Durham E-Theses. Peacekeeping in Western Sahara The Role of the UN OUADDANE, ADAM
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1 Durham E-Theses Peacekeeping in Western Sahara The Role of the UN OUADDANE, ADAM How to cite: OUADDANE, ADAM (2017) Peacekeeping in Western Sahara The Role of the UN, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-theses.admin@dur.ac.uk Tel:
2 Peacekeeping in Western Sahara The Role of the UN Adam Ouaddane Department of Government and International Affairs Durham University Ustinov College
3 This thesis is the result of my own work. Material from the published or unpublished work of others which is used in the thesis is credited to the author in question in the text.
4 CONTENTS List of Maps List of Abbreviations III IV 1. Introduction 1 2. The Development of UN Peacekeeping Operations Traditional Peacekeeping Expansion of Peacekeeping after the Cold War Assessing the Role of the UN in Peacekeeping Operations How to Assess UN Peacekeeping Operations 20 A Framework for Assessing UN Peacekeeping Operations 22 External Factors that affect UN Peacekeeping Operations Western Sahara Data The Historical Background to the Western Saharan Conflict The Parties to the Conflict The Western Saharan War Moroccan Administration of Western Sahara The Role of the UN in Western Sahara The MINURSO Settlement Plan 51 Monitoring the Ceasefire 53 Identifying and Registering Voters 59 Saharan Repatriation 69 Organising the Referendum 71 Release of Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War 72 Monitoring and Withdrawal of Troops Alternatives to the Settlement Plan: Political Solutions with a Referendum 78 I
5 Monitoring the Ceasefire 79 Saharan Repatriation 81 Release of Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War 82 Monitoring and Withdrawal of Troops 84 Identification and Registration of Voters 84 Baker Plan I 90 Baker Plan II Redefinition of the MINURSO Mandate: Political Settlement without a referendum 99 Monitoring the Ceasefire 99 Negotiations 100 Confidence Building Measures 102 Mine Clearing 103 Provisions for the Tindouf Refugees Conclusion 107 Bibliography 112 II
6 List of Maps Maps 1. Greater Morocco 35 III
7 List of Abbreviations CSA Comprehensive Settlement Agreement ECHO European-Commission Humanitarian Aid Office HRW Human Rights Watch ICJ International Court of Justice MINURSO The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MLA Moroccan Liberation Army NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations OAU Organisation of African Unity ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo ONUMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique ONUSAL United Nations Observer Group in El Salvador P5 Permanent 5 members of the United Nations Security Council Personal Envoy Personal Envoy of the United Nations Polisario Popular Front for Liberation of Saguia el-hamra and Rio de Oro PoWs Prisoners of War SADR Saharan Arab Democratic Republic Special Representative Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General SPLA Saharan Peoples Liberation Army UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda UNAVEM United Nations Angolan Verification Mission UNEF II United Nations Emergency Force II UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNIIMOG United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina UNSC United Nations Security Council IV
8 UNSG United Nations Secretary-General UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group UNTEA United Nations Temporary Executive Authority USA United States of America WFP World Food Program V
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