Main idea: Americans moved west, energized by their belief in the rightful expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

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1 VUS.6.b: Expansion

2 Objectives p. 002 VUS.6The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major events from the last decade of the eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth century by b) identifying the economic, political, and geographic factors that led to territorial expansion and its impact on the American Indians.

3 Manifest Destiny Main idea: Americans moved west, energized by their belief in the rightful expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Why It Matters Now: The South and Southwest are now the fastest growing regions of the United States p. 002

4 I. The Frontier Draws Settlers p. 002 A. American Mission 1. Thomas Jefferson dreamed of the United States developing into an Empire for Liberty with enough room for our descendants to the thousandth and thousandth generation. 2. Manifest Destiny def. the belief that the United States destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory a.they believed that this destiny was manifest, or obvious b.term was promoted by the editor of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review to describe the annexation of Texas in 1845

5 I. The Frontier Draws Settlers p. 002 A. Other Reasons for Westward Migration 1. The Panic of 1837 led people west to search for new economic opportunities (commerce) 2. Opportunity for land ownership 3. Easier access to Japan and China for trade 4. Escape religious persecution (Mormons)

6 Shut Up and Color Time! p. 003 Unorganized Territory = Louisiana Spanish Territory = Mexico

7 Expansion in Texas Main idea: Mexico offered land grants to American settlers, but conflict developed over religion and other cultural differences, and the issue of slavery. Why It Matters Now: Today, the state of Texas shares and important trading partnership with Mexico. p. 003

8 I. Americans Settle in the Southwest p. 003 A. Mexico in Southwest states that used to be a part of Mexico a.california, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming

9 I. Americans Settle in the Southwest p. 003 B. The Impact of Mexican Independence 1. New Challenges a.mission system declined b.boost to the economy needed c.new ways of governing the vast Mexican territory needed

10 I. Americans Settle in the Southwest p. 004 B. The Impact of Mexican Independence 2. Solutions a.mission lands were given to government officials b.mexico opened up trade with the United States c.mexico invited U.S. settlers

11 I. Americans Settle in the Southwest p. 004 C. Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers 1. To protect the territory from Native American attacks, the Mexican government encouraged American farmers to settle in Texas 2. Land grants were given to agents known as empresarios 3. In exchange for cheap land, Empresarios had to pledge to obey Mexican law and observe Catholicism, Mexico s official religion

12 I. Americans Settle in the Southwest p. 004 C. Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers 4. Stephen F. Austin was a very successful empresario and attracted many American families to Texas a.bought land grants and started a colony giving 177 acres to each of his chosen families b.becomes known as the Father of Texas 5. People left the U.S. to seek adventure, escape problems in the U.S. and were attracted by cheap land a.$1.25/acre in the US, only 12.5 cents/acre in Texas

13 I. Americans Settle in the Southwest p. 004 What did Mexico hope to gain from US (Anglo) settlement in Texas? Mexico hoped to protect against raids by Native Americans and to bring in American manufactured goods.

14 II. Texas Fights for Independence p. 004 A. Come to Texas 1. Tensions grew over the following issues a. Cultural differences new settlers did not speak Spanish b. Mexico had abolished slavery, while the settlers continued to practice it c. Mexico s religion was Roman Catholic, while U.S. settlers were protestant

15 II. Texas Fights for Independence p Shifting Demographics By 1835 there were: a. 3,500 Tejanos (Mexican-Texans) b. 12,000 Native Americans c. 5,000 African Americans d. 45,000 U.S. settlers 3. Mexico s Response a. Santa Anna Napoleon of the West served as president of Mexico b sealed the borders of Texas and limited immigration c. Taxed U.S. imports

16 II. Texas Fights for Independence p. 005 List some of the cultural conflicts caused by the influx of US (Anglo) settlers into Texas White settlers spoke English, not Spanish US settlers brought slaves which was outlawed by Mexico Different Religions

17 II. Texas Fights for Independence p. 005 B. Texas Revolution 1. Austin travelled to Mexico City with a petition for greater self-government for Texas a. Santa Anna refused, imprisoned Austin for inciting rebellions and revoked local powers in Texas and other Mexican states 2. Rebellions erupted in Texas

18 II. Texas Fights for Independence p. 005 C. Remember the Alamo 1. Texans drove Mexican forces from the Alamo 2. March 6, President and General Santa Ana attacked the Alamo with about 1,800 Mexican soldiers and killed all 187 defenders 3. Became legendary almost immediately after it ended 4. Inspired other rebels to continue fighting 5. April 21, 1836 The Battle of San Jacinto a. Sam Houston led a Texan force and quickly defeated the Mexican army b. Forced Santa Ana to sign the Treaty of Velasco granted Texas independence

19 II. Texas Fights for Independence p. 005 D. Texas Joins the Union 1. March 2, 1836 Texas declared its independence from Mexico liking themselves to American colonists in the 1700s 2. March 16, 1838 Texas ratifies its Constitution and becomes the Republic of Texas with Sam Houston as president Sam Houston invited the U.S. to annex Texas, the U.S. did, but not until 1845

20 II. Texas Fights for Independence p. 006 Why would the north and south have different opinions on the introduction of Texas to the US? Slavery was allowed in Texas. The north opposed Texas becoming a state because would be a new slave state in the union.

21 The War with Mexico ( ) Main idea: Tensions over the annexation of Texas led to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains for the United States. Why It Matters Now: The United States has achieved its goal of expanding across the continent from east to west. p. 006

22 I. Polk Urges War p. 006 A. Polk s Election 1. President Polk won his election on the campaign promise the U.S. would fulfill its manifest destiny and expand further west 2. Tension with Mexico over the annexation of Texas allowed him to provoke Mexico into a war B. North opposed to a war, south approved

23 II. The War Begins p. 007 B. First Skirmish 1. Mexico claims the U.S. invaded and sent troops across the Rio Grande 2. 9 U.S. troops are killed 3. Polk asks Congress to declare war a. American blood on American soil b. Senate votes 40-2 for war

24 II. The War Begins p. 007 C. The Republic of California 1. Prior to the war, President Polk offered to buy California, Mexico refused a group of American settlers declared California an independent country 3. Extremely short-lived U.S. forces invaded and took over

25 II. The War Begins p. 007 D. The War in Mexico 1. Mexican army had poor training and leadership compared to the U.S. military who had the best officers fresh out of West Point, including Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant 2. Santa Ana was exiled in Cuba devised a scheme to regain his presidency in Mexico and control of the military just caused confusion in Mexico 3. General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City on Sept. 14, 1787

26 III. American Gains the Spoils of War p. 008 A. Losses 1. Out of evenly numbered armies (roughly 75,000) each a. Mexico lost 25,000 men b. U.S. lost 13,000 (only 2,000 to war the rest due to diseases)

27 III. American Gains the Spoils of War p. 008 B. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1. Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande border and gave the southwest territory to the U.S. which would become the states of New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming 2. The U.S. paid Mexico $15 Million for the territory

28 III. American Gains the Spoils of War p. 008 C. Gadsden Purchase President Franklin Pierce would authorize James Gadsden to pay Mexico an additional $10million for a piece of territory south of the Gila River 2. Established the modern border of the southwest

29

30 III. American Gains the Spoils of War

31 III. The California Gold Rush p. 008 A. The Beginning 1. May 29, 1848 the San Francisco newspaper, The Californian, published an article reporting that there had been gold found in the Sierra Nevada mountains 2. Migration to California went from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in Forty-Niners people who rushed to California after hearing the first confirmed reports that there was gold in California

32 III. The California Gold Rush p. 008 D. Gold Rush Brings Diversity 1. California s population grew to 120,000 by 1850 (only 8,000 in 1840) 2. Chinese were the largest group to come from overseas 3. Wealthiest free blacks in the country would reside in California 4. Became a state in 1850

33 Shut up and Color Time p. 009

34 The End

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