FOREIGN POLICY. BY: Sierra Randall, Kevin Honeycutt, Laisha Cuevas, Anne Hunihan

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1 FOREIGN POLICY BY: Sierra Randall, Kevin Honeycutt, Laisha Cuevas, Anne Hunihan

The construction and development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic

2 Foreign Policy The general objectives which guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states. The construction and development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behavior of other states, or intentions to advance specific geopolitical designs.

3 The International System: Actors A. States (the most (traditionally) important) 1. A defined territory and a government; has sovereign; autonomous; must have a population 2. Nature of States- According to law, they are all considered equal, but in practice, this is not true due to several disparities, such as: 1. different sizes in land 2. different sizes in population 3. differences in military power 4. economic power

4 B. Non-State Actors/International Organizations 1. Ex: AU, EU, UN, WHO, UNICEF, International Civil Aviation Organization C. Non-Governmental Organizations 2. Red Cross, Doctors without Borders, Amnesty International, Green Peace, & Religions D. Multinational Organizations/Corporations E. Trans-State Political Organizations 3. Al-Queda, ETA, Hezbollah, ISIS F. Peoples 4. A group which perceives itself to have a common bond, based on factors such as race, religion, ethnicity, culture, language, and political affinity G. Individuals

5 The Structures of the International System A. Unitary B. Unipolar C. Bipolar D. Multipolar E. Diffuse-Bloc F. Diffuse (balance of power)

United Nations Established on October 24, 1945. It became the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership.

6 United Nations Established on October 24, It became the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created with the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and eventually disbanded in Its official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. PURPOSE: maintain peace and security throughout the world, and create friendly relations among countries based on respect for the foundations of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. The central purpose is to achieve worldwide cooperation to solve international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems, including serving as a center of respect toward one another, as well as coordinating various actions and activities.

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II, in order to strengthen international ties between member

7 NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II, in order to strengthen international ties between member states especially the United States and Europe and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. NATO s first significant action was the involvement in the Korean War, which signaled NATO s global commitment to fighting the Cold War and supporting anticommunist concepts like those expressed within the contents of the Truman Doctrine. By 2010, NATO consisted of 28 countries, including the presence of former Warsaw Pact members.

8 European Union A group of 28 countries which operate as a cohesive economic and political block. Of those, 19 use the euro as their official currency. The European Single Market was established by 12 countries in 1993 to ensure the movement of goods, services, people and money. The EU had its beginning in the European Coal and Steel Community, which was founded in 1950 and consisted of six members: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. It soon became the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 under the Treaty of Rome, and subsequently became the European Community (EC). The EC first expanded in 1973 when Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece and Spain joined. A directly elected European Parliament eventually took office in 1979.

Secretary of State Appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Secretary of State is the President s chief foreign affairs adviser.

9 Secretary of State Appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Secretary of State is the President s chief foreign affairs adviser. The Secretary carries out the President s foreign policies through the State Department and the Foreign Service of the United States of America. Created in 1789 by the Congress as the successor to the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Secretary of State s duties includes the responsibility to conduct negotiations relating to U.S. foreign affairs, to advise the President on the appointment of U.S. ambassadors, ministers, consuls, and other diplomatic representatives, and to promote beneficial economic intercourse between the United States and other countries. In addition, the Secretary serves to channel the communication between the Federal Government and the States on the extradition of fugitives to or from foreign countries. John Kerry

10 Secretary of Defense The principle defense policy advisor to the President. Under the direction of the President, the Secretary exercises authority, direction, and control over the Department of Defense. The Deputy Secretary, the secondhighest ranking official in the DOD, is delegated full power and authority to act for the Secretary and to exercise the powers of the Secretary on any and all matters for which the Secretary is authorized to act. The DOD is America s oldest and largest government agency, headed by Ash Carter, who is not only in charge of the military, but also employing a civilian force in the thousands. The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide the military forces needed to deter war and to protect the security of the United States. The department s headquarters is located at the Pentagon. Ashton B. Carter

A high-level military advisory board within the Department of Defense, composed of highranking representatives of the army, navy, air force, and marines.

11 A high-level military advisory board within the Department of Defense, composed of highranking representatives of the army, navy, air force, and marines. The Joint Chiefs are responsible for formulating military policy and recommending actions regarding issues of national security and international or foreign relations. The Joint Chiefs also serve as the principal military advisory body to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. Joint Chiefs of Staff

12 The Central Intelligence Agency is a federal U.S. bureau created in 1947 to coordinate and conduct espionage and intelligence activities. It was created in order to counter Communist activities outside of the U.S. but increasingly, after 1967, undertook internal surveillance activities. It is an independent of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence abroad in the national interest, headed by the Director of Central Intelligence under the supervision of the President and National Security Council. CIA

The policy or doctrine of isolating one s country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, or international agreements, seeking to devote

13 The policy or doctrine of isolating one s country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, or international agreements, seeking to devote the entire efforts of one s country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities. During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of terrible losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism. Although the United States performed measures to avoid political and military conflicts across the oceans, it continued to expand economically and protect its interests in Latin America. Isolationism

14 Containment Doctrine Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam. The basis of the doctrine was articulated in a 1946 cable by United States diplomat, George F. Kennan. Containment is also associated most strongly with the policies of United States President Harry Truman. One of the ways to accomplish containment was to establish NATO so that Western European nations had a defense against communist influence. After Vietnam and détente, President Jimmy Carter focused less on containment and more on fighting the Cold War by promoting human rights in hot spot countries.

15 The relationship that developed primarily between the USA and the USSR after World War II. The Cold War dealt with the idea of dominating international affairs for decades, resulting in many major crises, such as the Cuban Missile Crises, Vietnam, Hungary and the Berlin Wall. The growth in weapons of mass destruction was the most worrying issue. Americans had long been wary of Soviet communism and concerned about Russian leader Joseph Stalin s tyrannical, blood-thirsty rule of his own country. The Soviets resented the Americans decades-long refusal to treat the USSR as a legitimate part of the international community as well as their delayed entry into World War II, which resulted in the deaths of tens of millions of Russians. Within such a hostile atmosphere, no single party was entirely to blame for the Cold War, with some historians believing that the war was inevitable. Cold War

A vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions carried out by Senator Joseph McCarthy between 1950 and 1954.

16 A vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions carried out by Senator Joseph McCarthy between 1950 and Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party. In April 1954, Senator McCarthy turned his attention to exposing the supposed communist infiltration of the armed services. Almost at once, the aura of invulnerability that had surrounded McCarthy for nearly five years had begun to disappear. The American people watched as McCarthy intimidated witnesses and offered evasive responses when questioned during the hearings. The Army-McCarthy hearings struck many observers as a shameful moment in American politics, causing him to lose most of his allies. He kept his job but lost his power and died in 1957 at the age of 48. McCarthyism

17 An arms race denotes a rapid increase in the quantity or quality of instruments of military power by rival states in peacetime. The first modern arms race took place when France and Russia challenged the naval superiority of Britain in the late nineteenth century. Germany s attempt to surpass Britain s fleet spilled over into World War I, while tensions after the war between the United States, Britain and Japan resulted in the first major armslimitation treaty at the Washington Conference. The buildup of arms was also a significant characteristic of the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, though the development of nuclear weapons changed the stakes for the overall war. Arms Race

Détente, a French word meaning release from tension, is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971.

18 Détente, a French word meaning release from tension, is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretarygeneral of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Brezhnev, in Moscow, May 1972, in order to discuss important matters. Both countries stood to gain if trade could be increased and the danger of nuclear warfare reduced. Additionally, Nixon s trip to China had heightened the Soviets interest in détente; given the growing antagonism between Russia and China, Brezhnev had no wish so see his most potent rivals close ranks against him. Détente

19 Strategic Defense Initiative SDI, byname Star Wars, proposed U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks as originally conceived from the Soviet Union. The SDI was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, Due to the fact that parts of the defensive system would be used in space, the proposed system was dubbed Star Wars, after the space weaponry of a popular motion picture of the same name. The SDI was intended to defend the United States from attack from Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) by intercepting the missiles at various phases of their flight. Testing continued on multiple SDI-related devices, but the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 changed the conditions of such defense.

20 The quality or condition of being mutually reliant on each other. For example, in economics, interdependence is the concept that all prices are to some degree affected by all other prices and also that all markets are affected by all other markets. Interdependency

21 An official list or table showing the duties or customs imposed by the authority of the government on imports or exports. It is a tax levied for the purposes of protection, to support the balance of payments, or to raise revenue. Finally, it is designed to protect domestic industry from foreign competition. Tariff

22 Balance of Trade The balance of trade (BOT) is the difference between a country s imports and its exports for a given time period. It is the largest component of the country s balance of payments (BOP). Economists use the BOT as a statistical tool to help them understand the relative strength of a country s economy versus other countries economies and the flow of trade between nations. A country that imports more goods and services than it exports has a trade deficit. Conversely, a country that exports more goods and services than it imports has a trade surplus. For example, the United States has had a trade deficit since 1976, in large part due to its imports of oil and consumer products. However, China has produced and exported many of the world s consumable goods, recording a trade surplus since 1995.

23 OPEC The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is a group consisting of 12 of the world s major oil-exporting nations. It was founded in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum policies of its members, and to provide member states with technical and economic aid. OPEC is a cartel that aims to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil on the world market, in order to avoid the possibilities of fluctuations that might affect the economies of both producing and purchasing countries. OPEC, which describes itself as a permanent intergovernmental organization, was created in Baghdad in September 1960, by its founding members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The headquarters is located in Vienna, Austria, where OPEC performs its day-to-day business.

24 Diplomacy The conduct by government officials of negotiations and other relations between nations. It is the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country s representatives abroad.

25 Hearts and Minds The strategy and programs used by the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War, in order to win popular support of the Vietnamese people and to help defeat the Viet Cong insurgency. Military, political, economic, and social means were used to attempt to establish or reestablish South Vietnamese government control over rural areas and people under the influence of the Viet Cong. Hearts and minds had the priority of hold and protect the rural population and thereby gain its support for the government of South Vietnam.

26 Terrorism The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes. Terrorism consists of acts of violence committed by groups that view themselves as victimized by some notable historical wrong. Typically, these groups stage unexpected attacks on civilian targets, including embassies and airliners, with the aim of causing fear and confusion. Israel has been a frequent target of terrorism, but the United States has increasingly become its main target.

27 Counterinsurgency A program or an act of combating guerilla warfare and subversion. It is the political and military strategy or action intended to oppose and forcefully suppress insurgency. Insurgency is the organized use of subversion and violence to seize, nullify or challenge political control of a region. Counterinsurgency campaigns, therefore, take place during war, occupation by a foreign military or police force, and when internal conflicts that involve subversion and armed rebellion occur.

28 The United States role in the international system 1.What should the role of the world s only remaining superpower be? a.what is a superpower? Superpower describes a state with a dominant position in international relations and which is characterized by its unparalleled ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale. Done through a combination of hard power (coercion via military) and soft power (diplomacy and persuasion) According to Alice Lyman Miller, "The basic components of superpower stature may be measured along four axes of power: military, economic, political, and cultural (or what political scientist Joseph Nye has termed soft power ).

29 The United States role in the international system 1.Why is America the only remaining superpower? a.initially the global superpowers included the British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union Following World War II and the Suez Crisis, the United Kingdom s status on the world stage was diminished Following the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States was left as the only remaining superpower

30 cont. a.what should America s role be in the world? According to Ian Bremmer in his 2015 book Superpower: Three Choices for America's Role in the World: Indispensable America (i.e. interventionism) America should continue its traditional role of peacekeeper, intervening in foreign affairs to maintain world order America would involve itself to promote and ensure fundamental values such as democracy and free market support people fighting for fundamental rights, even as we recognize that they must take responsibility for their own success or failure The challenge for the United States is to help create the conditions that will allow such movements to survive and to grow Pew Research Center found that 57% of Americans (and the rest of the world) do not support this position, wanting the U.S. to deal with its own problems and let other countries deal with their own problems as best they can. The most costly option; however monetary expense is worth it to ensure America s security and prosperity

31 Moneyball America (Bismarck s Realpolitik approach) Consider America s strengths and limitations when involving ourselves in world affairs; we would selectively engage in highyield, low-risk opportunities (minimize cost, maximize success) Priority would be to focus on opportunities and to defend US interests only when and where they're threatened. The U.S. would help its allies to benefit itself. Potential for lack of support with American public, given that government may choose not to provide aid or support in situations where the public views it as the necessary or right thing to do Independent America America does not hold the sole responsibility to solve other states problems; it can limit its commitments and obligations abroad America would lead on the world stage by example; improve the country from within and tapping into its own latent potential

32 The Role of the US Military 1.What should we do with our huge defense establishment? The Department of Defense is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces. This consists of about 1.7 million men and women on active duty in the Armed Forces and another 1.1 million civilian employees in the Department itself Mission statement: The Department of Defense is responsible for providing the military forces needed to deter war and protect the security of our country. America spends more than the next 7 or 8 nations combined on its military Our defense establishment should be used to protect and defend Its top priority should be ensuring the continuation of the independent American state; this includes the freedoms and privileges of American citizens as well as defending our geographic state itself from outside threats and terrorism Next, it should be used to protect American interests, both domestic and foreign, and uphold American values abroad and at home (i.e. protect our economic investments, our allies, and support values we uphold such as democracy, when necessary)

33 Citizen s Roles 1.What role do American people have in foreign policy? Should they have a larger role? The power to make foreign policy is vested in the federal government, divided between the President and the Senate, via the Constitution Citizens indirectly influence foreign policy through elections; citizens can elect candidates (for Senate and the Presidency) who they feel best represent their views on foreign policy Public opinion can also be expressed via lobbyists and protests The public s (and the House s) limited role in directly creating policy was determined by the Founding Fathers in order to prevent hasty action and misjudgment; the Senate and the President, influenced by public opinion, can better judge and consistently manage American policy on the world stage The public s voice in policy matters is important, but the separation of powers currently in place guarantees thoughtfulness and sensibility in governing

34 Questions 1)why was NATO created? A. to strengthen international ties between member states and to serve as a counterbalance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. B. to create a singular monetary system C. to establish regulated tariffs on imports/exports of Atlantic states D. to increase cooperation between countries post-cold War 2)what are the Secretary of State duties? E. to create treaties with other states F. to plan military operations G. to advise the president on the appointment of diplomatic officials H. to advise the president on the appointment of military officials

35 3)when and what was detente A. period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, beginning in 1970 B. period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, beginning in 1971 C. period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, beginning in 1960 D. period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, beginning in )why is OPEC important E. it manages the supply of oil available to the world market F. it sets the price of oil on the world market G. it manages the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil on the world market H. none of the above

36 5)What is an example of a non-governmental organization? A. WHO B. UNICEF C. EU D. Red Cross 6) According to Ian Bremerton what three options does America have for roles in the world as a superpower? E. Moneyball America, Indispensable America, Independent America F. Monetary America, Indispensable America, Independent America G. Military America, Indispensable America, Independent America H. Milkmaid America, Indispensable America, Independent America

37 7) In the federal government, who advises the president on foreign issues? A. The Vice President B. Secretary of State C. Secretary of Defense D. Joint Chiefs of Staff 8)what caused the Cold War? E. tensions between the US and USSR after WWI F. tensions between the US and USSR after WWII G. tensions between the US and USSR after the Cuban Missile Crisis H. tensions between the US and USSR after the Space Race

38 9)what does JCS stand for? A. Joint Chiefs of Service B. Joint Chiefs of Staff C. Joint Chiefs of State D. Joint Chiefs of Systems 10)what is an example of a Trans-State Political Organization? E. Al-Queda F. EU G. Amnesty International H. UN

39 Sources

CHAPTER 17 NATIONAL SECURITY POLICYMAKING CHAPTER OUTLINE

CHAPTER 17 NATIONAL SECURITY POLICYMAKING CHAPTER OUTLINE I. American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers (pp. 547-556) A. Foreign Policy involves making choices about relations with