Bob Reinalda. From 1815 to the present day. Routledge. B/97044 Routledge History of International Organizations. Taylor & Francis Group

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Bob Reinalda. From 1815 to the present day. Routledge. B/97044 Routledge History of International Organizations. Taylor & Francis Group"

Stuart Boone
5 years ago
Views:

1 SUB Hamburg B/97044 Routledge History of International Organizations From 1815 to the present day Bob Reinalda Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK

2 Contents List of figures xv Abbreviations xviii Introduction 1 Part 1: British hegemony and the invention of the multilateral conference plus follow-up conference: The Concert of Europe and the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine 3 1 Emergence and evolution of international organizations Do international organizations matter? Political science views on the emergence and evolution of international organizations : the British postwar institutional strategy and the Concert of Europe The Congress of Vienna in and the transformation of European politics The British postwar institutional strategy and multilateral diplomacy The Concert of Europe as a collective security regime 24 3 The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine and burgeoning free trade The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (1815): freedom of navigation The transition from mercantilism to free trade The Zollverein ( ): concerted (free) trade policies and German unification 32

3 Part II: Transnational networks of citizens: From the anti-slavery movement in 1815 to the International Committee of the Red Cross of Citizens organizing transnationauy in support of slavery abolition and peace The international movement advocating the abolition of slavery The peace movement, its international congresses and the idea of arbitration Democracy, women's equality and workers' rights as national themes 41 5 The International Red Cross made responsible for the Geneva Convention on Wounded Soldiers (1864) The private International Red Cross initiative (1863) Responsibility for monitoring the Geneva Convention on Wounded Soldiers (1864) 54 Part III: The creation of the Hague system: The arbitration movement and the 1899 and 1907 Peace Conferences in The Hague 57 6 Arbitration and international law as normative powers in international relations The Alabama case and the Treaty of Washington on arbitration (1871) The creation of two private institutes for international law in The Inter-Parliamentary Union (1889) favouring arbitration The Washington conference on trade and arbitration in The 1899 and 1907 Peace Conferences in The Hague and the Hague system The Hague Peace Conference on the law of war and arbitration (1899) The establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (1899) The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize since The Latin American states decide to join the Hague system (1901) The second Hague Peace Conference of Part IV: Public International Unions : Institutionalization of conferences and the creation of continental markets in Europe and the Americas 83 8 Creation of the International Telegraph Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874) The invention of the telegraph and the creation of the International Telegraph Union (1865) The Universal Postal Union (1874) as an example for other international organizations The relevance of the nineteenth-century public international unions 90 9 Standardization and intellectual property regulated internationally Measurement of the Earth, the standard time and the international map of the world Identical weights and measures all over the world Protection of industrial intellectual property and copyright 102

4 10 Regulation of international shipping, railway and road traffic The relevance of international river commissions: the Danube Commission of Sea-shipping regulations by governments Sea-shipping regulations on a private basis Cooperation in the fields of international railway and road connections Public international unions and the creation of continental markets in Europe and the Americas Free trade, customs tariffs, migration and capital export The gold standard and monetary unions Agricultural regulations Public international unions and the creation of the European continental market The Union of American Republics and the creation of the American continental market 131 Part V: The international foundation for the welfare state : How governments became involved in international labour legislation International business around the end of the nineteenth century International trusts, cartels and federations Advocating an international chamber of commerce Rising international emancipation movements of workers and women The socialist First International of 1864 as a spectre The liberal International League for Peace and Freedom (1867) Women joining forces internationally and actions against trafficking in women International campaigning for women's suffrage The national orientation of the Second International and international trade unions International labour conventions (1906) and the foundation for the welfare state How governments became involved in international labour regulation An NGOfor international labour legislation (1900) and the 1906 labour conventions Social protection against the consequences of free trade: the welfare state International efforts to improve health and uplift morality 171 Part VI: Laying down the path of collective security: The First World War, the League of Nations founded (1919) and the interwar period The First World War and the creation of the League of Nations (1919) Liberal debates on a postwar League of Nations in the UK The US involved in the war (1917) and Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918) 183

5 15.3 The postwar institutional strategy as a result of power negotiations (1919) The League of Nations' Secretariat: an international organ rather than a principal's agent Women gain access to the League of Nations: Article The League of Nations as a universal organization The Permanent Court of International Justice The major powers and collective security in the interwar period Temporary administration, conflict settlement and refugee support by the League of Nations Disarmament efforts by the major powers and the League of Nations Japan and Germany leave the League of Nations (1933) The League of Nations imposes sanctions on Italy (1935) Collective security paralysed 218 Part VII: Laying down the path of common economic endeavours: The International Labour Organization (1919) and the economic and social activities of the League of Nations The normative workings of the International Labour Organization (1919) The creation of the first specialized international agency Albert Thomas's leadership of the ILO The international labour code: ILO conventions and recommendations The divided international trade union movement The League of Nations' ongoing economic and social activities The League of Nations' structures for economic and social activities A faltering international economy and German reparation payments Regional cooperation as a protectionist solution to the crisis of the 1930s The League's World Economic Conference (1933) and the Bruce Committee (1939) 264 Part VIII: American hegemony and the genesis and evolution of the United Nations system Multilateral cooperation during the Second World War The ILO flees to Montreal, the League of Nations' staff to Princeton (1940) The Atlantic Charter (1941) and the first signs of the United Nations The Bretton Woods conference on international monetary policy (1944) The establishment of the United Nations as managed by the US ( ) The United Nations: an improved security organization with economic coordination Charter, member states and budget of the United Nations 289

6 20.2 The General Assembly as the primary organ of the United Nations The Security Council and its permanent members The Trusteeship Council as a continuation of the League of Nations' mandate system The coordinating function of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) The consultative status of non-governmental organizations at ECOSOC The UN Secretariat and the secretary-general The workings of the United Nations system The International Court of Justice and the development of international law Specialized international organizations as part of the UN system The International Labour Organization and the transition to technical assistance Freedom of association as a normative force in the East-West conflict The observer status of intergovernmental organizations at the UN 344 Part IX: Collective security in a bipolar world Refugees, peacekeeping and Cold War at the United Nations The UN refugee regime since How the UN developed to become a respected peacekeeper The Cold War at the UN: East, West and non-aligned Regional alliances in the 1940s and 1950s US policy on Western European cooperation From North Atlantic Treaty (1949) to NATO (1952) The Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe (1955) Cooperation on security in the Western Hemisphere and Asia Peaceful coexistence and nuclear weapons control at the United Nations Nuclear weapons control: the IAEA (1957) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) Continuing nuclear weapons control and the UN Biological Weapons Convention (1912) Limitation of arsenals and numbers of military personnel: SALT, MBFR and CSCE Measures against aircraft hijackings and terrorism in the 1960s and 1910s 386 Part X: Economic cooperation in a bipolar world The troubled start of the Bretton Woods institutions IBRD and IMF and the GATT regime The troubled start of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The International Monetary Fund and unilateral US management : no International Trade Organization, but GATT instead 399

7 26 Marshall Aid, Eastern European integration, Western European integration and the workings of the OECD Marshall Aid and the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (1948) Eastern European integration: the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949) Western European integration: ECSC (1951), Treaties of Rome (1957) and EFT A (1960) From OEEC to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1961) Ongoing and stagnating Western European integration The weakening of the Bretton Woods system and the emergence of the G7 (1975) The weakening of the Bretton Woods system during the 1960s The Trilateral Commission (1913) and its reflection on American hegemony The emergence of the G7 (1975) and its consequences for the UN system 439 Part XI: Decolonization, the North-South divide and Third World experiences with global and regional international organizations Decolonization, anti-apartheid and the consequences of the Vietnam War Decolonization and anti-apartheid as normative forces in international relations The Vietnam War not a UN but a UNHCR concern The United Nations Development Decade: North versus South during the 1960s Multilateral development aid, the UNDP (1965) and regional development banks The Third World view: dependency, UNCTAD (1964) and the Gil Alternative strategies: collective self-reliance and the Asian Tigers The creation of regional economic organizations in the Third World in the 1960s Regional economic cooperation outside Europe Regional economic organizations in Latin and Central America The emergence of ASEAN (1967) Regional organizations in Africa and the Arab world The Third World struggle for a New International Economic Order (1974) The UN Declaration on the New International Economic Order (1974) The basic needs strategy of the IBRD and ILO as an alternative Weak international codes of conduct for transnational corporations 491

8 Part XII: Development aid, environmental protection and human rights as normative powers: NGO pressure on governments through intergovernmental organizations NGOs and development aid, the UN International Women's Year (1975) and environmental protection NGO contributions to multilateral development aid The international women's movement and the UN International Women's Year (1975) Consciousness-raising on environmental problems The UN Conference on the Human Environment and the creation of UNEP (1972) Protection of the natural and human environment through international conventions Human rights as a normative power and the Amnesty International model The realization of international human rights conventions at the UN Monitoring the implementation of UN human rights conventions through reports The UN Human Rights Conference in Tehran (1968) and the Amnesty International model Reporting with a monitoring commission and a complaints procedure Regional human rights conventions in Europe, the Americas and Africa 532 Part XIII: International organizations in the 1980s: The Cold War intensifies and neoliberalism replaces Keynesianism US President Reagan intensifies the Cold War The end of the 1970s, the end of the UN peacekeeping regime? The US and the politicization of the United Nations US President Reagan intensifies the Cold War and puts financial pressure on the UN Reagonomics, the debt crisis in the South and the structural adjustment programmes of the IMF Reagonomics and the new relationship between the Gl, IMF and OECD The Brandt Reports and the debt crisis in the South from The structural adjustment programmes of the IMF and IBRD and their consequences From combating poverty to adjustment policy: the IBRD in trouble Strengthening of the Gl and the surveillance role of the IMF (1985) The fall of the Berlin wall (1989) and the end of the Cold War The fall of the Berlin wall (1989) and the significance of the CSCE/OSCE Abolition of the Warsaw Pact (1991) and the continued existence of NATO 569

9 36.3 Arms control, the OPCW (1997) and the comprehensive nuclear test ban Internationalfinancialinstitutions and the transformation of communist states 575 Part XIV: The 1990s and new challenges for the United Nations as peacekeeper A new world order and an agenda for peace? Hope and bitter failure for UN peacekeeping missions Afghanistan (1988) and the Gulf War ( ): the return of the UN as peacekeeper Towards a new world order? Ethnic wars and failing states The disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Balkan Wars : the UN sidelined Humanitarian assistance and the failure of the US and UN in Somalia (1993) Greater success in Mozambique, Cambodia and Haiti, but failure in Rwanda An agenda for peace (1992) and new generations of UN peacekeeping Violence in Sierra Leone, Kosovo, East Timor and Congo Efforts to maintain collective security: sanctions, NGOs and UN tribunals UN sanctions policies in the 1990s The increased role of NGOs in security after the end of the Cold War War crimes, crimes against humanity and UN tribunals The issue of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect (R2P) 619 Part XV: Globalization in the 1990s: New challenges for the United Nations system as promoter of economic and social stability Boosting free trade again: from GATT to World Trade Organization (1995) Reagan's intervention in the deadlocked GATT: the Uruguay Round The World Trade Organization as the successor of GATT (1995) The North-South divide within the WTO WTO impact on the functioning of UNCTAD Diminished importance and criticisms of UNDP: a matter of survival The International Telecommunication Union's involvement with the Internet The dominant free trade regime: environment and welfare state under pressure Free trade versus environmental and social clauses: GATT and NAFTA Protection of the ozone layer and the establishment of the IPCC (1988) The UNCED Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and its international conventions 653 xii

10 40.4 Full employment and the welfare state under pressure by Reagonomics European unemployment: the 'American' solution (OECD, G7 and IMF) or the European? The ILO in a comer: core labour standards as the way out IMF, IBRD and WTO criticized by states and the anti-globalization movement The Asian financial crisis ( ) and the clash between ASEAN and IMF Washington Consensus, Good Governance and IMF mistakes during the Argentine crisis (2000) Wolfensohn reorganizes the criticized IBRD (1997) The Battle of Seattle (1999) and the criticisms by the 'anti'-and 'alter'-globalization movements Consumer actions against transnational corporations Principles for business: the UN Global Compact (1999) 692 Part XVI: Regional international organizations from the 1980s onwards The Third World answer to globalization: continued and new regionalism Continued and new regionalism in the Third World during the 1980s and 1990s The creation of MERCOSUR (1991) and the Andean Community of Nations (1996) Central American and Caribbean cooperation The significance ofsaarc, ASEAN and APECfor Asian development Continued and new regionalism in Africa Economic cooperation in the Arab world and West Asia From European Community to European Union (1993): deepening and enlargement Continued European integration: the creation of the single market (1993) The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1992) The establishment of the European Central Bank (1998) and the euro Amending the Treaties and enlargement in Central Europe 730 Part XVII: Security and the international economy on the threshold of the twenty-first century International organizations under pressure Emergence of terrorism, 11 September 2001 and the invasion of Afghanistan The US war in Iraq (2003) The UN human rights regime after the end of the Cold War Dilution of the nuclear non-proliferation regime Weakening of the OSCE and cooling US Russia relations 749 xm

11 44.6 Lack of global economic coordination at the beginning of the twenty-first century What happens to international organizations under pressure? 756 Appendix 1: Nation-states in the international system since 1815 (by continent, in chronologic order) and League of Nations and United Nations membership 759 Appendix 2: Groups of states (First, Second and Third World, G3 G77) 765 Literature 768 Index 782

A International Relations Since A Global History. JOHN YOUNG and JOHN KENT \ \ OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

$A International Relations Since A Global History. JOHN YOUNG and JOHN KENT \ \ OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS$ A 371306 International Relations Since 1945 A Global History JOHN YOUNG and JOHN KENT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Detailed contents Preface List of Abbreviations Introduction v xvii i Part I: The Origins and