight for Canada. Where once the nation was dependent upon its mother country to ratify any decision, Canada proved that it was capable of making its own choices and determining its own future. The motion paved the way to colonial independence for not only Canada but also other former British colonies when the Balfour Report was signed at the Imperial Conference in CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 6

7 The King-Byng Crisis was a Canadian constitutional crisis that happened in 1926, between Governor General Julian Byng and Prime Minister Mackenzie King. In the election of 1925, the Liberals won fewer seats than the Conservatives. The result of the election was not what King was expecting; the Conservatives won a total of 116 seats and Liberals were only left with 101 seats, but King decided not to resign and remained in power with the support of the Progressives. In the 1926 election, King declared the Governor General had acted unconstitutionally, by refusing to take the advice from the elected government. King also claimed Byng tried to reduce Canada from the status of a self-governing Dominion to the status of a Crown Colony by refusing King s advice. King's strategy was successful and enabled him to sidestep the customs scandal and win his first majority government. King was back in power. 4) Make a short timeline showing events that changed Canada s status between 1926 and Jan The Chanak Crisis British were in dispute with Turkey over a town, Chanak, and they wanted Canadian military help 1 Jan The Halibut Treaty Canada and the United States of America sign a fishing agreement for Halibut fish in the North Pacific. 1 Jan The Balfour Report Canada & other Dominions were declared self- governing & independent nations but agreed to voluntarily be part of the new Brit. Commonwealth of Nations. 1 Jan The King-Byng Crisis Governor General Julian Byng refused to dissolve Parliament and call an election when King requested it. 18 Mar New Foreign Embassies Canada opens embassy in the United State of America and in the following years, embassies are open in France & Belgium. 11 Dec Statute of Westminster The British government passes the Statute of Westminster which recommended the Balfour Report into law and as a result, it made the Balfour Report law which said that Canada was only bound to laws of its own. Chapter 10: Questions # 1-3, 6-7, 8a & 9a, p ) Explain why the following countries withdrew from the League of Nations: a) Japan, b) Germany, c) Italy. Japan left the League of Nations following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in Both Japan and China were League members, yet the League did not offer military aid (a move Canada supported because Japan was an important trading partner). Japan installed its own leaders in Manchuria and withdrew from the League. Germany was becoming more aggressive towards its former enemies during this time, especially Britain and France, so withdrew in Finally, Italy withdrew after it attacked Ethiopia in 1935 and the League imposed trade sanctions. Once again, though the world supported Ethiopia, no support was provided and no sanctions were place on oil, which Italy needed and could not fuel the war without. This was done because Britain and France especially wanted support in the event of another war with Germany. In Canada, King opposed the Canadian representative s suggestion that oil be added to the list, saying oil sanctions were not government policy. 2) a) Define sanctions. Sanctions: They can be either a permission or a restriction, depending on context as the word is an autoantonym. You will need to revisit this based on context to determine the correct definition for our purposes. b) Why were sanctions not imposed on Japan? Countries that traded with Japan did not want to risk losing trade with the Far East s most powerful nation. Britain also worried about its colonies in the Far East, particularly Hong Kong and Singapore, wondering if Japan would attack them if Britain supported sanctions. c) Why did sanctions fail in Italy? See notes above under Q1 and come to some of your own conclusions. CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 7

8 3) Make a timeline explaining the various steps Canada took towards autonomy from Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. Think carefully about how to summarize these changes on your timeline. 1. The Chanak Crisis in The Halibut Treaty in The King-Byng Crisis in The Balfour Report in New foreign embassies in 1927 where? 6. The Statue of Westminster (Dec. 11, 1931) 6) a) Make a chart comparing the views of Arthur Meighen and Mackenzie King on the British Empire. Be sure to look for both similarities and differences. b) Why do you think Britain proposed its process of consultation with the dominions after the war? c) Why do you think it agreed to the terms of the Balfour Report? 7) a) Prime Minister Mackenzie King distrusted British politicians. In what way did the Chanak Crisis justify his distrust? b) What arguments could have been made in favour of the British position in the crisis? 8) a) Why did Viscount Byng ask Arthur Meighen to form a government in 1926? 9) a) How did the Balfour Report of 1926 redefine Canada as a modern nation? The Balfourt Report defined Canada as an independent nation because it recognized autonomy, selfgovernment, and equality in status. Yellow Highlight revisit this independently for clarification and/or added detail. Blue Highlight added to assist you. CHC2D8 I HUNT The 1920s and 1930s: Q&A Overview (Student Created) 8