Origins and Evolution of the European Union

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1 Origins and Evolution of the European Union Edited by Desmond Dinan OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Detailed Contents Preface List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Contributors xiv xv xvi xvii xix Introduction 1 Desmond Dinan Parti Continuity and Change i 1 Integration and Disintegration before Summary 9 Introduction 10 Integration and disintegration before World War I 12 The Zollverein 12 Nationalism and unification 13 Economic integration and international law 14 Visions of empire and integration 15 World War I and postwar reconstruction 16 Mitteieuropa 16 Peace-making and reconstruction 16 Disintegration of Europe 19 The challenge of fascism and National Socialism 21 The challenge of the National Socialist new order 22 German plans 22 Western responses 23 Resistance visions 25 Conclusion 26 Part II The Postwar Context 29 2 Dividing Europe: The Cold War and European Integration 31 Summary 31 Introduction 32 The origins of the cold war in Europe 33 The Big Three 33 Changing threat perceptions 34 Germany and European integration 36

3 Vlli DETAILED CONTENTS Marshall planning and beyond 37 France, the United States and the institutions of Western Europe 38 The Schuman Plan 40 The Western Alliance and German rearmament 41 Strategic movements and American foreign policy 41 The European Defence Community 42 Global pressures and opportunities 43 The Soviet Union and European integration 45 Alternatives to integration 48 The WEU and Nato 48 Britain 49 Spain 50 Conclusion 51 3 The German Problem and European Integration 55 Summary 55 Introduction 56 The postwar framework 56 The Marshall Plan 57 The German boom 58 Jean Monnet 60 The centrality of the Ruhr 61 Anglo-American policy 61 The evolution of French Ruhrpolitik 64 The Schuman Plan negotiations 66 French and German positions 67 Arduous negotiations 68 Ruhr-bashing The Treaty of Paris 72 The eclipse of Monnetism and the founding of the EEC 73 Back to the future 74 From Monnet to Messina and Rome 76 Conclusion 78 7Q Part lit Shaping the European Community 83 4 Liberalization, Convertibility, and the Common Market 85 Summary 85 Introduction 86 Trade and payments before and immediately after World War II 87

4 DETAILED CONTENTS IX Postwar approaches to convertibility and liberalization 89 Regional routes 90 The European Payments Union 92 Quota restrictions 93 Modifying the OEEC and the EPU 95 Creating the common market 99 Negotiating the Treaty of Rome 101 Britain and the wider free trade area 103 Conclusion The Triumph of Community Europe 107 Summary 107 Introduction 108 The battle begins: competing models of Europe 109 Streams of thought 110 The parting of the ways: the ECSC 111 Concerns and criticisms 112 The pursuit of consensus 113 The battle widens: the EDC 114 Assessment of viability 115 The fate of the EDC 116 Choosing the community model: the EEC 116 Bilateral ties and supranationality 117 Political cleavages 119 Movement towards ratification 121 Conclusion Building on Coal and Steel: European Integration in the 1950s and the 1960s 126 Summary 126 Introduction 127 The experience of the ECSC 127 The unsuitability of coal and steel for economic integration 128 Limited sectoral integration 133 Lessons from the ECSC 135 The development of European integration 136 Conclusion 139

5 X DETAILED CONTENTS 7 Charles de Gaulle's Uncertain Idea of Europe 141 Summary 141 Introduction 142 World war and cold war 144 Looking to the future 144 Ambivalence about Germany 146 Accepting the EEC 148 Mixed motives 148 The common agricultural policy 150 European Union 152 The global context 152 The Fouchet Plan 153 The Elysee Treaty 155 The British Question 155 The Empty Chair Crisis 157 The EEC between Britain and Germany 159 Conclusion iei Part IV From European Community to European Union ie? 8 A Dismal Decade? European Integration in the 1970s 169 Summary 169 Introduction 170 The European Court of Justice and integration 170 The Hague summit 172 British membership 174 The budget 176 Regional policy 179 The break-up of the monetary system 181 Slower growth 185 Conclusion European Integration in the Image and the Shadow of Agriculture 191 Summary 191 Introduction 192 The European agricultural welfare state 193 Agriculture as a special sector 193 The farm income gap 194 The original CAP framework 196

6 DETAILED CONTENTS XI The not-so-common CAP 198 Green money 199 Towards a more holistic approach 201 The global context 204 Agriculture in the CATT and the WTO 204 Achievements and unintended consequences 206 Achievements 206 Unintended consequences 207 The new CAP 211 The MacSharry reform 212 Mad cows, food safety, and farming as a common good 213 Conclusion From Deadlock to Dynamism: The European Community in the 1980s 218 Summary 218 Introduction 219 Deadlock 219 Dynamism 222 The single market programme 222 Pressure from big business 224 The primacy of national governments and the European Council 225 Impact 228 Conclusion From the Single Market to the Single Currency 233 Summary 233 Introduction 234 From the EMS to Maastricht, French and German preferences 236 The Delors Plan 237 German unification 239 Negotiating EMU 240 The EMS crises and the road to EMU, The EMS crises 242 Getting to Stage Final steps 245 The experience of EMU 246 Implementing the Stability and Growth Pact 248 Conclusion 250

7 Xii DETAILED CONTENTS 12 The European Union, the Soviet Union, and the End of the Cold War 253 Summary 253 Introduction 254 East-West relations in Europe, View from the East 256 The EC's response 258 East and West, Perestroika 261 German unification 262 East and West since The Yugoslav debacle 264 Post-cold war enlargement 266 Conclusion The Enlarging European Union 271 Summary 271 Introduction 272 Principles, conditions, and instruments of enlargement 273 The treaties 273 The acquis communautaire 273 The Copenhagen criteria 275 Instruments of enlargement 276 Conduct of accession negotiations 277 Roles and responsibilities 279 The experience of enlargement 280 The first enlargement: Britain, Denmark, and Ireland 280 Southern enlargement: Greece, Spain, and Portugal 283 The EFTA enlargement 285 The Central and Eastern European countries, Cyprus, and Malta 287 The challenge of diversity 290 Conclusion 292 PartV Historiography The Historiography of European Integration 297 Summary 297 Introduction 298 The federalist narrative 299 The evil of intergovernmentalism 300 From Spinelli to Monnet, Schuman, Spaak and Delors 302 Walter Lipgens 305

8 DETAILED CONTENTS XJII Analysts and observers 307 The Milwardian onslaught 310 Origins and significance of the ECSC 312 Impact and follow-on 313 Rescuing the nation state 315 Subsequent scholarship 317 Andrew Moravcsik's Choice for Europe 317 John Gillingham's European Integration 319 Other contributions 320 Conclusion 322 Appendix: Chronology of European Integration, References 337 Index 357

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