When Does Peacekeeping Work? Diana Chiang Advisor: Alynna Lyon Undergraduate Research Conference April 24, 2009
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1 When Does Peacekeeping Work? Diana Chiang Advisor: Alynna Lyon Undergraduate Research Conference April 24, 2009
2 Peacekeeping role: Peacekeeping is the use of multilateral forces to achieve several different objectives: Preventive deployment Enforce ceasefire Traditional peacekeeping (promoting order & preventing conflict) Implementation of comprehensive settlement Protect delivery of humanitarian relief Aid deployment of UN force in collapsed states
3 Peacekeeping Development Principles and limitations of UN Peacekeeping: Under regulation of Security Council and the Secretary General Peacekeeping operations only to be set up with consent of involved parties Peacekeepers must remain impartial UN not allowed a standing army Minimal defense allowed only in self defense
4 Peacekeeping Missions UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization: May present UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan: January present UNEF I First United Nations Emergency Force November: June 1967 UNOGIL United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon: June December 1958 ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo: July June 1964 UNSF United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea: October April 1963 UNYOM United Nations Yemen Observation Mission: July September 1964 UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus: March present DOMREP Mission of Representative of SG in the Dominican Republic: May October 1966 UNIPOM United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission: September March 1966 UNEF II Second United Nations Emergency Force: October July 1979 UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Force: June present UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon: March present UNGOMAP United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan&Pakistan: May 1988-March 1990 UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group: August February 1991 UNAVEM I United Nations Angola Verification Mission I : January June 1991 UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group: April March 1990 ONUCA United Nations Observer Group in Central America: November January 1992 UNIKOM United Nations Iraq - Kuwait Observation Mission: April October 2003 MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara: April present UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission II: June February 1995 ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador: July April 1995 UNAMIC United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia: October March 1992 UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force: February March 1995 UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia: March September 1993 UNOSOM I United Nations Operation in Somalia I: April March 1993 ONUMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique: December December 1994 UNOSOM II United Nations Operation in Somalia II: March March 1995 UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda: June September 1994 UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia: August present UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia: September September 1997 UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti: September June 1996 UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda: October March 1996 UNASOG United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group: May June 1994 UNMOT United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan: December1994- May 2000 UNAVEM III United Nations Angola Verification Mission III: February June 1997 UNCRO United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia: May January 1996 UNPREDEP United Nations Preventive Deployment Force: March February 1999 UNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina December December 2002 UNCRO United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia May January 1996 UNPREDEP United Nations Preventive Deployment Force March February 1999 UNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina December December 2002 UNTAES United Nations transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium: January January 1998 UNMOP United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka: January December 2002 UNSMIH United Nations Support Mission in Haiti: July July 1997 MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala: January May 1997 MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola: June February 1999 UNTMIH United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti :August November 1997 MINOPUH UN Civilian Police Mission in Haiti: December March 2000 MINURCA United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic: April February 2000 UNOMSIL United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone: July October 1999 UNMIK UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo: June present UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone: October December 2005 UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor: October May 2002 MONUC UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo:November present UNMEE United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea: July July 2008 UNMISET United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor: May May 2005 UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia September: present UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d'ivoire: April present MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti: June present ONUB United Nations Operation in Burundi: June December 2006 UNMIS United Nations Mission in the Sudan: March present UNMIT United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste: August present UNAMID African Union/United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur: July present MINURCAT United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad: September present
5 History: Sierra Leone: A Case Study UN intervened: UNAMSIL : United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone -Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Chief of Mission: Daudi Ngelautwa Mwakawago (Tanzania) -Strength: military 11,501; civilian police 130; international civilian 323; local civilian 573 -Fatalities since October 1999: 131 -Approved budget 07/03 06/04: $ million (gross) Current authorization: until 31 March 2004 UN Peacekeeping Operation: What was different Can these measures be copied?
6 When Does Peacekeeping Work? Brahimi Report Shortcomings in the system Realistic recommendations for change Political and strategic issues Operational and organizational issues Elements of operations that allow for success: Strong sustained support from member states Ability to project credible force UN support: financially, politically, and operationally Allow for effective strategies for prevention of conflict Fact finding missions in areas of conflict Transition from war to peace in complex operations
7 Sources Mingst, Karen A. and Margaret P Karns The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era. Westview Press, Inc. Fortna, Virginia P Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War? International Studies Quarterly. (48) Durch, William J UN Peace Operations and the Brahimi Report. Henry L. Stimson Center
Current operations are indicated by bold abbreviations, which can be found on the map in Figure 2.1 (page 9).
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