The Key Word is "Social"!

Transcription

1 12-15 February 1998 Massey Unversty, Albany Campus SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: WHOSE AGENDA? CHOICES FOR THE FUTURE The Key Word s "Socal"! Katherne Peet Abstract Ths paper consders the space wthn whch the State, the Publc Servce and Common Wealth nteract. In partcular, power relatonshps whch fall outsde naton-states are examned. These general ssues are related to the author's understandng of the responsblty of Tauw to move from notons of majortaransm to better understandng Tno Rangatratanga as the context for power relatonshps n Aotearoa. In order to address these ssues, settng the agenda for democracy s presented as an urgent prorty for the Thrd Sector, alongsde but ndependent of the State / Government / Statutory Sector and the Busness / Commercal / Corporate Sector. Issues of dependency are examned at personal and structural levels. The queston of Socal Responsblty s then related to the larger pcture, of nterrelatonshps between the natural system, the support system, and the socal system. A bref descrpton wll be gven, of some post-normal scentfc methodologes whch ncrease our ablty to examne complex socal processes, n ways that expose the nadequacy of many of the foundatons of the currentlyfashonable doctrne of economc ratonalty. For example, the currently-domnant hypothess, that ether we are "dependent" or we are "socally responsble", wll be exposed. The possblty of redefnng work wll be used as an llustraton of the recognton that There Are Many Optons (TAMO), and t s not a queston that There Is No Alternatve (TINA)! Introducton The call by Government for acton on Socal Responsblty should be welcomed as recognton that polcy requres more than market mechansms for mplementaton. On the other hand, t should also be receved wth great cauton, because the attempt over the last 20 years to ncorporate many socal actvtes nto the market - by redefnng them as commodtes - has made much of what really matters to us nvsble. Ths s an opportunty both to put Socal Responsblty on the Agenda and to nsst that socal actvtes be seen n ther full context of relatonshps between people, rather than seen only n the lmted context of market transactons between ndvdual buyers and sellers. Current polcy framework The current requrement s, however, that nstead of takng ths full socal context nto consderaton, prorty must be gven to "effcency", whch n practce comes down to maxmsng proft or mnmsng cost. Ths requrement has transformed the complex web of mutual relatonshps nherent n socal actvtes nto a smple sub-set of traded tems of producton, consumpton and exchange. The polcy development assocated wth ths approach has been underpnned by slogans such as Margaret Thatcher's asserton that "there s no such thng as socety, there are just ndvduals" [], "get bg Government off my back" and concern about the "nanny state" on whch some people are "dependent". When anyone ponts to the way prces never fully reflect all the relevant socal factors, the outcome s descrbed as "market falure", as f ths s only a mnor aberraton on the way to ncorporatng everythng nto the market. Alongsde such conclusons s promoton of the dea that f everyone wll just express ther ndvdual preferences and self-nterest, and "demand", then the market wll respond. It s tme to remnd ourselves that there s no such thng as supply and demand - only supply and funded demand. The market wll not respond unless we have funds to go wth our demands. It s therefore of deep concern that the Socal Welfare Mnster Roger Sowry states that: "the proposed code of socal responsblty wll by ts very nature be lke the fscal responsblty

2 legslaton, wll broadly set the gudelnes we wll use for the new socal development, and wll spell out the set of responsbltes along wth that set of rghts we have n socety".[] The fscal responsblty legslaton s the backdrop to polcy developed wthn a market framework. We need to be aware that new polcy wll be developed wthn that market framework unless we see that the Framework tself s broadened. In addton, ths current approach s assocated wth emphass on "strategc management", where ndvdual blame s apportoned when dffcultes arse and "outcomes" are seen as clearly defnable and not a matter of perspectve. Ths emphass on defnng outcomes s what Chrstopher Polltt, speakng at the 1997 NZ Publc Servce Senor Management conference, called: "unwarranted conceptual mperalsm... There may be fundamental poltcal and socal dssensus as to what the desred outcomes are supposed to be. Are prsons supposed to rehabltate or punsh?... Outcomes are not products... Rather they are nteractons... What I do not mean s that mnsters and publc servants can wash ther hands of outcomes. What I mean s that responsblty for them s often shared... Government responsblty begns to shade nto socetal and ndvdual responsblty... There s an ethcal ssue here. What does t say about our standards f mnsters and publc servants avert ther gaze from the fnal mpacts of the programmes they have fashoned?" [] There s much evdence that the fnal mpacts of current polces are falng to acheve what s expected of them. Alarmng socal statstcs n ths (and other) countres abound. A ffth of the world's people now share less than 1.5% of the world's ncome [] and pressures on scarce envronmental resources are ntroducng the danger of collapse of agrcultural, forest, sol, water and other systems []. In ths land, 30% of our chldren lve n beneft dependent famles, we have the hghest female youth sucde rate and the thrd hghest male youth sucde rate amongst the 23 OECD countres, the number of people recevng food bank assstance has rsen from 4000 n 1990 to a recent fgure exceedng []. The asserton that t s ndvdual behavour rather than the socal order that s to blame for ths state of affars must be exposed as false. The currently-prevalent explanaton s that there has been a sudden (over the last 15 years) wdespread personal falure of ndvduals n ther famles and local neghbourhoods, causng them to move to beneft dependency nstead of beng socally responsble. The agenda for defnng Socal Responsblty must not be left to those who take such a smplstc vew. Professor Deakn from Leeds Unversty recently presented hs research to a semnar at Oxford Unversty on "Indvdual Moral Character s Responsble for the Poverty People Face" []. He descrbed the recent shft n the vew of welfare as beng: to a channel of the pursut of self-nterest - from a mechansm for the re-dstrbuton of wealth to the exercse of control by socety - from an expresson of altrusm to a mechansm of moral regeneraton - from a negaton of socal dvsons. He argued that the possblty that there can be an allance between the haves and the have-nots must become part of the polcy debate. Possble polcy frameworks Polltt quotes Immergut [] - "It s mportant to be clear that poltcal and admnstratve nsttutons set the boundares wthn whch strategc actors make ther choces". Ths realty gves the opportunty to address the asserton often stated by those n power (and felt by many lay people) that there s no alternatve (TINA). In realty there are many optons (TAMO). Ths TINA prncple s best exposed by analogy wth Henry Ford's famous dctum n relaton to hs motor cars - "You can have any colour you lke as long as t s black". What TAMO affrms s not only that dfferent colours are to be encouraged but also that alternatves such as bcycles, buses and horses may also be solutons to the transportaton problem. There s useful comparatve work beng done by Polltt and others []: 2

3 "... (In) Sweden and Fnland... busness s not regarded as nherently superor (where the) state s fundamentally a burden on socety... (There) s consderable scope for natonal leaders to adapt reform polces to sut the partcular nsttutons and value preferences of ther own countres." The queston we face s how to explore ths scope when "TINA" (especally that n the form of marketdrven polcy) and the paralyss we feel from analyss of all that s bad and sad around us, seems overwhelmng. As the mllennum draws to a close we must not succumb to the noton that we have faled, and therefore must retreat nto ever smaller spaces of self-defnton. Ths s precsely the tme to dream the best dream of them all... [] A commtment to Socal Responsblty mght provde a way to dream ths dream n a way that s ethcal and nclusve, allowng for TAMO. But how are we to develop and montor polcy, wthout mposng one "soluton"? In a pluralstc world strong personal convctons are mportant but they cannot be shared by everyone, nor can they be proved to be rght []. Also we must keep constantly n our mnds that our current legal system s predcated on ndvdual property rghts mplyng that all such property can be "valued" and traded. Yet most of us know that the thngs we really value cannot be prced n dollar terms. It s my contenton that ndvdualsaton of socal responsblty s a contradcton n terms! Socal s the key word! Socal ethcs We must fnd ways ethcally to control "the best dream" of an nclusve framework for the future for socal responsblty. We must not be lmted to dong so wthn the market framework alone. Peter Pruzan of the Copenhagen Busness School suggests that such a dream wll be "ethcal f all partes nvolved can accept t... (Ths ethcs refers to) both to a conversaton process and to the acton whch s the product of the conversaton. The same acton can be both ethcal and unethcal - ether for two dfferent groups at the same tme or for the same group at dfferent tmes" []. Ths means that we need to map the expressons of consensus, for example The Peoples Charter []. Ethcal baselnes need to be artculated whch wll form the touchstones for polcy development. Phlppe van Parjs book "Real Freedom For All - or what f anythng can justfy captalsm" [] promotes touchstones of what he summarses as "undomnated dversty". The test of whether or not ths has been acheved s that people are satsfed that they do not wsh to have the lfestyle of the other person. He also advocates what he calls the "wsdom of the ancent - actve and constant partcpaton n the collectve power" and expresses concern at the modern approach of "peaceful enjoyment of prvate ndependence". Van Parjs also argues that we need to pay much more attenton to the endowment that we have nherted. Ths, he suggests, s mostly n the "unowned commons" where there s access for all and whch s unrestrcted by a set of rules. Ths endowment and the unowned commons must be examned alongsde but ndependent of publc and prvate ownershp f we are to acheve real freedom for all. Socal Captal/Coheson and Responsblty We hear talk of Socal Captal and Socal Coheson as the Government attempts to ratonalse ncreases or decreases n what t calls Socal Responsblty. In her "Cautonary Notes on Socal Captal" Lnda Hll ponts out that the man ndcators of Socal Captal / Coheson focus on "nteracton as valuable n tself, wthout regard to the nature of the shared goal... The emphass on measurng nteractons wthout regard to goals means that personal and poltcal purposes are entrely blurred" []. Also Davd Robnson [] has suggested that the purpose of or use made of Socal Captal s largely n terms of how t could contrbute to economc growth and socal well-beng, where socal well-beng s generally presented as the correcton of dysfunctonal stuatons. 3

4 We must therefore be very wary of the Government's proposed Code of Socal Responsblty, and focus on socal ssues, as t s lkely to be lnked to these concepts. In her "state-of-the-naton" address last week [], the Prme Mnster stated that answers need to be found to socal problems and that "we wll only get the real results New Zealanders are lookng for f we work together on solutons more radcal and honest than we have been to date". In the same address she stated that the economc programme "wll contnue". It seems that much of the current apparent wllngness by our Government and by nternatonal agences lke the World Bank to focus on "Socal Responsblty", "Socal Coheson" and "Socal Captal" s a reflecton of ther adherence to "economc ratonalty". The World Bank's shft "to protect poor and margnalsed people as part of structural adjustment programmes" [], s but one example. No World Bank offcal has been more clear than A Chosk, Vce Presdent Responsble for Human Resources, when he told the 1994 UN Socal Summt that "nvestng n people s not only the key to mprovng people's lves, t s also good economcs [] ". Robert Putnam sees Socal Captal to the key to "democracy and prosperty []". As Publc Servce Internatonal ponts out, however, the lnkng of these two concepts rases the spectre that the apparent retreat from monetarsm s: "more apparent n theory than practce on the ground. It represents... a pre-emptve strke, amed at preventng a more general shft to more progressve nternatonal polces and structures, partcularly those advocated by the Copenhagen Socal Summt and the Commsson on Global Governance. It also represents an attempt by the IMF and the World Bank to margnalse the more progressve and poltcally accountable UN agences lke the Internatonal Labour Organsaton (ILO) and the World Health Organsaton (WHO). (Fnally) t represents a response to the combned pressure from a growng group of Non-Government Organsatons (NGOs) and movement organsatons lke Publc Servce Internatonal (PSI)" []. The Thrd Sector and Democracy The combned pressure by most NGOs and some members of the labour movement s a major source of hope here n ths land, as well as globally. The Thrd Sector must actvely set the agenda alongsde the two other Sectors of Busness and Government. It s about new approaches to "democracy". I lke the dea that democracy: "... s not just votng, but settng the agenda. It's not the tyranny of the majorty, but t s fndng common ground between dfferent people and groups, and t s defntely not the clever manpulaton of people to smulate grassroots support..." []. The "classc" welfare state n the ndustralsed world was n need of reform. In addton t s now transparently obvous that mport-substtutng growth n the so-called "developng" world lad the bass for today's stuaton of crpplng debt n those countres. We needed change. But the "Mantra of the Market" [] as the answer to these problems needs constantly to be challenged. Prvatsaton and contractng out of Government responsbltes to Busness and to the voluntary (Thrd) sector organsatons need to be transparently examned. In fact actvtes n all three Sectors need to be mapped more coherently. As quoted from Polltt above "It s mportant to be clear that poltcal and admnstratve nsttutons set the boundares wthn whch strategc actors make ther choces". But f these boundares are to be redrawn - and that s the plea of ths paper - we must have a bgger pcture to work from than that whch s produced by a market approach to socal plannng. The Thrd Sector has produced much nformaton whch s beng sde-lned and made nvsble by the market focus common to both the Busness (commercal/corporate) Sector and the Government (State/statutory) Sector. An example of useful resources beng produced n the Thrd Sector s the comparson made by Hlkka Petlä, between the Cultvaton Economy and Industral Producton [] - see Fgure 1. The reader wll note that much of what s made nvsble by the Industral Producton vew of the Economy s ncluded n the Cultvaton Economy, yet ndustral producton s not excluded from the Cultvaton Economy. 4

5 In addton, we should note that the Thrd Sector s more properly named the Frst Sector - t was there before Governments and Commerce appeared n the human world! However, t s ndeed the Thrd Sector of socety, n terms of power n the poltcal peckng order. Whether named the Thrd Sector or not, what s mportant s that we know what we are talkng about. Partcpaton and governance of ther affars by ctzens s not merely what the State prescrbes and/or the Market allows - t s far more than those. A new democracy wll be requred to acheve partcpaton and governance whch takes nto account much more than commercal and statutory actvtes. However, n recent years deregulaton of trade, especally captal transactons, has meant that the space wthn whch the State, the Publc Sector and the Common Wealth nteract s no longer controllable by Naton States. They have become "too bg for the small thngs and too small for the bg thngs... Because a prvate/publc dchotomy s no smplstc soluton, (the Thrd Sector) must explore a new space where creatvty, magnaton and ntatve thrve" [] I commend to the reader, work that the Assocaton of Non-Government Organsatons n Aotearoa (ANGOA) [] has done n defnng ther role as an NGO. Ther defnton of an NGO as: non-proft makng voluntary ndependent of government, busness nterests and poltcally partsan bodes part of and servng socal movements wth a commtment to an ecologcally sustanable Earth and a dgnfed exstence for all can assst us n settng the agenda for the Thrd Sector. In addton, t should be noted that ANGOA has establshed a Treaty-based relatonshp wth INGOA (Iw NGOs n Aotearoa). ANGOA's membershp of CIVICUS [] brngs a transnatonal possblty to that agenda. Culture n a Treaty-based Future Fundamental for us n ths land, whether Maor or Tauw, s the need to establsh local relatonshps wth those Tangata Whenua who are the keepers, caretakers and protectors - the katak - of the places n whch we work. The experence of local communtes wth the Resource Management Act has already establshed protocols for contact n many places. As an nstrument of the Declaraton of Independence, the Treaty of Watang requres us to honour the extra-ordnary rghts and responsbltes retaned by Maor who hold kataktanga, as well as to take shared responsblty wth Maor to buld an honourable Kawanatanga. Kataktanga responsbltes apply under Artcles 1, 2 and 3 of the Treaty. Gettng some of the road blocks out of the way so those wth Maor ancestry can do ther work, both retanng and reganng Tno Rangatratanga and accessng whatever s set up by a more honourable Kawanatanga, are only part of what needs to be done by Tauw. We must also declare what we hold precous. In addton, we need to ensure that the values of all cultures are protected; an ethncally- 5

6 and culturally-dverse, Treaty-basefeld of Socal framework s for me an exctng flter through whch to see the Responsblty. Attenton to culture rases fundamental questons for consderng what t s that could brng us together. As a Kura Kaupapa Maor school teacher n the Coromandel stated n a Heartland programme n "culture s what you have left when you don't have any money". Comng together n a new order whch s better for everyone, requres that we map connectons, strengthen lnks and advocate a response to the deology of ndvdualsm across all our Sectors. We wll need to lose some thngs, and gan others. Ths reflects Jane Kelsey's concluson [], that the problems for Tangata Whenua and for Tauw are the same but that the solutons may be dfferent. Any natonal voce wll need to emerge from those local, regonal, and natonal relatonshps. Subsdarty - lnkng the local to the global A focus on augmentng what local people do well requres us to be clearer about what s approprately done regonally, natonally and nternatonally. In addressng ths splt of responsbltes, I want to refer brefly to the noton of Subsdarty. The touchstone of Subsdarty s that wherever a task can be satsfactorly acheved (n the opnon of all those nvolved) by the ntatve of those nvolved, the fulflment of the task must be left to those people. In other words, the group affected by the decson s the group that makes the decson. The dea s montored by crtera such as "no bgger than necessary" and "as bg as needed to acheve the common good". Lberalstc ndvdualsm, whch subordnates socety as a whole to the sum of selfsh actons by ndvduals, s replaced by the sense of mutual collaboraton, anmated by a common wll. In addton, a socal undertakng of any sort, by ts nature, ought to ad the members of the body socal but never destroy or absorb them []. The lmtatons of "employment" One major constrant to creaton of an nnovatve future s the contnung ncorrect use of the word "Work". As an example, the former Prme Mnster, Rt Hon Jm Bolger, at the launch of the From Welfare To Well-Beng 1997, quotng Brtsh (Labour) Prme Mnster Tony Blar, sad: "The new welfare state must encourage work not dependency." He then contnued to use employment and self-employment as synonyms for "work". The current Prme Mnster, talkng on socal ssues, refers to the economc programme contnung [] and how "unemployment had to come down". Ths lngustc artfact reduces the ctzen-producer to an ncreasngly precarous and passve role as a producton factor n the marketplace. If, nstead, we acknowledge that everyone's contrbuton to socety ncludes ther "work", we soon note that many "work" functons are not ncluded n conventonal economc statstcs. Makng vsble all the productve actvtes s not merely a matter of ncludng them n market terms. Such "False Economy" [] s llumnated by the followng examples: In the USA, famles wthout a worker wth at least a college degree ncreased ther annual employment effort (.e. hours n employment) by 12% between 1973 and 1988, but they receved 8% less annual ncome n real terms []. Hgh-low cycles of employment were experence by 40% of men n the lowest quntle and by 20% n the hghest quntle. Swngs n employment opportunty are not felt most by hgh-earners []. Even those employed full-tme may not earn enough to sustan ther lvelhoods []. Of the world's workng-age populaton of around 3 bllon, only 400 mllon are "employed" n ndustralsed countres, yet "job creaton" s hgh on the prorty lst of governments, world-wde. Even the ILO notes that the lnkage between economc growth and employment optons s not an automatc one for all groups []. The dea that employment s a far way of dstrbutng ncome must also be addressed. For both practcal and theoretcal reasons, we know that we cannot rely on the market, whch has nether socal ethc nor conscence, to dstrbute ncome farly. Provson of a Unversal Basc Income s probably the most creatve response to ths problem []. It could best be assocated wth a "move away from taxes on labour, ncomes, profts and captal towards taxes on polluton and the use of resources... In other words, t would be funded by taxng people on the value they subtract rather than the value they add" []. Ths non-targeted scenaro: "would emphasse the need to clarfy the responsbltes of ctzens towards themselves, ther chldren, one another and socety as a whole n return for ther rght to an equal share n the value 6

7 of common resources... For example, the problem for ageng socetes, of taxng the earnngs of fewer economcally actve people more hghly to support a growng number of pensoners would be largely avoded." [] I suggest a new way of addressng our future s to look not just at employment alone, but at lvelhood systems as a whole, takng note of all the "work"/ mah [] beng done. Ths ncludes self-provsonng and plur-actvty []. Sustanng (rather than sustanable) economy and "Resourcefulness" [] rather than resource use become the gudng crtera. Ths wll requre ntegraton of the matrx of nteractons between polcy, scence and technology and nvestment/fnance, wth the focus beng on augmentng what local people already do well. There are many examples of local economc development n ths la nd []. The Grameen Bank n Bangladesh [] sees: "... as the essental frst step, to help people to be more aware of ther sklls, not to tell them at frst that they are gong to receve tranng. Dong so leaves them seeng themselves smply as tools of producton, employed to beneft the one who owns the captal. Many lfestyles do not nvolve employment, or do so n only a very fragmentary fashon". Elle Perkns (of York Unversty, Ontaro, Canada) s researchng local economes and has summarsed the results of her work n a useful artcle Buldng Communtes to Lmt Trade []. Such resources wll assst n buldng a bgger pcture where we do not accept that TINA apples to our economc future. A possble framework? 7

8 Renewed hope les n tacklng and conceptualsng fundamental ssues of effectveness. The ethcal, nclusve framework of "the best dream" means movng on from only market-economcs and socal dysfuncton to fnd new nnovatve responses that may ncorporate exstng tools but also go beyond them. "Rather than buld a wall to keep out the wnd, buld a wndmll!" [] I suggest that an ethcal, nclusve framework for the "best dream" must be predcated on Subsdarty and delberately engage all three Sectors of socety. It must be concerned wth both process and content/acton and nvolve: * seeng the Treaty-based approach [] as a whole * plannng a process by whch socety can move from a concentraton on ndvdual rghts to one based on communty ethcs whch can be accepted by all those nvolved * dentfyng and buldng on exstng strengths and assets, thus seeng tranng, educaton and learnng dfferently * organsng producton and dstrbuton of goods and servces (.e. economc actvty) n a way that does not conflct wth these goals * mappng the connectons between the parts... and celebratng! One substantal contrbuton [] John Peet and Hartmut Bossel, Ethcs and Sustanable Development. Settng the Agenda For Engneers.Dept of Chemcal and Process Engneerng, Unversty of Canterbury Aotearoa New Zealand, paper to 1998 IPENZ Conference, Margaret Thatcher, Socal Servces Report, Publc Servce Internatonal, January 1997 The Jobs Letter September 1997 Chrstopher Polltt, Lookng Outcomes In the Face: The Lmts Of Government Acton, Speakng notes for the NZ Publc Servce Senor Management Conference, Wellngton, 9 October 1997 Socal Servces Report, Publc Servce Internatonal, January 1997 Ed. Lester Brown et al, State of the World Annual Reports Jobs Letter 28 November 1997 Semnar attended by K Peet on "Indvdual Moral Character Is Responsble For The Poverty People Face", contrbuton by Alan Deakn of Leeds Unversty, November Semnar held at Corpus Chrste College, Oxford Unversty Immergut 1992, quoted n Trajectores of Reform: Publc Management Change n Four Countres, Chrstopher Polltt and Hlkka Summa artcle n Publc Money and Management January-March Immergut 1992 Chrstopher Polltt and Hlkka Summa, Trajectores of Reform: Publc Management Change n Four Countres, Publc Money and Management January-March 1997 Ben Okr - Ngeran born novelst, "A Tme to Dream" Professor Peter Pruzan, "Ethcal Accountng n a Nutshell", Copenhagen Busness School Pruzan op.ct. The Peoples Charter adopted by the Peoples Assembly 1994 and regularly prnted on the back cover of Common Ground newsletter wth an nvtaton for amendments to be made. Phlppe van Parjs, Real Freedom For All - Or What (If Anythng) Can Justfy Captalsm?, Oxford Unversty Press 1997 Lnda Hll, "Cautonary Notes on Socal Captal", Women's Studes Assocaton newsletter November 1997 Davd Robnson "Socal Captal and Polcy Development", Australan and New Zealand Thrd Sector Research newsletter 1997 no.3 8

9 Shpley Wants Radcal Work on Socal Issues, The Press 4 February 1996, p3. Publc Servces Internatonal (PSI) Socal Servces Polcy report, January 1997 PSI Report op.ct. Hll op.ct. PSI Report op.ct. Hghlander Workshop on Democracy, December 1996 (Hghlander Research & Educaton Center, New Market, Tennessee, USA) Lalta Ramdas Presdent of the Internatonal Assocaton of Adult Educaton, address to CONFITEA, 4th UNESCO Adult Educaton conference held n Hamburg, July 1997 Hlkka Petlä, "The Trangle of the Human Economy, Household- Cultvaton- Industral Producton, An Attempt at makng vsble the human economy n toto", Independent wrter and researcher wth the Insttute of Development Studes, Unversty of Helsnk, paper to the Internatonal Assocaton For Femnst Economsts June 1996 Summer conference and dscussed wth K Peet durng a recent vst to Fnland Perez de Cuellar, "Our Creatve Dversty", Immedate past General Secretary of UN, now Presdent of the World Commsson on Culture, n hs address to the CIVICUS conference Assocaton of Non-Government Organsatons (ANGOA), PO Box , Whanganu at Tara (Wellngton) CIVICUS s an nternatonal allance dedcated to strengthenng ctzen acton and cvl socety throughout the world. It s dedcated to pursung a world such that: ctzen acton s a predomnant feature of the poltcal, economc and cultural lfe of all socetes prvate acton for the publc good s expressed by a rch and dverse array of organsatons operatng sometme apart and sometme n dalogue wth government and busness; and a healthy socety s one n whch there s an equtable relatonshp among ctzens, ther assocatons and foundatons, busness and government. Ths statement s taken from CIVICUS Strategc Plan , September 1997 Jane Kelsey, Tno Rangatratanga and the Potental for Allances, paper for the Socalsm and Femnsm Conference, Chrstchurch, August 1990 (Unversty of Auckland) Roman Catholc doctrne of Subsdarty The Press, "Shpley Wants Radcal Work on Socal Issues", op.ct. Anne Else, False Economy, 1996 Barry Bluestone and Steven Rose, Overworked and Underemployed: Unravellng an Economc Engma", The Amercan Prospect Inc Bluestone and Rose op.ct. John Lawrence, UNDP Adult Educaton And Jobs, Or Sustanable Lvelhoods?, Presentaton to theme on Changes n the World of Work, CONFITEA V (UNESCO), July 1997 John Lawrence op.ct. Phllppe van Parjs op.ct. Brtsh Government Panel on Sustanable Development (Frst Report, January 1995, para 16) Ecotax Reform - Some Economc, Socal and Poltcal Issues, James Robertson, hs notes from hs semnar to Green College, Oxford Unversty, November 1996 My understandng of mah s that t ncludes labours of love and focuses on the dgnty of the person 9

10 K Peet's meetng wth Dr Arne Haselbach, researcher on the re-defnton of "work", Adult Educaton Academy Brgttenau, Venna Theme from Capacty Buldng workshop at CIVICUS conference held n Hungary September 1997 summarsed n K Peet's report as ANGOA delegate to that conference. Just Dollar$ PO Box 4232 Utautah (Chrstchurch) Green Dollars (Local Exchange and Tradng System) COMMACT Aotearoa Preparatory papers for CONFITEA V, UNESCO Adult Educaton conference July 1997, Asa and Pacfc secton Elle Perkns, Buldng Communtes to Lmt Trade, Alternatves Journal, January/February 1996 pp Challenge to partcpants at CONFITEA, reported n K Peet's report of the conference attended as Internatonal Federaton of WEAs delegate The Treaty of Watang (1840), sgned by the Brtsh Crown and the Chefs of over 500 Hapu, s the foundng document of the State of New Zealand Aotearoa as t currently exsts. 10