PEACEKEEPING ANDPEACEMAKING

Transcription

1 PEACEKEEPING ANDPEACEMAKING

2 Also by Tom Woodhouse HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICT(with Oliver Ramsbotham) Also by Robert Bruce PROSPECTS FOR PEACE: Changes in the IndianOcean Region (editor) NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION: South Asia and the Middle East (editor) Also by Malcolm Dando A NEWFORM OF WARFARE BIOLOGICAL WARFARE IN THE 21st CENTURY

3 Peacekeeping and Peacemaking Towards Effective Intervention in Post-Cold War Conflicts Edited by Tom Woodhouse SeniorLecturerand Director Centrefor ConflictResolution University ofbradford Robert Bruce AssociateProfessor ofpolitics Curtin University Perth and Malcolm Dando ProfessorofInternational Security DepartmentofPeaceStudies University ofbradford

4 Selection and editorial matter Tom Woodhouse, Robert Bruce and Malcolm Dando 1998 Introduction Tom Woodhouse 1998 Chapter 2 Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse 1998 Chapter 4 Malcolm Dando 1998 Chapters 1, 3, 5-12 inclusive and Conclusion Macmillan Press Ltd 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Totten ham Court Road, London W1 P OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Published by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Outside North America ISBN In North America ISBN This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: CIP OS

5 Contents List of Tables and Figures List ofabbreviations Notes on the Contributors Preface Message from the (Former) Secretary-General of the United Nations Introduction and Overview 1 Tom Woodhouse vii viii xi xiv xv Part I Context: Contemporary International Conflict and the United Nations 15 Thinking Ethically about Peacemaking and Peacekeeping 17 Charles W. Kegley Jr 2 Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Intervention in Post-Cold War Conflict 39 Tom Woodhouse and Oliver Ramsbotham 3 The United Nations, International Security and the National Interest 74 Gene M. Lyons 4 An Arms Control Regime for the 21st Century 103 Malcolm Dando Part II Cases: The Performance of the UN in Responding to Contemporary Conflict The Role of the United Nations in the Middle East 133 Amin Saikal 6 The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia: The Restoration of Sovereignty 145 Carlyle A. Thayer v

6 vi Contents 7 Somalia: Lessons from the United Nations Experience 166 Samuel M. Makinda 8 Europe and United Nations Peacekeeping 179 Josiane Tercinet Part III Towards Effective Intervention: Australian Perspectives and Experiences Australia's Approach to Arms Control Issues in the United Nations 201 Peter Furlonger 10 Building Peace through the United Nations: An Australian Perspective 212 David Purnell 11 Structuring the Australian Defence Force for United Nations Operations: Change and Resistance 231 Graeme Cheeseman 12 Economic Sanctions, Australian Policy and United Nations Peace Enforcement Richard Leaver Conclusion 253 Ensuring Peace: The Future of the United Nations 269 Gareth Evans Index 287

7 List of Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 The UN's expanding peacekeeping role Post-Cold War armed conflict Frequency and severity of civil wars Typology of humanitarian intervention United Nations peacekeeping and observer missions operating (in chronological order, by date of deployment in the field), types of conflict, existence of humanitarian component Control of peacekeeping in the UN system Non-lethal weapon technologies frequently mentioned in recent literature Outline of the Articles of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Outline of a comprehensive non-proliferation regime Relevant extracts from Articles of the Chemical Weapons Convention 122 Figure 2.1 The elements constituting the emergence of an international social conflict 47 vii

8 List of Abbreviations ADF AM AP APEC ARF ASEAN BWC CBMs CCD CD CFE CGDK CIA CIS CIVPOL COEC CPP CSCE CTBT CWC DK EC ECOMOG ECOSOC EMP EU FSU FUNCINPEC FYROM G-7 GICCW IABA INF ISC Australian Defence Force Anti-Material Anti-Personnel Asia Pacific Economic Community ASEAN Regional Forum Association of Southeast Asian Nations Biological Weapons Convention Confidence-building measures Committee of the Conference on Disarmament Conference on Disarmament Conventional Forces Europe (Treaty) Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea Central Intelligence Agency (US) Commonwealth of Independent States Civil Police (Cambodia) Central and Oriental Europe Countries Cambodian People's Party Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Chemical Weapons Convention Democratic Kampuchea European Community Economic Community Monitoring Group Economic and Social Council Electromagnetic pulse European Union Former Soviet Union Front Uni National pour un Cambodge Independent, Neutre, Pacifique et Cooperatif Former Yugoslavia Republic of Macedonia Group of Seven (major industrial states) Government-Industry Conference against Chemical Weapons (Australia) International Atomic Energy Agency Intermediate Nuclear Forces (Treaty) International social conflict viii

9 List of Abbreviations ix JIM-IIII MINURSO MMWG NACC NATO NGOs NPT OAS OAU OECD ONUMOZ ONUSAL OPCW OSCE OXFAM PERM 5, P5 PFP PICC PKK PKO PLO PRK PSC SALT SNA SNC SNF SNM SOC SPM SSDF START UN UNAA UNAMIC UNAMIR UNAVEM UNDC UNDOF UNDP I II Jakarta Informal Meetings (on Cambodia) Mission for the Referendum on Western Sahara Mixed Military Working Group (Cambodia) North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Treaty Organization Non-governmental organizations Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Organization of American States Organization of African Unity Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development United Nations Mission in Mozambique United Nations Organization in EI Salvador Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Permanent Five Members of the Security Council Partnership for Peace Paris International Conference on Cambodia Kurdish Workers Party Peacekeeping operation Palestine Liberation Organization People's Republic of Kampuchea Protracted social conflict Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Somali National Alliance Supreme National Council (of Cambodia) Somali National Front Somali National Movement State of Cambodia Somali Patriotic Movement Somali Salvation Democratic Front Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty United Nations United Nations Association Australia United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda First United Nations Angola Verification Mission Second United Nations Angola Verification Mission United Nations Disarmament Commission United Nations Disengagement Observer Force United Nations Development Programme

10 x UNEF 1111 UNFICYP UNGA UNHCR UNITAF UNMIH UNOMIG UNOMIL UNOSOM UNPROFOR UNRWA UNSCOP UNTAC UNTAG UNTSO UNYOM USC WEU WFUNA WMDs List ofabbreviations United Nations Emergency Forces (Suez Canal Zone and Sinai) United Nations Force in Cyprus United Nations General Assembly United Nations High Commission for Refugees Unified Task Force (Somalia) United Nations Mission in Haiti United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia I First United Nations Operation in Somalia II Second United Nations Operation in Somalia United Nations Protection Force United Nations Relief and Works Agency (for Palestinian refugees) United Nations Special Committee on Palestine United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia United Nations Transitional Assistance Group United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine) United Nations Yemen Observer Mission United Somali Congress Western European Union World Federation of United Nations Associations Weapons of mass destruction

11 Notes on the Contributors Robert Bruce is Associate Professor of Politics (specializing in international politics) at the School of Social Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. Editor of Prospects for Peace, The Indian Navy and other books on international politics in the Indian Ocean. Graham Cheeseman is Lecturer in the Department of Politics at University College, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia. A frequent commentator on Australian defence issues, he has recently been a visiting fellow at the Department of Government, University of Manchester, UK. Malcolm Dando is Professor of International Security in the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, UK. He trained originally as a biologist, spent a period in operational research studying conflict resolution (funded by the Ministry of Defence) and, since 1979, has worked on arms control issues. Recent publications include A Violent Peace: Global Security after the Cold War (with Paul Rogers), Biological Warfare in the 21st Century (1994) and A New Form of Warfare (1996). Gareth Evans served as Australian Foreign Minister from 1988 to A lawyer by profession and editor or co-author of numerous books on foreign affairs, public law and politics, he is internationally known for his involvement in the UN peace plan for Cambodia and the development of the Chemical Weapons Convention and for his ideas on Asian Pacific economic and security communities. Peter Furlonger trained and worked originally as a natural scientist. A career diplomat since the early 1970s, holding a variety of home and overseas postings, he has specialized in the 1990s on arms control and disarmament issues. Charles Kegley Jr is Pearce Professor of International Relations in the Department of Government and International Studies at the University of South Carolina. A prolific author of major books such as xi

12 Notes on the Contributors World Politics: Trends and Transformation (with Eugene R. Wittkopf), he has received numerous awards for his work in international relations including election as the President of the International Studies Association (1993/4). Richard Leaver is a Lecturer in politics at Flinders University of South Australia. Previously a Fellow in the Department of International Relations at the Australian National University, he has co-edited a number of books such as Pacific Economic Relations in the 1990s: Conflict or Cooperation (with Richard Higgott and John Ravenhill). Gene M. Lyons is Orvil Dryfoos Professor of Public Affairs at Dartmouth College, USA. He served as executive director of the Academic Council on the United Nations System from 1987 to He is co-editor and contributor to Beyond Westphalia: Sovereignty and International Intervention. Samuel M. Makinda is Senior Lecturer in International Politics at Murdoch University, Perth, specializing in the UN and international security issues. He has been a researcher at Oxford, Cambridge and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London. David Purnell is National Administrator of the United Nations Association of Australia. Formerly Secretary of the Australian Quakers, he has worked extensively as a consultant on conflict resolution and peace education. Oliver Ramsbotham is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford. He is a member of the Centre for Conflict Resolution and has published extensively on the ethics of intervention. His most recent publication is Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict (with Tom Woodhouse). Amin Saikal is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Centre for Middle Eastern and Central Asian Studies at the Australian National University. He has held visiting fellowships at Princeton, Cambridge and Sussex and held a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in International Relations (1983-8). He has written and edited numerous books on the Middle East, Central Asia, and Russia including, most recently, Russia in Search of its Future (1995).

13 Notes on the Contributors xiii Josiane Tercinet is Professor at Pierre Mendes-France University, Grenoble and a member of COOSI (Centre d'etude Defense et de Securite Internationale). Carlyle A. Thayer is Professor in the Department of Politics, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy. A frequent visitor to Cambodia. he was a participant at all three international conferences on Cambodia sponsored by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia and organized by Griffith University and an International Observer for the Cambodian elections in May He co-edited A Crisis ofexpectations: UN Peacekeeping in the 1990s. Tom Woodhouse is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, and is also Director of the department's Centre for Conflict Resolution. He edits Conflict Resolution Monitor (with O. and A. Ramsbotham) and has written extensively on conflict resolution and peacekeeping, most recently, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict (with Oliver Ramsbotham).

14 Preface This book results from a conference on 'Australia, the United Nations, Peacekeeping and Peacemaking' held at Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 30 April-l May The conference was jointly sponsored by the Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and the John Curtin International Centre for Regional Cooperation at Curtin University. It was opened by the Hon. Kim Beesley and supported by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General of the United Nations, with a message which in part read: As we look towards the new world that is emerging following the end of the cold war and at the conclusion of the first half century of the life of the United Nations it is clear the world community will face new challenges that will require new solutions. Your conference can play an important role in identifying those solutions. Robert Bruce and his colleagues at Perth organized the conference with its interesting mix of international and Australian speakers, and Tom Woodhouse and Malcolm Dando took the leading part in editing the papers. We would like to thank the Department of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford for the support provided for this work, the authors for their careful preparation of papers, and Janet Dando for her contribution to the final typing and proofreading of the manuscripts. TOM WOODHOUSE ROBERT BRUCE MALCOLM DANDO xiv

15 Message from the (Former) Secretary-General of the United Nations I am very pleased to be associated with your conference: Australia, the United Nations, Peacekeeping and Peacemaking' convened in Perth in recognition of the 50th Anniversary of the United Nations. Australia has a distinguished record of support for the United Nations in all respects and the particular role that it has been called upon to play in both peacekeeping and peacemaking. I take this opportunity, as Secretary-General of the United Nations, to thank the people of Australia for that support. As we look towards the new world that is emerging following the end of the Cold War and at the conclusion of the first half century of the life of the United Nations it is clear the world community will face new challenges that will require new solutions. Your conference can play an important role in identifying those solutions. Australia has always made an intellectual as well as practical contribution to the life and work of the United Nations and I am confident that this will continue to be the case, including through the conference at Perth. 28 April 1995 BOUTROS BOUTRos-GHALI Secretary-General of the United Nations xv