N otes on C ontributors

Transcription

1 A bbreviations ABM ACBQ ACC AECA APL ASEAN AU BASIC BCPR BW BTWC CASA CICP CIS CSCE CTBT CTC CW CWC DDA DFID DNGOs DPA DPKO DRC EAPC ECOWAS ECPS EU FMLN FRELIMO Frente POLISARIO Anti Ballistic Missile Administrative Committee on Budgetary Questions United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination United Nations Arms Export Control Act Anti Personnel Landmines Association of Southeast Asian Nations African Union formerly OAU British-American Security Information Council Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery United Nations Development Program Biological Weapons Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention Coordinating Action on Small Arms Center for International Crime Prevention United Nations Commonwealth of Independent States Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Counter Terrorism Committee United Nations Chemical Weapons Chemical Weapons Convention Department of Disarmament Affairs United Nations Department for International Development United Kingdom Domestic Non-Governmental Organizations Department of Political Affairs United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations United Nations Democratic Republic of Congo Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Economic Community of West African States Executive Committee on Peace and Security United Nations European Union Farabando Marti National Liberation El Salvador Frente de LibertaVão de Mozambique Frente Popular para la Liberacion de Saguia el-hamra y de Rio del Oro

2 274 Abbreviations FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia G-7/ G-8 Group of Seven/ Group of Eight G-77 Group of Seventy-Seven GA General Assembly United Nations GDP Gross Domestic Product HSO Humanitarian Security Officer UNHCR IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IANSA International Action Network on Small Arms ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines ICC International Criminal Court ICC-ASP International Criminal Court Assembly of States Parties ICISS International Commission of Intervention and State Sovereignty ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda United Nations ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia United Nations IFIs International Financial Institutions IIE International Institute of Economics IMF International Monetary Fund INTERFET International Force in East Timor United Nations IO International Organizations IPA International Peace Academy IPIS International Peace Information Service IPTF International Police Task Force ISS Institute for Security Studies Pretoria, South Africa JIU Joint Inspection Unit United Nations MDGs Millennium Development Goals MIF Maritime Interception Force United States MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MNF Multi-National Force NAM Non Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NGO Nongovernmental Organization NPT Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty NSAs Non-State Actors NTM National Technical Means OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity ODCCP Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ONUC UN Peacekeeping Mission to the Congo, 1961 OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

3 Abbreviations 275 OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe P5/ P-5/ Permanent Five Members of UN Security Council Permanent Five PAN National Advancement Party Guatemala PKO Peace Keeping Operation POLISARIO Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia El Hamra and Río De Oro Morocco Prepcom Preparatory Commission ICC RENAMO Mozambican National Resistance RUF Revolutionary United Front Sierra Leone SADC Southern Africa Development Community SAM Sanction Assistance Mission SAS Small Arms Survey Shirbrig Standby High Readiness Brigade United Nations SPLA Sudan People s Liberation Army START I/ II Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty I/ II TNGOs Transnational Non-Governmental Organizations TPB Terrorism Prevention Branch UN United Nations UNAMET United Nations Mission in East Timor UNAMIC United Nations Advanced Mission in Cambodia UNCD United Nations Conference on Disarmament UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDDA United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs UNDG United Nations Development Group UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEF United Nations Emergency Force UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children s Fund UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNITAF Unified Task Force Somalia UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNMOVIC United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission Iraq UNO United Nations Organization UNPROFOR UN Protection Force Former Yugoslavia UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission

4 276 Abbreviations UNSECOORD UNSMA UNTAC UNTAET UNTSO URNG WEO WEU WFP WGCA WHO WMD WTO United Nations Security Coordinator United Nations Special Mission for Afghanistan United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor United Nations Truce Supervision Organization Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Western Europe and others Western European Union World Food Program United Nations Working Group on the Crime of Aggression ICC World Health Organization Weapons of Mass Destruction World Trade Organization

5 N otes on C ontributors Lloyd Axworthy Lloyd Axworthy is director and CEO of the Liu Institute for Global Issues at the University of British Columbia. He is a board member of the MacArthur Foundation, Human Rights Watch, and the Lester B. Pearson College. Lloyd Axworthy s political career spanned 27 years. From 1995 to 2000 he served as minister of foreign affairs of Canada. In his foreign affairs portfolio he became internationally known for his advancement of the human security concept, in particular, the Ottawa Treaty a landmark global treaty banning antipersonnel landmines. He published Navigating a New World (Knopf Canada) in the fall of Kathryn Furlong Kathryn Furlong is a Ph.D. student at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in the geography department, a research associate with the International Peace Research Institutes (Oslo) Conditions of War and Peace Program, and a member of the World Conservation Union s Collaborative Management Working Group. She is presently a research assistant at UBC s Centre for Human Security. Furlong has spent a year working with the Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) project at the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO). Fen Hampson Fen Osler Hampson is a professor and director of the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. He is the author/ coauthor of six books and editor/ coeditor of twenty others. His newest book (coauthored with Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall), Mediating in the Danger Zone: How to Handle the World s Most Intractable Conflicts, will be published in He is the recipient of a Jennings Randolph Senior Fellowship from the United States Institute of Peace and a Research and Writing Award from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Brian Job Brian Job is professor of political science and director of the Centre of International Relations at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Representative recent publications include: Track 2 Diplomacy: Ideational Contribution to the Evolving Security Order, in M. Alagappa, ed. Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features (2002); Canada: The Security Environment, in Charles Morrison, ed. Asia Pacific Security Outlook 2002 (with Allen Sens); and Assessing the Risks of Conflict in the PRC-ROC Rivalry, Pacific Affairs, 2000 (with Andre Laliberte and Michael Wallace). Professor Job was one of the founders and codirectors of the Canadian Consortium on Asia

6 278 Notes on Contributors Pacific Security. He is currently cochair of the region-wide Council on Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific. Asif Khan Asif R. Khan has been working for the United Nations since He earned his B.A. and Master of International Affairs degrees from Columbia University. He is currently political affairs officer in the Africa division of the Department of Peace-keeping Operations at United Nations headquarters, New York and was formerly in the strategic planning unit in the executive office of the UN Secretary-General. He has also worked for the United Nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Israel and the occupied territories, and Geneva. W. Andy Knight Andy Knight is professor in the department of political science and the McCalla Research Professor at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. He is former vice chair of the Academic Council on the UN System, and is currently editor of Global Governance. His most recent books include: Adapting the United Nations to a Post Modern World: Lessons Learned (2001); A Changing United Nations: Multilateral Evolution and the Quest for Global Governance (2000); and The United Nations and Arms Embargoes Verification (1998). He is coeditor with Tom Keating of a forthcoming book, Building Sustainable Peace (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2004). Keith Krause Keith Krause is professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva and director of its Program in Strategic and International Security Studies. He is the founder and program director of the Small Arms Survey project. His published work includes: Arms and the State (1992) and articles in International Studies Quarterly, European Journal of International Relations, Review of International Studies, Global Governance, Contemporary Security Policy, Mershon Review of International Studies, Cooperation and Conflict, and International Journal as well as chapters in many edited volumes. Joanne Lee Joanne is an Australian lawyer and is currently in the Ph.D. program, Faculty of Law, University of British Columbia. From 1998 to 2003, she has been a research associate, International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy (ICCLR), Vancouver, Canada. She is principal author of two editions of the Manual on the Ratification and Implementation of the Rome Statute the first edition now translated into every UN language. Gil Loescher Gil Loescher is senior fellow for forced displacement and international security at The International Institute for Strategic Studies in London and research

7 Notes on Contributors 279 associate at Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford University. He recently was codirector of a transatlantic research project for the European Council on Refugees and Exiles. For 25 years he was professor of international relations at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. Mr. Loescher s most recent books are: The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path (2001) and Problems of Protection: The UNHCR, Refugees and Human Rights in the 21 st Century (2003). Edward C. Luck Edward Luck is director of the Centre on International Organization and professor of practice in international and public affairs at Columbia University. Since 2001, Dr. Luck has served as a member of the UN Secretary-General s Policy Working Group on the United Nations and Terrorism. A past president and CEO of the United Nations Association of the United States of America, his most recent book is Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization, Andrew Mack Andrew Mack is director of the Human Security Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He was director of strategic planning in the executive office of Secretary-General Kofi Annan at the United Nations from August 1998 to January He formerly held the chair in the international relations department in the Institute of Advanced Study at the Australian National University ( ). Mack has written or edited some 11 monographs and books, and his over 50 scholarly articles have appeared in: World Politics, Washington Quarterly, British Journal of International Studies, World Policy, Foreign Policy, Comparative Politics, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Journal of Peace Research, Security Dialogue, Arms Control, Asian Survey, Australian Journal of International Affairs, and Pacific Review. In addition to producing Human Security Report at UBC he is chairing the multiyear International Peace Academy project on Economic Agendas and Civil Wars. Richard Price Richard Price is an associate professor of political science at the University of British Columbia. His research focuses on the development of norms in world politics, particularly norms of warfare, and constructivist international relations theory. He has authored the Chemical Weapons Taboo (Cornell University Press, 1997) and numerous articles in journals including: International Organization, International Security, World Politics, the European Journal of International Relations, and Review of International Studies. Allen Sens Allen G. Sens is a senior instructor in the department of political science and chair of the international relations program at the University of British Columbia. He specializes in international conflict and conflict management with an emphasis on peace-keeping and military intervention. He is coeditor of NATO and European Security: Alliance Politics from the End of the Cold War to the Age of Terrorism and coauthor of Global Politics: Origins, Currents, Directions.

8 280 Notes on Contributors Nina Tannenwald Nina Tannenwald is Joukowsky Family Assistant Research Professor at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University. In she was a visiting scholar at the Centre for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. Her research interests focus on international norms and institutions in the security area and weapons of mass destruction. She is the author of The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Nonuse of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945 (2004). Ramesh Thakur Professor Ramesh Thakur is vice rector of the United Nations University. He was formerly professor and head of the Peace Research Centre at the Australian National University in Canberra and professor of international relations and director of Asian studies at the University of Otago in New Zealand. He was a member of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). He is the author/ editor of 18 books, the most recent being Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation, Collective Action, and International Citizenship (2000), United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement (2001), Enhancing Global Governance: Towards a New Diplomacy? (2002), and From Civil Strife to Civil Society: Civil and Military Responsibilities in Disrupted States (2003). Jennifer M. Welsh Jennifer Welsh is university lecturer in international relations at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Somerville College. She has published in the areas of international relations theory and intervention and is the author of Edmund Burke and International Relations (1995). She has edited Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations (2003) and a book on Canadian foreign policy after September 11th to be published in Mark Zacher Mark W. Zacher is professor of political science at the University of British Columbia. He was director of the Centre of International Relations at UBC from He is the author of Dag Hammarskjold s United Nations (1970) and International Conflicts and Collective Security, : The United Nations, Organization of American States, Organization of African Unity, and Arab League (1979) and the coauthor of Pollution, Politics and International Law: Tankers at Sea (1979), Managing International Markets: Developing Countries and the Commodity Trade Regime (1988), and Governing Global Networks: International Regimes for Transportation and Communications (1996). He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was the associate editor of International Organization from

9 I ndex Afghanistan, xi, xiv, xvi, 21, 24, 43 6, 76, 83, 86 9, , 109, 147 8, 157 (table), 158 (table), 165, 167, 236, 239, 242f, 266, 269 Africa, xvi, xvii, 44, 47, 51, 76, 84, 113, 129, 163 4, 169, 195, 197, 204, 213, 215 7, 227, 230, 234 9, 240f, 242f Central Africa, 47, East Africa (Horn of Africa), 33, 47, 48, 163 Great Lakes Region, 33, 48, 165 Southern Africa, 24, 29, 79, 82, 84, 163 sub-saharan Africa, 69 Western Africa, 47, 234, African Union (AU), 204, 238, 241f (see also Organization of African Unity) Agenda for Peace (1992), 60 2, 67, 145, 230, 240f Supplement to An Agenda of Peace (1995), 60, 145, 230 Akayesu, Jean-Paul, 128 Albania, 28 Albright, Madeline, 127, 130 Algeria, 86 al-qaeda, xi, 45, 87, 96, 99, 269 Amnesty International, 39f, 197, 202 Angola, 76, 79, 88, 109, 141, 143, 144, 154 (table), 155 (table), 156 (table), 158 (table), 178 Annan, Kofi, 14, 52, 59, 61 4, 66, 69, 70, 105, 114, 117, 133, 170, 172, 204 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM), 5 Anti-Personnel Landmines (APL), 18, 22, 202, 251, 253, 271 Arab-Israeli Conflict, 41, 83, 104, 142 Arab League, 25, 26, arms embargo, xii xiii, 39 52, 109, 115, 119, 271 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 78, 235 Australia, 78, 88, 116, 158 (table), 196, 197, 231 (table), 232, 241f axis of evil, 11 Balkans, 73f, 129, 136, 163, 169, 189, 230, 232, 234, 238 bin Laden, Osama, 45, 96, 98, 99 Blair, Anthony (Tony), 14, 130, 268 Blix, Hans, 12, 14, 15, 245, 263 blood diamonds (see conflict diamonds) biological weapons, 3, 4, 5, 8 10, 17, 265 (see also Weapons of Mass Destruction) Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 8 9, 265 Bonn-Berlin Process (1999), 39, 46 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 76, 110, 125, 127, 133, 147, 149, 155 (table), 158 (table), 169, 170, 190f, 230, 241f Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 23, 60, 62, 67, 145, 230, 238 Brahimi Report (see Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations) Brazil, 6, 25, 192f, 215, 216, 218, 243f Britain (see United Kingdom) Burundi, 75, 88, 89, 129 Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR), 28 (see also UN Development Program) Bush, George H. W., 98 Bush, George W. Jr., 11, 188, , 246 Cambodia, 78, 80, 81, 84, 123, 126, 141, 143, 144, 154 (table), 158 (table), 178, 196, 205, 235, 241f, 264 Canada, 28, 29, 32 (table), 48, 52, 133, 171, 197, 203, 215, 216, 231 (table), 232, 249, 251, 254 Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP), 28 Chad, 88, 155 (table), 242f Chechnya, 196, 194 chemical weapons, 3 8, 10, 15, 17, 77, (see also weapons of mass destruction) Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 6 8, 19f, 26, 264

10 282 Index China, 5, 10, 14, 17, 25, 81, 84, 131, 181, 182, 186 7, 188, 191f, 196, 198, 199, 211, 214, 215, 217, 243f, 271 civil society, xviii, 64, 79, 96, 112, 114, 118, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 154 (table), 156 (table), 254, 256, 271 civil war, xi, xiv, xvi, 43, 44, 59 60, 79, 80, 82, 85, 87, 88, 131, 142, 143, 144, 152, 158 (table), 164 5, 178, 182, 185, 202, 240f, 264 Clinton, William Jefferson (see United States) coalitions of the willing, xvii, 143, 144, 153, 181 2, 190, 193, 232, 237, 239, 272 Cold War, xi, xvii, 3, 4, 6, 23, 39, 40 6, 48, 49, 59, 60, 78, 81, 84, 98, 100, 124, 126, 141 3, 147, 162 3, 167, 169, 173, 178 9, 186, 213, 214, 221, 229, 248, 263, 272 collateral damage, 39, 117 collective security, 13, 15, 59, 109, 180, 263 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 230, 232, 233 (table), 234, 240f Colombia, 23, 24, 32 (table), 33, 78, 79, 83, 135, 215 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 5, 6, 17, 19f, 265 Concert of Europe, 211, 219, 220, 267 Conference on Disarmament (CD), 6, 7, 17, 27, 28, 253, 254 Conference on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001), 22, 23, 24 6 conflict diamonds, xiii, 69 conflict prevention, xi, xiii, 49, 59 72, 95, 141, 222, 234, 237 8, 251, 263, 271 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 22 3, 37f, 41, 42, 47, 75, 83, 88 9, 129, 135, 142, 157 (table), 158 (table), 172 3, 237, 240f, 264 Congress of Vienna (1815), 211 Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA), 128, 130, 135, 172, 204, 251, 264 Cuba, 5, 84, 187, 215, 256 Cyprus, 75, 85 6, 89, 142 Dayton Accords (1995), , 234 DDA (see UN Department of Disarmament Affairs) domestic non-governmental organizations (DNGOs) (see non-governmental organizations) East Timor, xvi, 86, 87 8, 123, 125 6, 129, 146, 157 (table), 158 (table), 165, 186 7, 190f, 194, 232, 235, 241f Ecuador, 215, 235 Egypt, 6, 40, 218 ElBaradei, Mohammed, 14, 245 El Salvador, 77 8, 80, 81, 82, 144, 154 (table), 158 (table), 235, 264 Eritrea, 43, 44, 48, 109, 143, 157 (table), 258 Ethiopia, 43, 44, 48, 109, 143, 157 (table), 258 Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), 29 Europe, xvii, 8, 104, 126, 173, , 195 6, 198, 203, 205, 206 7f, , 228, 232, 234 6, 238 9, 241f Central Europe, 29 Eastern Europe, xvi, 29, 47, 49, 213, Western Europe, 104, 106, 167, European Platform for Conflict Prevention, 64 European Union (EU), 25, 29, 48, 71, 86, 133, 136, 151, 215, 233 (table), 240f, 257 France, 5, 10, 11 15, 78, 86, 99, 188 9, 211, 214, 215, 218, 231 (table), 237, 271 Geneva Conventions on the Laws of War (1949), 124 genocide, 43, 64, 88, 124, 128, 130, 135, 143, 170, 172, 179, 204, 247, 251, 264, (see also crimes against humanity) Genocide Convention (1948), 124 Germany, 8, 17, 29, 32 (table), 39, 77, 119, 188, 189, , 222, 248 globalization, 97, 147, 174, 195, , 266

11 Index 283 Great Lakes Region (Africa), 33, 48, 158 (table), 165, 170, Greece, 86, 188 Group of Seven/Group of Eight (G7/G8), 64, 69, 202, 238 Group of Seventy-Seven (G-77), 62, 65, 72, 187 Guatemala, 79, 80, 82, 156 (table), 158 (table), 215 National Advancement Party (PAN), 79 Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG), 79 Gulf War (1991), xi, 10, 15, 114, 130, 164, 178, 218, 248, 269 Guinea, 172 Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907), 211 Haiti, 28, 43 6, 48, 76, 109, 112, 119, 141, 143, 145, 155 (table), 156 (table), 158 (table), 164, 165, 190f, 230, 235, 241f human rights, xvi, 35, 40, 43 5, 61, 65, 96, , 104, , 118, 129, 135, 141, 143 7, 149, 151 2, (table), 158 (table), 161, 165 7, 169, 171, 173 4, 176f, 179, 181 2, 189, 190f, 195 9, 202 3, 206, 249 Human Rights Watch, 24, 202 human security, xvi, xvii, xviii, 21, 22, 26, 35, 61, 95 6, 143, 144, 148, 149, 166, 170 1, 176f, 187, 205, 246, 247, , 271 Human Development Index (HDI), 248 Human Security Network, 33, 254 humanitarian, xvi, 61, 73f, 85, 86, 87, , , 143, 146, 164 6, 170 aid organizations (see also nongovernmental organizations), 100, 170 1, 173 assistance (relief operations/ programs), 23, 78, 82, 88, 114, 118, 151, 161, , 173 emergencies (crises/contingencies/ tragedies), 43, 70, 126, 143, 167, 169 intervention, xi, xv, xvi, 169, , 185 7, 189, 190, , 255, 257 law, 125 (see also international law) norms, 173 (see also norms) Hussein, Saddam, 11, 13, 14, 15, 77, 178, 183, 185, 189, 190, 267 immigration, 173 (see also migration; refugees) India, 4 5, 6, 7, 17, 19f, 83, 99, 136, 142, 181, 186, 194, 196, 205, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 231 (table), 243f, 271 Independent International Commission on Kosovo, 198, 242f Indonesia, 22, 78, 86, 87 8, 125, 165, 167, 187, 194, 231 (table), 238 Interlaken Process (1999), 39, 119 International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA), 32 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 10 11, 13, 14 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), 254 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) (see also Responsibility to Protect ) xv, xvi, 179, 185, 200, 204, 206, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 16 Advisory Opinion on the Legality of Nuclear Weapons (1996), 16 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 253, 254 International Criminal Court (ICC), xi, xiv, 14, 21, 51, 97, 123 6, 128, 130, 131 6, 137 8f, 197, 202, 205, 252, 265, 270, 271, 272 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 123 6, 128 9, 135, 251 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 123 9, 130 1, 135, 251 international humanitarian law, 125, 195 International Institute of Economics (IIE), 110, 111 international law, xiv, 13 14, 26, 46, 115, 116, 120, , 177, 180 2, 188, 195, 202, 203, 219, 220, 246 7, 251 2, 266, 268, 270 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 71, 117, 148, 151, 202

12 284 Index International Peace Academy (IPA), 68 9, 235 intrastate conflict, 40, 49, 141, 142 4, 145, 152, 153, 165, 170, 178, 229, 230, 248 9, Iran, 4, 5, 11, 18, 77, 81, 164, 167, 264 Iraq pre-1990s, 40, 77, 80 1, s, xvi, 9 11, 39, 43 6, 49, 51, 98, , , 117, 119, 121f, 134, 143, 154 (table), 164, 170, 175f, 187 8, 190f, , xi xii, xviii, 4 6, 8 9, 11 15, 21, 39, 103, 130, 147, 167, 170, 179, 183 5, 189, 198, 200, 206f, 236, 245 7, 256, 263 5, , 272 Israel, 4 5, 19f, 41, 49, 83, 98, 103, 104 5, 106, 131, 142, 197 Italy, 188, 215, 216 Japan, 8, 17, 29, 32 (table), , 222, 269 Joint Inspection Unit (JIU), 61 3, 65 jus cogens, 181 Kambanda, Jean, 128 Karadzic, Radovan, 127, 129, Karzai, Hamid, 87 Kashmir, 83, 104, 194 Kenya, 47, 83, 231 (table) Khmer Rouge (Cambodia), 126 Kosovo, xi, 28, 43, 48, 74f, 129, 131, 146, 147, 151, 157 (table), 158 (table), 165, 170, 180, 181, 185 8, 190f, 194, 196, 198, 204, 235, 236, 239, 241f, 242f, 255, 256, 270, 271 Kuwait, 43, 45, 134, 143, 154 (table), 248 Kyoto Protocol, 9, 14 landmines (see Anti-Personnel Landmines (APL) Latin America, xvii, 104, 195, 204, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218 League of Arab States, 47, 240f League of Nations, xviii, 96 7, 161, 181, 211, 219, 263 Committee for the International Repression of Terrorism, 97 Convention for the Creation of an International Criminal Court (1937), 97 Convention for Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism (1937), 96 7 Lebanon, 19f, 40, 142 Liberia, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 109, 145 6, 149, 155 (table), 158 (table), 165, 187, 190f, 191f, 230, 234, 235, 236 Lockerbie (1988), 116, 270 mediation, 60, 75 90, 148, 217 Mexico, 6, 78, 79, 216 Middle East, xiv, 7, 26, 76, 77, 84, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 163, 167, 173, 190, 235, 237 migration (see also immigration; refugees), 163 4, 171, 174, 249 Millennium Declaration, 72 Milosevic, Slobodan, , 125, 127, 129, 130 1, 199, 252 Montreal Protocol (Ozone-Depleting Substances), 26 Morocco, 86 POLISARIO, 86 Mozambique, 37f, 42, 78 9, 81, 82, 84, 143, 145, 151, 158 (table) FRELIMO, 78 RENAMO, 78 9 Namibia, 37f, 79, 82, 88, 178 nation-building, 195, 266 New Agenda Coalition, 6 new diplomacy, New Partnership for Africa s Development (NEPAD), 238 Nigeria, , 231 (table), 234 5, 236, 241f, 242f, 243f Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 187, 204, 215, 216, 218, 229 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), xii, 8, 22, 23 4, 26, 28, 29 34, 35, 37f, 42, 49, 64, 80, 82, 84, 89, 100, 114, 120, 131, 133, 134, 148, 150, 152, 162, 198, 202, 203, 218, 219, 222, 247, 253 4, 256 domestic NGOs (DNGOs), 30 1 (figure 2.1)

13 Index 285 trans-national NGOs (TNGOs), 22, (figure 2.1), 32 (table) non-intervention, 144, 179, 182, 186, 193, 195 7, 198, 202, 203, 205, 206f, 247 8, 255 non-nuclear states, 4 7, 17 non-state actors (NSAs), 5, 22, 25, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 39, 43 4, 50, 51, 95 6, 101, 133, 229 norms, xii, xiv, 4, 13, 15 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 34, 40, 44, 47, 50, 52, 71 2, 98, 101, 104, 115, 128, 136, 141, 144, 145, 146, 152 3, 162, 173, 174, 178, 179, 182, 184, 187, 193, 195 9, 201 4, 206, 213, , 223, 238, 239, 246, 247, 258, 269, 270 normative coherence (incoherence), 195, 196 7, 201 normative inconsistency, 195, norm entrepreneurs, 31, 72, 201, 202, 203 4, 270 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 17, 47, 48, 85, 110, 125, 127, 129, 131, 151, 158 (table), 170, 180, 185, 186 7, 188, 192f, 193 4, 196, 198, 199, 202, 204, 229, 230, 232, 233 (table), 234, 235, 236, 240f, 258, 270 North Korea (DPRK), 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 18, 84, 167, 192f, 197, 215, 238, 246 Norway, 28, 29, 32 (table), 79, 83, 85, 89, 171, 216, 231 (table) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 4 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 264 Article VI, 5 nuclear weapons, xii, 3 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 200 (see also Weapons of Mass Destruction) Nuremberg Charter (1950), 124, oil-for-food program, 112, 114 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 29 opinio juris, 181 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 33, 47, 48, 86, 194, 215, 233 (table), 234, 235 6, 238, 240f, 241f, 242f (see also African Union) Organization of American States (OAS), 47, 48, 194, 229, 230, 235, 238, 240f Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), 7 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 29, 32 3, 47 8, 151, 168, 233 (table), 234, 235, 240f, 243f Ottawa Process (see also APL; Canada), 18, Pakistan, 4 5, 6, 17, 18, 24, 83, 142, 186, 215, 231 (table) Palestine, 40 1 peace-building, xv, 21, 22, 60 2, 63, 65, 66, 69, 85, 86 7, 89, 90, 141, , 234, 239, 251, 265 peacekeeping, xv, 41, 47, 49, 60, 64, 69, 82, 85 7, 102, 105, 133, 141, 142 6, 149, 150, 151, 152, 168 9, 218, 227, , 234, 238, 241f, 265, 266, 271 peace-making, 79, 80 2, 90, 141, 145, 168, 169, 257 peace operations, xvii, 60, 63 4, 85, 141, 144 5, 154 (table), 227 8, Perez de Cuellar, Javier, 82 Persons Indicted for War Crimes (PIWCs), 149 Peru, 215, 216, 235 Philippines, 167, 216 Portugal, 41, 42, 87 8 Powell, Colin (U.S. Secretary of State), 12, 13, 14, 133, 268 pre-emption, 4, 101, 104, 166, 184, 200, 246, 247, 268 Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, 23, 24 25, 29, 33, Pugwash, 24 regime change, 12, 14, 205, 246, 268 Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (Brahimi Report), 64, 65, 69, 145, 147, 149, 150 responsibility to protect (see also ICISS), xv, 144, 204, 205, 206, 255 6, 257, 258

14 286 Index refugees (see also immigration, migration), xvi, 72, 73f, 78, 85, 86, 135, 143, 145, 146, 148, (table), , 181 2, 205, 249, 264, 266, 270 Refugee Convention (1951), 162 Rhodesia, 41 3, 53f, 109, 113, 178 rogue states, xii, 5, 84 ( rogue power ; rogue regime ) Rome Statute (see also ICC), 126, 132 4, 136, 137f, 252 Russia (Russian Federation), 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 81, 84, 167, 181, 182, 186, 187, 188, 194, 196, 198, 199, 214, 217, 232, 233 (table), 234, 243f, 271 Rwanda, xi, xiv, xvi, 24, 39, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 64, 88, 109, 123, 125, 126, 128 9, 136, 143, 145, 149, 155 (table), 158 (table), , 172, 179, 185, 190f, 204, 230, 241f, 251, 256 sanctions, xiii xiv, 9, 10, 14, 15, 21, 39 52, 78, , , 121f, 145, 164, 178, 182, 185, 251, 264, targeted sanctions, 52, 117, smart sanctions, xiv, 39, 49, 110, Saudi Arabia, 40, 269 Srebrenica, 256 Second World War, 123, 124, 201, 257, 266 Security Council (see UN Security Council) September 11th, 2001 (9/11), xiv, 4, 5, 14, 87, 95, , 106, 164, 173, 174, 189, 199, 243f, 269, 270 Sierra Leone, xvi, 22, 39, 43, 44, 47, 50, 52, 109, 123, 125, 126, 129, 131, 148, 149, (table), 158 (table), 165, 172, 187, 190f, 191f, 234, 235, 236, 237 Small Arms Advisory Service, 28 small arms and light weapons, xii, 21 35, 43, 48, 97, 248, 251, 264 Small Arms Registry, 46 Small Arms Survey (SAS), 26, 32 (table) smart sanctions (see sanctions) Somalia, xvi, 24, 43, 44, 45, 48, 64, 76, 109, 141, 143, 145, 148, 149, 152, (table), 158 (table), 164, 167, 169, 189, 190f, 230, 241f South Africa, 6, 25, 32 (table), 33, 37f, 42 3, 53f, 89, 109, 116, 131, 218 South Korea, 7, 84, 215, 238 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), 29, 37f, 48, 234, 236 sovereignty, xiii, xvi, 8, 10, 17, 22, 34, 62 63, 65, 67, 131, 135, 142, 143, 149, 163, 166, 169, 170, 175f, 179, 181, 187, 189, 192f, , 219, 229, 247, 255, 256 Soviet Union, xi, 8, 80, 83, 169, 178, 211, 212, 214, 230 Spain, 13, 78, 79, 86, 215, 216 Sri Lanka, 85, 88, 89, 104 Standing High-Readiness Brigade (SHIRBRIG), 258 START I / II (Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty I/II), 5 structural prevention, 59, 61, 64, 65, 66, Sudan, 47, 83, 88, 98, 109, 167 SPLA, 83 Supplement to An Agenda of Peace (1995), (see Agenda for Peace) Sweden, 6, 29, 32 (table), 39, 119, 171, 198 Syria, 5, 19f, 40, 49, 105, 167 Taliban, 43, 45, 46, 87, 98, 99, 167, 239, 269 Tajikistan, 80, 81, 145, 146, 155 (table), 158 (table), 234 targeted sanctions (see sanctions) terrorism, xi, xiv xv, xvi, 4, 5 6, 9, 15, 18, 22, 43, 44, 45, 87, 89, , 107f, 108f, 115, 164, 165, 167, 173, 174, 189, 199, 247, 255, 256, 257, 258, 263, 264, 266, , 271 Thailand, 85 third-party negotiations, 75, 82, 83, 84, 89 (see also mediation) trans-national NGOs (TNGOs) (see non-governmental organizations) Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa), 131 Turkey, 85 6 two-track diplomacy, 254 Uganda, 47, 88, 129, 155 (table), 186 United Kingdom (Britain; Great Britain, U.K.), 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 28,

15 Index , 32 (table), 41, 51, 52, 64, 100, 102, 113, 116, 124, 127, 133, 136, 188, 211, 214, 215, 218, 231 (table), 236, 237, 271, 272 Blair government, 127, 188 United Nations, Humanitarian Security Officers (HSOs), 172 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 69, 72 Millennium Report (UN Secretary General), 65, 96 reform of, xi, xvii-xviii, 69, 102, , 271 (see also United Nations Security Council, reform of ) Secretary General s Policy Working Group (Policy Working Group), 96, 101, 106, 107f, 108f UN Administrative Committee on Budgetary Questions (ACBQ), 150 UN Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC), 61 2, UN Advance Mission in Cambodia (UNAMIC), 78, 154 (table) UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), 157 (table) UN Charter, 3, 21, 180 3, Article VII, 257 Chapter VI, 142, 229, Chapter VII, 41, 98, 99, 105, 109, 132 3, 142, 143, 165, 167, 172, 179, 180, 181, 188, , 221, 230, Chapter VIII, 47, 182, 227, 231, 238, 240f UN Children s Fund (UNICEF), 28, 150, 253 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 61 UN Department of Disarmament Affairs (DDA), 16, 27, 28, 33 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), 116 UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA), 116 UN Department of Peacekeeping (DPKO), 150, 172 3, 240f, 241f UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), 63, 66, 69, 71, 102, 150 1, 153 UN Development Group (UNDG), 69 70, 72 UN Development Program (UNDP), 28, 63, 69, 71, 72, 145, 150, 151, 171, 250 UN Disarmament Commission (DC or UNDC), 16, 258 UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 61 UN Electoral Assistance Division (formerly Electoral Assistance Unit), 145 UN Emergency Force (UNEF), 142 UN Environment Programme (UNEP), 61 UN Executive Committee on Peace and Security (ECPS), 145 UN First Committee (of the General Assembly), 6, 26, 27, 28 UN General Assembly (GA or UNGA), xvii, 3, 6, 16, 17, 61, 97, 99, 102, 103, 104, 112, 115, 116, 137 8f, 142, 150, 165, 170, 179, 182, 187, 199, 200, 203, 204, 212, 213, 214, , 240f, 241f, 249, 257, 267 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 73f, 150, 151, 161 2, , 175 6f, UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), 16, 24, 32 (table) UN Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG), 77 UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), 142 UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), 86, 154 (table) UN Mission in East Timor (UNAMET), 88 UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH), 155 (table), 235 UN Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP), 102 Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP), 28 Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB), 102 UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), 85 6, 142*

16 288 Index UN Peacekeeping Mission to the Congo (ONUC), 41, 241f, 142* UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 47, 137f, 154 (table), 230 UN Sanctions Committee, 41 3, 48 50, 113 UN Security Coordinator (UNSECOORD), 172 UN Security Council (UNSC), xii xviii, 9 15, 17, 27, 28, 39 50, 59 60, 62, 64 5, 67, 70, 73f, 77, 78, 81 2, 85, 88, 96 9, 102 5, 109, 113 5, 118 9, 124 6, 129, 142 3, 149, 161, 164 8, 172, 175f, , 191f, 194, 196, , , , 236, 245 6, , 256 7, 263 9, and ICC, and legitimacy, xvii, , , 227, 257, Permanent 5 (P5), xiii, xv, xvii, 10, 16, 17, 60, 70, 78, 81, 85, 124, 132 4, 183, 184, 205, , 228, 229, 230, 248, 254, 257, 271 reform of, 199, 201, , Resolutions 1441 (2002), 12, 15, 200, 267, (1991), 10 Summit Declaration (Security Council, 1992), 166 votes, 13, 212, 216 7, 221 UN Special Commission (UNSCOM), 10 12, 15 UN Special Committee on Peacekeeping, 150, 153 UN Special Mission to Afghanistan (UNSMA), 87 UN Special Representative(s), 75, 77 9, 82, 87, 88, 253 UN Supervision and Monitoring Commission, 79 UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), 125, 146, 157 (table) UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 78, 154 (table) UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), 41, 142 UN World Food Programme (WFP), 61 United States, and hegemony, 15, 18, 35, 187, 190, 266, 269, 272 and Security Council votes, 12 13, 133 4, 184, 196 and UN funding, 51 2, Bush (George W.) administration, 4, 8 9, 12 5, 18, 104, 134 5, 239, 245, 263, Clinton administration, 115 Nuclear Posture Review, 5, 19f Pentagon, 5 Ukraine, 216, 231f, 232 Venezuela, 78 9 Versailles Conference (and Treaty), 211 Waldheim, Kurt, 77 war-affected populations, 169 war crimes, , 135 6, 149*, 204, 251 2, 264 Warsaw Pact, 18, 194, 229 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), xii, 3 18, 100, 167, 178, 189, 264, 267 small arms as, 23 (see also biological weapons; chemical weapons; nuclear weapons) Western European Union (WEU), 47 8, 233 (table) Western Europe and Others grouping (WEO), 213, 215 Western Sahara, 85, 86 7, 144, 154 (table), 158 (table) Westphalian State System, 142, 143, 200 World Bank, xiii, 61, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 117, 148, 151, 202 World Health Organization (WHO), 28, World Trade Organization (WTO), 71 World War Two (see Second World War) Yemen, 41, 167 Yugoslavia (former Yugoslavia), xi, xiv, xvi, 43, 44, 45, 47, 76, , 123, 127 9, 131, 136, 141, 143, 145, 149, 152, 154 (table), 164 5, 196, 227, 234, 251 Zaire, 88, 170, 172 (see also Democratic Republic of the Congo) Zimbabwe, 37f, 88, 236