SOVIET RELATIONS WITH INDIA AND VIETNAM

Transcription

1 SOVIET RELATIONS WITH INDIA AND VIETNAM

2 Also by Ramesh Thakur IN DEFENCE OF NEW ZEALAND: Foreign Policy Choices in the Nuclear Age INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION (editor) INTERNATIONAL PEACKEEPING IN LEBANON: United Nations Authority and Multinational Force PEACEKEEPING IN VIETNAM: Canada, India, Poland and the International Commission *THE SOUTH PACIFIC (editor) Also by Carlyle A. Thayer THE SOVIET UNION AS AN ASIAN PACIFIC POWER (co-editor with Ramesh Thakur) WAR BY OTHER MEANS: National Liberation and Revolution in Vietnam *Also from St. Martin's

3 Soviet Relations with India and Vietnam Ramesh Thakur Associate Professor of Political Studies University of Otago, New Zealand and Carlyle A. Thayer Associate Professor, Department of Politics, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra Palgrave Macmillan

4 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY First published in the United States of America in 1992 ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thakur, Ramesh Chandra, Soviet relations with India and Vietnam I Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer. p. em. Includes index. ISBN Soviet relations-foreign relations-india. 2. India-Foreign relations-soviet Union. 3. Soviet Union-Foreign relations -Vietnam. 4. Vietnam-Foreign relations-soviet Union. 5. Soviet Union-Foreign relations Soviet Union-Foreign relations -Asia. 7. Asia-Foreign relations-soviet Union. I. Thayer, Carlyle A. II. Title. DK T dc CIP

5 ToZubeida

6 Contents List oft abies and Figures Acknowledgments ix xi 1 Soviet Policy Towards the Third World and Asia 1 Political 3 Economic 12 Military 19 Asia 24 Conclusion 26 2 Overview of Political Relations 2 7 India Vietnam Conclusion 3 Conjunctions and Disjunctions of Political Interests 6 9 Ideology Of Great Powers and Regional Winds of Change Conclusion Military Relations India Vietnam Conclusion

7 Coments 5 The Pursuit of Nuclear Autarky 135 India as a Pariah Nuclear Power 137 India-USSR 151 Vietnam 160 Conclusion Economic Relations 167 Growth of Trade 168 Patterns of Trade 176 Foreign Aid 186 Conclusion Costs and Benefits of Economic Relations 205 Vietnam 221 Conclusion India and Vietnam 231 Political 232 Economic 245 Military 252 Cambodia 254 Conclusion Conclusion 269 India 272 Vietnam 286 Conclusion 295 Appendix 1: The Indo-Soviet Treaty 299 Appendix 2: The Soviet-Vietnam Treaty 303 Index 307

8 Tables and Figures Tables Figures Estimates of Soviet Military Assistance to Vietnam, Estimates of Soviet Military Assistance to Vietnam, Estimates of Soviet Military Aid to Vietnam, Soviet Economic Aid to Vietnam, Estimates of Soviet Economic Aid Disbursements to Vietnam, High-level Indian-Vietnamese Visits, India's Exports to Vietnam, Soviet Trade with Socialist and Developing Countries, Soviet Aid by LDC Categories, Percentage Shares of Arms Exporters to the Third World, The Arms Trade with the Third World, India's Major Arms Suppliers, India's Exports to and Imports from the USSR, Soviet-Vietnam Trade, Composition of Indian Exports to the USSR, World Exports to Vietnam, World Imports from Vietnam, Soviet Trading Ratios, India's Exports to and Imports from Vietnam,

9 Acknowledgments Ramesh Thakur would like to record his appreciation of a research grant from the University of Otago which enabled him to visit India, as well as to purchase a microcomputer for processing thoughts into words. The concluding stages of this book were completed while he was a Visiting Fellow in the Center of International Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University. The generous hospitality of the center, the school and the university is gratefully acknowledged. Travel to Princeton was facilitated by the award of a Fulbright grant, for which he is sincerely thankful to the New Zealand-US Educational Foundation. Carlyle Thayer would like to record his appreciation to the Rector of University College, Australian Defence Force Academy, Professor G. V. H. Wilson, for the award of successive Rector's special grants which funded research trips to Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Vietnam, the United States, the United Kingdom and India in , and to Vietnam in He would also like to thank the Aspen Institute, Washington, DC, for funding a trip to Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia in Sir Edmund Hillary, New Zealand High Commissioner to India, and his deputy Mr Graeme C. Waters were most helpful in arranging and otherwise facilitating interviews with key policy actors in New Delhi. Mr A. P. Venkateswaran and Mr Romesh Bhandari set aside some time from their pressing schedules to go over some details and finer points of the India-Vietnam-USSR relations. Dr Mochtar Kusumaatmadja of Indonesia kindly responded to queries from Ramesh Thakur about efforts to find a solution to the Cambodian conflict. Staff at the US embassy in New Delhi were also generous with their time in engaging in discussions with us. Air Commodore Jasjit Singh,

10 Acknowledgments Director of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, was very patient with us as we interviewed him on a broad range of topics, and helpful in directing us to appropriate sources and persons to fill in the gaps in our knowledge which must have become readily apparent to him. Dilip Mukerjee and Inder Malhotra delved deep to share their long journalists' memories with us. There is also, inevitably, a much larger number of people who helped in various ways but whose names must remain unrecorded. Our thanks to them are no less sincere for that.