Unit 3: The Progressive Movement

Transcription

1 第三单元 : 进步主义运动 3.1 镀金时代和政治腐败 3.2 商业和政治的法规 3.3 揭露黑幕者和其他的进步主义者 3.4 进步主义时代的总统 3.5 进步主义时代的妇女和黑人 单元大纲 十九世纪后期, 在工业成长和移民进入的同时, 也产生了许多问题 包括前面所述的大商业的势力增长, 工厂的恶劣工作条件和城市的恶劣居住条件 另外, 美国的贫富差距增大, 民选的政府官员作了很多非法的事, 如盗窃金钱 由于美国享受着表面的繁华, 却有着诸多问题, 这个时代被称为 镀金时代 为解决这些问题, 来自不同行业的人们开始以行动要求改革 政府也立法以控制商业的垄断 个人和团体对美国的问题采取行动 他们用各种方法及进行改革 这些人被称为进步主义者 在此期间的总统如 : 罗斯福, 塔夫脱和威尔逊都是进步主义者 他们运用总统的权利解决了美国的许多问题 Unit 3: The Progressive Movement 3.1 The Gilded Age and Political Corruption 3.2 Regulation of Politics and Business 3.3 Muckrakers and other Progressives 3.4 Progressive Era Presidents 3.5 Women and African Americans in the Progressive Era Unit Overview As industrial growth and immigration continued in the United States in the late 1800s, many problems were created. The increased power of big businesses, the poor working for many Americans, and the poor living conditions in many cities have already been explained. In addition, the differences between how the rich and poor lived in the United States were growing. Many people elected into government were doing illegal things, such as stealing money. Because the United States looked so good to many people but really had so many problems, this time period was called the Gilded Age. To solve many of these problems, different people started to act to make changes. At times, the government made laws to control businesses from becoming too powerful. Individual people and groups took action to fix what was wrong with the United States. These individuals and groups used a variety of methods to bring about change. Those who took actions to make improvements were known as Progressives. During this time period Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson were considered Progressives. They used their power as president to fix many problems the United States faced. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 1

2 第三单元 : 进步主义运动 Unit 3: The Progressive Movement 关键问题 : 镀金时代美国存在哪些问题? Essential Question: What problems existed in the United States during the Gilded Age? 3.1 镀金时代和政治腐败 3.1: The Gilded Age and Political Corruption 词汇和词组 : 1. 镀金时代 2. 豪宅 3. 腐败 4. 贫困 5. 生活方式 6. 非法 7. 分赃制度 8. 贿赂 9. 政界上司 摘要 : 工业发展时期有些人发了财, 很多穷人却并不发财 贫富之间生活方式的差距很大 ( 特别是在城市里 ) 同时, 政府里也有很多问题 有些政府官员作非法之事 ; 还有些个人用非法手段赢得选票, 进入政府部门 内容 : 南北战争之后的工业化给美国造就了一代富人 铁路, 石油和钢铁大王成了美国的巨富 其他成功的商业人士也变得非常有钱 这些有钱人开始在各地建造规模宏大的豪宅 豪宅里有很多房间, 摆设着豪华的家具和价值连城的艺术品 很多豪宅都模仿欧洲著名的建筑和城堡 他们有钱, 可以使用昂贵的建筑材料如大理石甚至金子 通常这些有钱的美国人拥有不止一处住房 他们把这些豪宅当作他们的夏宫别墅 如今, 在新港和罗德岛还能见到这样的豪宅, 按照市价, 这些豪宅价值两千万美元 与此同时, 成千上百万的美国人处于贫困之中 城市里的贫民工薪低下, 只能住在肮脏, 拥挤的廉价租屋里 城市生活是贫富两重天 Vocabulary & Phrases: 1. Gilded Age 2. mansions 3. corruption 4. poverty 5. lifestyle 6. illegal 7. spoils system 8. bribery 9. political boss Summary: As some people gained a lot of wealth during the period of Industrial Growth, many poor people did not. There was a large difference in the way that the rich and the poor lived (especially in cities). At the same time, there were problems in the government. Many people in the government were doing things that they were not allowed to do and others were doing things that they were not allowed to do to get elected into the government. Content: The period of Industrial Growth after the Civil War made many Americans rich. The owners of the railroad, oil, and steel industries became extremely wealthy. Other successful businessmen also became very wealthy. As a result, many of these wealthy Americans built large mansions with many rooms, and expensive artwork and furniture. Many of these homes were made to look like famous houses and castles of Europe. The wealthy could afford to build these homes using expensive materials like marble and gold. In many cases, these wealthy Americans owned more than one home. Many of the mansions used as summer homes can still be seen today in Newport, Rhode Island. If built today, some of these homes would cost over $20 million. At the same time, millions of Americans were living in poverty. As already explained, poor Americans living in cities had low paying jobs Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 2

3 可是这些差别并不是人人可见 大多数美国人和外国人只见到富人炫富的生活 因此, 这个时期被称为镀金时代 镀金 的意思就是在其他的金属上薄薄地包上一层金子 美国得到这个绰号的原因就是虽然美国看上去富裕堂皇, 但近看一下就会发现很多问题 这段时期的另一个严重问题就是政府的腐化 政府中的许多人做非法的事 ; 有些人使用非法手段竞选政府职务 分赃制是造成这些问题的原因之一 总统当选后, 就会把一些职位交给帮助他竞选的人 这些人不一定都是诚实可靠的 有些人盗用政府的钱, 或使用贿赂来影响竞选结果等等 另一些人并没有能力作他们所给与的工作, 只是光拿钱不干活 在一些大城市里, 腐败更加普遍 人们担心富人在选举中有太大的权利 有时, 有钱人可以通过 买官 的手段进入政府部门 在纽约市, 一个有势力的政治老板威廉 Tweed 通过非法手段得到很多权力 政治老板通常对穷人施行小恩小惠, 给他们所需的食物, 工作来获取权力 穷人受惠之后, 就会按照老板的意思投票 Tweed 在 1860 年代由于在政府里安插了自己的朋友, 从而从纽约市盗取了一亿美元 这些朋友在他的帮助下进入政府部门, 作为回报, 他们纵容 Tweed 为所欲为 and could only afford small, dirty, tenement apartments. The life that the urban poor and the wealthy experienced was very different. Unfortunately the difference between the rich and the poor was not seen by everyone. Most Americans and people in other countries only saw the wealth and lifestyle that the rich had. For this reason, this time period is called the Gilded Age. Something that is gilded is covered in a thin layer of gold. Under the gold is usually a cheaper material. (For example, a piece of jewelry that is gilded is gold on the outside, but a cheaper metal on the inside. This makes it look like it is worth more money than it really is.) This nickname was given to the United States because although the country looked golden there were really many problems if you looked closely. Another major problem during this time period was corruption in the government. Many people in the government were doing illegal things and others were doing illegal things to get elected. Part of the problem was the spoils system. When a president was elected, he gave government jobs to the people who helped him win the election. Sometimes the people who were given jobs were not honest. Some of these people stole government money, used bribery, affected the results of elections, etc. Others had no skills for the jobs they were given and were being paid for doing no work. In some major cities, corruption was very common. Many people worried that the rich had a lot of power in elections. In some cases, people with a lot of money were able to buy elections or pay to get the people they wanted elected into the government. In New York City, a powerful political boss named William Tweed gained a lot of power in illegal ways. Political bosses usually gained power by giving the poor food, jobs, and other things that they needed. By doing this, these people voted for whoever the political boss wanted. William Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 3

4 复习 : 1. 描述十九世纪末期美国富人的生活状况 2. 为什么这个时代被称为 镀金时代? 3. 分赃制如何造成政府的麻烦? 年代,Tweed 如何在纽约市成为有权势的人? Tweed was able to steal more than 100 million dollars from New York City during the 1860s by keeping his friends in the government. Because he helped get his friends elected, they owed him favors and did what he wanted. Review: 1. Describe how some of the very rich people lived in the United States in the late 1800s. 2. Why was this time period called the Gilded Age? 3. How did the spoils system cause problems in the government? 4. How did William Tweed gain a lot of power in New York City in the 1860s? Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 4

5 第三单元 : 进步主义运动 关键问题 : 十九世纪末期和二十世纪初期, 政府如何试图解决美国的某些问题? Unit 3: The Progressive Movement Essential Question: How did the government try to fix some of the problems in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s? 3.2: 对政治和企业的规章制度 3.2: Regulation of Politics and Business 词汇和词组 : 1. 公务员委员会 2. 修正案 3. 第十六修正案 4. 第十七修正案 5. 参议员 6. 贿赂 7. 规定 摘要 : Vocabulary & Phrases: 1. Civil Service Commission 2.amendment 3. Sixteenth Amendment 4. Seventeenth Amendment 5. senator 6. bribery 7. regulate Summary: 美国的镀金时代存在的大量社会问题致使政府开始试图解决这些问题 为制止政府的腐败制定了新的法律 为限制企业日益增大的势力也制定了新的法律 虽然新的法律不能彻底地解决问题, 但是它们显示了政府行动的意愿 内容 : 政府要对付的一个重要问题就是政治腐败 为了制止分赃制引起的腐败, 政府成立了一个公务员委员会 制定了法律要求所有寻求某些政府职务的人员都必须参加公务员考试 在此期间, 为了杜绝政府的腐化, 如由政治老板造成的腐败, 还产生了其他的变化 这些改变抑制了政治老板和政府中腐化分子的权力, 而增加了选民的权力 选民得到选举参加竞选人士的权力 另一项改变就是选民们可以表决通过法令或是向政府建议某项法案的通过 选民们还有权利罢免贪官污吏 Because there were many problems in the United States during the Gilded Age, the government began to try to fix some of these problems. Some new laws were made to stop corruption in the government. Other new laws were made to limit the power of big businesses. These new laws did not fix all of the problems, but it showed that the government was willing to take action. Content: One of the problems that the government tried to fix during the Gilded Age was political corruption. In order to stop some of the problems that the spoils system caused, the government created the Civil Service Commission. This was a law that required people to take a test for some government jobs. This made sure that only people who had skills did certain jobs in the government. There were other changes created during this period of time that tried to stop corruption in government, such as the corruption caused by political bosses. These changes gave more power to voters so that the political bosses and corrupt people in the government would have less power. Voters were given the power to choose who would run for election for government. Another change gave voters the power to vote on laws. Another gave voters the power to suggest a law for the government to vote on. One even gave voters the power to remove a corrupt member of government from office. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 5

6 政府在此期间通过了两项宪法修正案 修正案 就是对宪法的部分修改 第十六修正案产生于 1913 年 这一修正案造成了一条新的税法, 规定了富人要比穷人付较多的税 这一税法帮助了居住在贫困环境中的穷人 同年政府还对宪法作了第十七条修正案 这条修正案允许人民选举参议员 参议院是在华盛顿负责制定法律的政治人物 在这条修正案之前, 选择参议员的过程时有腐败发生 这条修正案给予选民权利, 杜绝了贿赂和舞弊 最后, 政府为了整治商业中的问题也新立了法律 政府开始对商业的行为进行规定和控制 1887 年政府制定了州际贸易法案 这个法案禁止大铁路公司致使小公司破产的行为 如前所述, 政府在 1888 年制定了舒曼反托拉斯法 这是判定垄断为非法的第一部法令 两部法令虽不强大, 但是显示了政府不容许富有的有势力的大企业为所欲为 复习 : 1. 政府为什么设立了公务员委员会? 2. 在此期间, 政治老板和腐败分子如何失势? 3. 宪法第十六修正案的内容是什么? 4. 为什么政府设立了州际贸易委员会? The government also passed two amendments to the Constitution during this time. An amendment is a change to a part of the Constitution. The Sixteenth Amendment was created in This amendment created a new tax law that made rich people pay more taxes than poor people. This was created to help poor people who were living in poor conditions. The government also created the 17 th Amendment to the Constitution during that same year. This amendment allowed voters to vote for senators. Senators are members of the government in Washington D.C. who are in charge of making laws for the United States. Before this amendment, there was corruption involved in choosing senators. This amendment gave power to voters and made it impossible for bribery to take place. Finally, the government made new laws that tried to fix some of the problems in business. The government began to regulate, or control, what businesses did. The government made the Interstate Commerce Act in This law made it illegal for large railroad companies to do things that would put the smaller railroad companies out of business. As explained before, the government made the Sherman Antitrust Act in This was the first law made to make monopolies illegal. Both of these laws were weak, but it showed that the government was not going to let large, rich, powerful businesses do whatever they wanted anymore. Review: 1. Why did the government make the Civil Service Commission? 2. How did political bosses and corrupt people in the government lose power during this time? 3. What did the 16 th Amendment to the Constitution say? 4. Why did the government make the Interstate Commerce Commission? Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 6

7 第三单元 : 进步主义运动 关键问题 : 十九世纪末和二十世纪初揭发黑幕的人和进步主义者如何试图解决一些美国的社会问题? Unit 3: The Progressive Movement Essential Question: How did muckrakers and Progressives try to fix some of the problems in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s? 3.3 揭发黑幕的和其他进步主义者 3.3: Muckrakers and Other Progressives 词汇和词组 : 1. 揭发黑幕者 2. 暴露 3. 公众意见 4. 改革 5. 进步主义者 6. 丛林 7. 另一半人如何生活? 摘要 : Vocabulary & Phrases: 1. muckrakers 2. expose 3. public opinion 4. reform 5. Progressives 6. The Jungle 7. How the Other Half Lives Summary: 除了政府以外, 社会上还有其他人试图帮助解决美国的问题 最有帮助的人就是被称为揭露黑幕者的一些作家和记者 他们在报上发表文章或出版书籍来暴露社会存在的严重问题 还有其他人用各种方法来帮助解决这些问题 内容 : 揭露黑幕者是帮助解决美国问题的十分重要的一群人 他们是作家, 新闻从业人员, 揭露了美国在那个时代的许多问题 他们希望通过揭露问题, 人们会愤怒并要求改变 揭露黑幕者发表不断发表的文章改变了公众的意见, 促进了许多的改革 最著名的揭露黑幕者是辛克莱, 在他的小说 丛林 中, 辛克莱描写了肉类加工厂的黑暗和腐败 他揭露出工厂肮脏的环境, 供给美国人的是有病的和衰老的动物 他描述了死老鼠被混入肉类, 工厂还在肉里添加化学品使它们看上去新鲜 In addition to the government, there were many other people who tried to help solve the problems of the United States. One of the most important groups of people that helped solve these problems was the muckrakers. They wrote books and newspaper articles to show the country how bad some of these problems were. Many other people helped solve these problems in a variety of ways. Content: One group that was very important in helping to fix the problems of the United States was the muckrakers. Muckrakers were journalists and writers who described many of the problems facing Americans at this time. They hoped that if they exposed the problems, people would be angry and demand change. As more and more muckrakers published their writings, public opinion did begin to change. This forced many reforms to take place. One of the most famous muckrakers was Upton Sinclair. In his book The Jungle, Sinclair wrote about the corruption in the meatpacking industry. He exposed the fact that the factories were dirty and that old and sick animals were being used to make the meat that Americans were eating. He describes how dead rats were being added to the meat and many chemicals were being used to make the meat appear clean. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 7

8 另一位著名的揭露者是李斯 在他的著作 : 另外一半人如何生活 中, 李斯描述了城市贫民的恶劣居住条件, 书中还用了许多照片来证明这些恶劣体条件 塔贝尔揭露的是商业的腐败 她揭示了标准石油公司这类大企业如何利用不公平的手段来消除竞争 斯特芬揭露的是政府的腐败 例如 : 他揭露了政府里监守自盗的情形 凯利则揭露了工厂里工人, 包括童工的工作条件 还有其他的进步主义者试图进行改革 他们想改善人们的生活并解决美国面对的问题 他们针对的是由工业化和城市化而引起的问题 亚当斯在芝加哥创立了赫尔收容所 在那里人们可以上课学习英语和其它技术, 玩运动, 得到食物和解决其它需求 许多进步主义者志愿帮助他人寻找工作和居所 还有些人致力于使城市的孩子都有受教育的机会 整体来说, 揭露者和进步主义者取得了很多成功 辛克莱的书导致了新的法律, 规定了屠宰工厂必须清洁卫生 ; 李斯的书导致了对租户条件作出规定的法律 住宅大楼普遍变得安全和清洁了 街道被铺平和打扫 污染, 垃圾和脏水的情形都有所改善 由于且居住条件致死的人数也有所下降 Another famous muckraker was Jacob Riis. In his book How the Other Half Lives, Riis describes how bad the living conditions for poor Americans living in urban areas were. He also included many pictures to prove just how bad the living conditions in tenements were. Ida Tarbell wrote about corruption in business. She showed how companies like the Standard Oil Company used unfair business practices to eliminate competition. Lincoln Steffens wrote about corruption in government. For example, he exposed how people in the government stole money for themselves. Florence Kelley wrote about the conditions for adults and children working in factories. There were other Progressives who tried to bring about reforms. Progressives were people who worked to improve the lives of Americans and fix problems that the United States faced. They focused on the problems caused by industrial growth and urbanization. Jane Addams created the Hull House in Chicago. Hull House was a place where people could go to classes to learn English and other skills, play sports, and get food and other needs. Many Progressives spent their time helping people find jobs and decent housing. Some Progressives were responsible for making education available to more children living in urban areas. Overall, muckrakers and Progressives achieved many successes. Upton Sinclair s book led to new laws being passed that regulated meatpacking factories and required cleaner conditions. Jacob Riis book led to new laws that regulated conditions in tenements. In general, buildings began to become safer and cleaner. Streets were paved and cleaned. Problems such as pollution, garbage, and dirty water decreased. The number of people who died due to poor living conditions decreased. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 8

9 复习 : 1. 揭露者们为什么写书和报纸文章? 2. 辛克莱和李斯在他们的书中写了些什么? 3. 在这一时期, 进步主义者还要解决那两个问题? 4. 揭露者们在此期间取得了哪些成功? Review: 1. Why did muckrakers write books and newspaper articles? 2. What did Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis write about in their books? 3. What were two other problems that Progressives tried to solve during this time? 4. What were two successes that muckrakers and Progressives achieved during this time? Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 9

10 第三单元 : 进步主义运动关键问题 : 进步主义时代的美国总统如何解决十九世纪末, 二十世纪初的美国问题? Unit 3: The Progressive Movement Essential Question: How did the Presidents of the Progressive Era try to fix some of the problems in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s? 3.4 进步主义时代的总统 3.4: Progressive Era Presidents 词汇和词组 : 1. 暗杀 2. 解散托拉斯的检察官 3. 公平交易 4. 纯洁食品药品法案 5. 野生世界 6. 保存 7. 进口 8. 关税 9. 收入 摘要 : 这个阶段美国有三个总统与进步主义者有着同样的目标 在白宫期间, 他们帮助解决了一些进步主义者争取解决的问题 三位总统是 : 西奥多罗斯福 ( ) 威廉哈瓦德塔福特 ( ) 吴周维尔森 ( ) 内容 : 西奥多罗斯福在麦肯林遭到暗杀后继任总统 按照宪法, 如果总统死亡, 副总统就任总统 罗斯福总统被认为是解散托拉斯的人 他要制定法令来限制不公平的托拉斯 托拉斯对待工人很坏, 不公平的提高产品价格并获取大量权利, 但他不想去解散一些公平运作并对公众有益的托拉斯 他首先使用舒曼反托拉斯法, 成功地解散了如标准石油这样的垄断集团 罗斯福总统是第一位与工人们站在一边, 为他们争取合理的工资和缩短工作时数的总统 罗斯福承诺美国人民公平的交易 这也就是 Vocabulary & Phrases: 1. assassinated 2. trustbuster 3. Square Deal 4. Pure Food and Drug Act 5. wilderness 6. conservation 7. imports 8. tariff 9. income Summary: There were three presidents during the early 1900s that had some of the same goals as the Progressives. While in the White House, they helped to fix some of the same problems that muckrakers and Progressives fought to fix. These three presidents were: Theodore Roosevelt ( ) William Howard Taft ( ) Woodrow Wilson ( ) Contents: Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901 after President McKinley was assassinated. According to the Constitution, the vice president becomes president if the president dies. President Roosevelt was seen as a trustbuster. This meant that he wanted to regulate or break up trusts that were unfair. These trusts did not treat workers well, unfairly raised prices and gained a great deal of power. He did not, however, want to regulate or break up those trusts that acted fairly and benefitted the public. He was the first to use the Sherman Antitrust Act and was successful in breaking up trusts including the Standard Oil Company. President Roosevelt was one of the first presidents to take the side of workers to help them get better pay and a shorter workday. Roosevelt promised Americans a Square Deal. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 10

11 说, 每个美国人都同样的机会取得成功 他要保证不管是商人, 工人还是农人, 都有机会赚钱并过上好日子 要实现这一目标, 他要求国会通过法令来规范各种工业 在 1906 年, 通过了一条法令来限制大铁路公司用降低票价的方法来挤垮小公司 同年, 通过了纯洁食物和药品的法案 这条法案的产生就是由于 丛林 一书的揭露 它要求商家把食品和药品的成分都列在包装外, 并宣布使用不纯或 肮脏 成分为非法 罗斯福还派遣检查员定期检查肉类工厂, 保证人们不会因食用不好的肉类而致病 最后, 罗斯福保护了美国的野生世界 罗斯福总统担心工业的成长会破坏国家的森林和土地 他相信环保, 保护自然 他要求工厂修补他们对环境造成的任何破坏 他在全国各地建立国家公园, 任何人不能毁坏 威廉塔夫特 1909 年成为总统 他也赞成进步主义者的目标 比起罗斯福总统, 他解散了更多的托拉斯 他帮助工人们建立安全的生产条件 他把政府工作人员的工作时间定为八小时 塔夫特总统不赞成童工, 他要求消灭童工制度 吴周维尔逊 1913 年成为总统 他也致力于解决托拉斯 他要美国的市场增加竞争 为此, 他要求国会减免进口 ( 从外国买进的商品 ) 税 也叫关税 如果关税低, 美国企业就会增加竞争力 他还要求国会通过法令, 将迫使竞争对手破产的行径列为非法 威尔逊总统还签署了 This meant that all Americans should have the same chance to succeed in life. He wanted to make sure that business owners, workers, farmers, etc. all had the chance to make money and live a happy life. To do this, he asked Congress to pass new laws that regulated different industries. In 1906, A law was passed that made it illegal for big railroad companies from lowering their prices in order to put smaller companies out of business. In that same year, the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. This law was created because of The Jungle and required ingredients to be listed on food and drug packages and made using impure or dirty ingredients illegal. Roosevelt also made inspectors go into meatpacking plants regularly to make sure that the meat being sold would not make people sick. Finally, Roosevelt helped protect the wilderness of the United States. President Roosevelt was afraid that the period of industrial growth was hurting the country s forests and land. He believed in conservation, or protection of nature. He wanted industries to repair any damage to the environment that it caused. He created parks throughout the country that could not be destroyed. William Howard Taft became president in President Taft also was in favor of Progressive goals. He broke up even more trusts than Roosevelt. He also helped workers by helping their working conditions become safer. He reduced the working day for government workers to 8 hours. President Taft did not approve of child labor and wanted it to end. Woodrow Wilson became president in He too worked to break up trusts. He wanted to increase the amount of competition in the United States. To do this, he asked Congress to lower the tax on imports (goods bought from other countries). This tax is known as a tariff. If the Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 11

12 限制垄断的法令 最后, 威尔逊总统签署了税法, 迫使富人比穷人纳更多的税 复习 : 1. 罗斯福总统要解除什么样的托拉斯? 2. 罗斯福总统的 公平交易 是什么意思? 3. 塔夫特总统的两个成功是什么? 4. 威尔逊总统如何增加美国企业的竞争? tariff is lower, there would be more competition for American businesses from other countries. He also asked Congress to pass a law that made it illegal for companies to take actions that would put their competition out of business. He then signed a law that more strongly regulated monopolies. Finally, President Wilson passed an income tax that forced richer Americans to pay more than poorer ones. Review: 1. What kind of trusts did President Roosevelt want to break up? 2. What did President Roosevelt mean by a Square Deal? 3. What were two successes of President Taft? 4. How did President Wilson try to increase competition in American business? Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 12

13 第三单元 : 进步主义运动 Unit 3: The Progressive Movement 关键问题 : 进步主义时代如何影响了美国妇女 Essential Question: How did the Progressive 和黑人的生活? Era affect the lives of women and African Americans? 3.5: 在进步主义时代的妇女和黑人 3.5: Women and African Americans in the Progressive Era 词汇和词组 : Vocabulary & Phrases: 1. 低等 2. 社会工作者 3. 专业人士 4. 社交俱乐 1. inferior 2. social worker 3. professionals 部 5. 选举权 6. 歧视 7. 全美妇女选举权协会 4. social clubs 5. suffrage 6.discrimination 8. 第十九修正案 9. 全国有色人种协进会 7. National American Woman Suffrage Association th Amendment 9. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 摘要 : 在进步主义时期需要解决的另一个问题是妇女和黑人的权利问题 这两个人群仍被看作没有白人男人的重要 妇女不能得到和男人一样的权利和工作 黑人在南北战争后得到解放, 但是他们的生活并没有得到很大改善 在这个时期, 他们也采取了行动来改变自己的生活 内容 : 虽然第十五修正案规定了黑人的选举权, 却没有给妇女同样的权利 南北战争后, 妇女仍被看作低人一等 她们是家庭主妇, 在家照顾孩子, 或者做一些较不重要的工作, 并支付比男人少的工资 1800 年代后期, 较多的妇女得到受教育的机会 在 1870 年至 1910 年间, 从大学毕业的妇女人数翻了一倍 新的教育使得妇女得到过去仅由男人干的工作 妇女成为律师, 医生, 社会工作者, 教师和其他专业人士 妇女也开始加入一些社交俱乐部 在这些地方, 妇女聚会来讨论他们读的书和世界大事 Summary: Another problem that began to be solved during the Progressive Era was the rights of women and African Americans. Both of these groups were still seen as less important than white men. Women were not given the same rights and jobs as men. African Americans were freed from slavery after the Civil War, but their lives did not improve greatly. Both groups took action to improve their lives during this time period. Content: Although the 15 th Amendment to the Constitution gave African American men the right to vote, it did not give women the same right. In the years after the Civil War, women were still seen as inferior to men. Many were housewives, took care of children, or had jobs that were less important and paid less than the ones that men had. In the late 1800s, more women began to get an education. The number of women who graduated college doubled between 1870 and This new education allowed women to gain jobs that were usually only for men. Women became lawyers, doctors, social workers, teachers and other professionals. Women also began to join social clubs. In these social clubs women met to discuss books, world events, etc. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 13

14 新的工作和社交俱乐部使许多妇女成为进步主义者 妇女为反对童工, 反对政府腐化, 清洁和安全的工作环境, 工人的较高报酬等而战斗 她们争取的最重要的权利就是妇女的选举权 1890 年, 苏珊安东尼和伊丽莎白斯坦顿创建了全美妇女选举权委员会 这一组织拥有许多成员 她们组织示威游行, 绝食斗争等方法来争取对妇女的选举权的支持 最重要的行动就是 1917 年在白宫前的示威 逐渐地, 从西部的一些州开始, 妇女开始享有选举权 最终, 在 1920 年, 第十九修正案被通过 这个法令让所有妇女拥有选举权 美国黑人在南北战争结束时取得了一些权利, 但随着时间的推移, 他们失去了当时得到的权利 大部分黑人只能得到低薪工作 他们在有些社区租不到房子 在南部, 黑人还遭受暴力 在整个美国, 黑人都受到歧视 在此期间, 有几位黑人进步主义者取得了影响 埃达威尔士是位新闻人员, 她攥文揭露了对黑人的暴力行为 伯克华盛顿鼓励黑人参加工作并为自己存款 华盛顿认为, 有了钱, 黑人才能逐渐得到权力去要求平等的待遇 杜波伊斯要黑人为反对种族歧视而斗争 他认为耐心等待平等是不明智的 与其他进步主义者一起, 他创立了全国有色人种促进会 至今这个组织仍在为争取黑人的平等权益而斗争 These new jobs and social clubs convinced many women to become Progressives. Women fought against child labor, for ending corruption in government, for cleaner and safer working conditions, higher wages for workers, etc. The biggest reform that they fought for was women s suffrage, or the right of women to vote. In 1890, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was created by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. This group had many members and organized parades, protests, hunger strikes and other demonstrations to gain support for women s suffrage. Their most famous act was protesting in front of the White House in Little by little, women began to get the right to vote in some states, mostly in the west. Finally, in 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment was passed. This law gave all women the right to vote. African Americans gained some rights after the Civil War ended, but as time went one, they lost much of what they had gained. Most African Americans could only get low paying jobs. Some African Americans could not rent homes in certain neighborhoods. In the South, there was violence against African Americans. Throughout the country, African Americans faced discrimination. Several African American Progressives gained some power during this time. Ida Wells was a journalist who wrote articles speaking out against the violence against African Americans. Booker T. Washington encouraged African Americans to work and save money. By gaining money, Washington said, African Americans could gain enough power over time to demand equality. W.E.B. DuBois wanted African Americans to fight against discrimination. He did not think it was wise to be patient and wait for equality. Along with other Progressives, he formed the National Association for the Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 14

15 Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). This organization, which still exists today, fought for equal rights for African Americans. 但是, 在此阶段, 黑人得到的很少 大多数进步主义者关注着国家面临的其他问题, 而很少注意黑人的需要和权利 复习 : 1. 南北战争后, 妇女的生活有哪些改善? 2. 妇女进步主义者解决了哪些问题? 3. 妇女为争取选举权作了些什么? 4. 南北战争后, 黑人遇到哪些问题? 5. 一些进步主义者作了哪些事来改善黑人的生活? Even still, African American gained very little during this time period. Most Progressive focused on the other problems facing the country and paid little attention to the needs and rights of African Americans. Review: 1. How did the lives of some women begin to change after the Civil War? 2. What problems did women Progressive try to solve? 3. What did women do to try to get the right to vote? 4. What problems did African Americans face after the Civil War? 5. What did some Progressives do to try to improve the lives of African Americans? Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 15

16 答案 : 富人居住在豪宅里 这些豪宅拥有很多房间, 有价值昂贵的艺术品和家具 它们往往是用贵重建材, 模仿欧洲的古堡和住房建成的 2. 虽然国家犹如镀金, 美国实际上存在许多问题 如果近看, 你会发现许多人过的日子并不好 3. 不合格或是不诚实的人得到了政府的工作 这造成了政府的腐败 4. 他给穷人食物和工作, 以期他们投票给他的兄弟 当他的朋友们得到了政府职位, 他就对他们有恩了 1. 想得到政府工作的人必须通过考试以保证他们具有工作所需的技能 2. 产生了赋予选民更多的权利, 同时剥夺政治老板的变化 如 : 选民可以决定获选人, 而不是政治老板 选民还可以对法律的增减, 弹劾腐败分子等政治事务投票表决 3. 这一修正案创立了新的税法, 迫使富人比穷人纳较多的税 4. 这一法案为整顿铁路公司而立 它制止大公司的扩张和垄断 1. 他们要揭露美国存在的许多问题 他们希望当人们了解这些问题的存在, 他们会要求改变 Answer Key: The rich lived in mansions with many rooms and expensive artwork and furniture. Many homes were made to look like the houses and castles in Europe and were made of expensive materials. 2. Although the country looked golden, there were many problems in the United States. If you looked closely, you would see that many people were not living a good life. 3. Many government jobs were given to people who were not qualified or honest. That led to corruption in the government. 4. He gave jobs and food to the poor so that they would vote for his friends. When his friends were in the government, they would owe Boss Tweed favors People who wanted government jobs had to pass a test to make sure that only people who had skills did certain jobs in the government. 2. Changes were made to give the voters more power and take power away from political bosses. For example, voters chose who would try to win elections, not political bosses. Voters got the power to vote on laws, remove corrupt members of the government, etc. 3. This amendment created a new tax law that made rich people pay more taxes than poor people. 4. This law was made to regulate railroad companies. It stopped them from becoming too large and too powerful and to stop monopolies from forming They wanted to expose the problems that existed in the United States. They hoped that if people found out about these problems, more Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 16

17 2. 厄普敦辛克莱描写了肉类加工厂的恶劣和肮脏的环境 李斯描写了大城市里的恶劣居住环境 3. 其他进步主义者为反对企业和政府的腐化, 恶劣的工作环境和童工作斗争 4. 通过了有关工厂和住房的法律 城市的居民得到受教育, 工作的机会和其他的帮助 people would want them solved. 2. Upton Sinclair wrote about the dirty conditions in the meatpacking factories. Jacob Riis wrote about the poor living conditions in the urban cities of America. 3. Other Progressives fought against corruption in business and government, poor working conditions, child labor, etc. 4. Laws were passed that regulated factory and living conditions. Some poor people living in cities were given education, jobs, and other support 他要破除企业托拉斯, 这些企业不善待工人, 无理提价并得到太多的权利 2. 他希望所有美国人都有成功的机会 他希望不论贫富, 人们都能过上幸福的生活 3. 他解散了托拉斯, 改进了工作条件, 减少了政府机构的工作时数并开始为反对童工斗争 4. 他降低了进口税, 要求国会通过法令, 使得迫使竞争对手破产的行为为非法 ; 并通过了有力限制垄断的法令 1. 妇女开始受到教育, 得到专业工作, 还成立了社交俱乐部 2. 他们试图解决童工问题, 政府腐败和不良工作环境问题 她们还争取妇女的选举权 3. 她们组织了游行, 绝食, 集会等形式的示威活动 她们还在白宫外面机会示威 He wanted to break up bad trusts that did not treat workers well, unfairly raised prices and gained too much power. 2. He wanted all Americans to have the same chance to succeed in life. He wanted to make sure both the rich and poor were able to lead happy lives. 3. He broke up trusts, improved working conditions, reduced the work day for government workers and started to fight child labor. 4. He lowered the tax on imports. He also asked Congress to pass a law that made it illegal for businesses to take actions that would put their competition out of business and a law that more strongly regulated monopolies Women began to get an education, get more professional jobs, and create social clubs. 2. They tried to solve the problems of child labor, corruption in government, poor working conditions, etc. They also fought to get suffrage for women. 3. They organized parades, protests, hunger strikes and other demonstrations. They also protested outside of the White House. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 17

18 4. 他们失去了一些在南北战争以后获取的权利 在住房和工作方面他们都受到歧视 他们有时受到暴力 5. 有些进步主义者揭露黑人受到的迫害 另一些人认为黑人应该努力挣钱并储蓄来得到权利 还有些人认为黑人应对种族歧视进行斗争 4. They lost some of the rights that they gained after the Civil War. They faced discrimination when trying to get homes and jobs. They also were sometimes the victims of violence. 5. Some Progressive wrote articles protesting how badly African Americans were treated. Others said that African Americans should work and save money to gain power. Others said that African Americans should fight against discrimination. Bilingual Study Notes: US History 8 th Grade Page 18