Topic 4. Seventeenth Century Competition in North America

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Topic 4. Seventeenth Century Competition in North America"

Nigel Morgan
5 years ago
Views:

1 Topic 4 Seventeenth Century Competition in North America

2 Indian Wars 17 th Century

3 Why? Why do ostensibly friendly Indians, many of whom are prospering from trade with Europeans suddenly go to war in ways bewildering to Europeans? Imperial Wars Nativistic wars

4 Nativism When a society reaches a given level of stress it must either find a way to adjust or it will disintigrate In severe situations a prophet with divine visions often arises

5 Role of Prophets Prophet, with his divine visions, offerers a way out of the crisis through specific actions Promise of a new world (or restoration of the pre-contact world) Sanctions against those who do not join in

6 Indian Wars in the Spanish Empire Widespread sporadic warfare Battles of military conquest Revolts against imposition of imperial rule Resistance to imposed Christianity and Spanish culture

7 Spanish defeats Araucanians in Chile Apaches in American Southwest Both effectively kept Spaniards out

8 Great Pueblo Revolt of 1680 A Nativistic Revolt Fairly typical Indian revolt against Spaniards Northern Puebloan tribes, a few mixed race individuals (both mestizos and zambos) and some nearby Apaches plan a war of eradication

9 Causes Environmental drought ( ), crop failures, competition for resources, increased Navajo and Apache raids Religious Spanish crackdown on idolatry with severe civil and religious penalties for practicing the native faith Political Spanish failed to protect area from Navajo and Apache raids, Spanish still slave raiding, demands for same level of tribute despite lean times

10 Leadership Taos Pueblo Most conservative of the northern pueblos History of bad relations with the Spaniards

11 The Prophet Po pay A native of San Juan Pueblo who became a Puebloan priest in Taos in the 1670s 1675 Spanish missionaries and civil government crack down on the practice of the native religion Po pay and 46 other Pueblo leaders convicted of sorcery Po pay flogged, some others executed

12 The Prophecy A millenarian vision to the Pueblos delivered to Po pay by Poheyemo (god of sun and nature) at Taos kiva The message rise up, throw off and expel the Spanish, destroy all Catholic relics and towns, purify yourself of Christian baptism through ritual bathing The sanction Poheyemo would destroy all who did not join in The promise the days of the ancients would return, renewed prosperity for all the pueblos, destruction of the hated enemy

to the Governor s Palace in Santa Fe, where they were besieged for a week before the Indians

13 First Strike August 1680 more than 8,000 warriors launch coordinated attacks against the missionaries, colonists, and soldiers nearest the pueblos Survivors of the initial attacks fled to the Governor s Palace in Santa Fe, where they were besieged for a week before the Indians allowed them to leave Spaniards retreated to friendly Isleta Pueblo to regroup and then fell back to El Paso

14 Toll 21 missionaries and 400 other Spaniards killed Santa Fe sacked No Spaniards in New Mexico for 12 years

15 Aftermath Po pay attempts eradication of all vestiges of the Spanish churches destroyed, speaking Spanish or using Spanish names banned, even using Spanish tools such as plows forbidden Po pay is too authoritarian and alienates many followers, promises of Poheyemo do not materialize Unnatural alliance begins to break down

16 Reconquest 1692 Po pay dies in 1692 Spanish begin reconquest of New Mexico under leadership of Diego de Vargas

17 Aftermath Reconquest did not mean a return to the status quo ante Revolt permanently weakened the political power of the Franciscan missionaries New Mexico now important as a buffer between the French in the American interior and New Spain (silver mines) A new Pueblo-Spanish alliance needed Pueblos given greater latitude for their own religious practices Tribute demands lowered considerably Spanish recognition of Puebloan ownership of village lands Spaniards armed the Puebloans to defend villages (and Spaniards) from their common enemies (Apaches, Navajos, Comanches, Utes)

18 Beaver Wars???

19 The Beaver Wars An Imperial War Wars waged by an expanding Iroquois Confederation (also called the Iroquois Wars) Iroquois waged war for many reasons To expand territory To secure prime fur grounds to increase trade To keep flow of European goods To maintain control of the region Cultural factors such as the need to replace people lost by war and disease

20 Most Important Reason Wars were a continuation of the enmity between Indian groups throughout the St. Lawrence and lower Great Lakes region Pre-dated European arrival Indians used Europeans as proxies

21 The Iroquois Confederacy Mohawks, Onondagas, Oneidas, Senecas, Cayugas Pre-dates European arrival (as do all of the confederacies of the region) Possible dates for the creation of the confederacy range from the 12 th to 16 th century The reason why the confederacy was created is known the five tribes were constantly fighting each other in a cycle of blood feuds and revenge killing. Then a holy man, Deganawida (the Peacemaker ), received visions from the Creator of peace and cooperation for the tribes.

Forging the Confederacy Deganawida won the support of Hiawatha, an Onondaga who had become a Mohawk war chief Together, with much effort, they forge the

22 Forging the Confederacy Deganawida won the support of Hiawatha, an Onondaga who had become a Mohawk war chief Together, with much effort, they forge the confederacy and brought a period of internal peace and prosperity The Great Peace was for the five tribes united, they warred with all outsiders and expanded their domain

23 r

24 Timeline 1609 French and Algonquians kill three Iroquois chiefs on the shores of Lake Champlain not a good first encounter Early 1620s Dutch push up the Hudson in search of fur trade

Mohawk Expansion Mohawks considered themselves the most civilized and advanced people of the region (Europeans included) Their desire to control the fur

25 Mohawk Expansion Mohawks considered themselves the most civilized and advanced people of the region (Europeans included) Their desire to control the fur trade and stresses caused by disease and declining population made them aggressive Response expand to control same exact philosophy as the Europeans states

Mohawk-Mahican War Mid 1620s Mahicans had grown wealthy through trade with their Dutch allies used this relationship to push the Mohawks back Mohawks make an alliance

26 Mohawk-Mahican War Mid 1620s Mahicans had grown wealthy through trade with their Dutch allies used this relationship to push the Mohawks back Mohawks make an alliance with the French (who want to pressure the Dutch and keep their own allies in line) Mohawks win, make Mahicans a tributary nation and force them east of the Hudson River

The English Arrive 1620s English enter New England 1629-32 English capture and

27 The English Arrive 1620s English enter New England English capture and hold Quebec, Mohawks take advantage of the situation to attack the Algonquians

28 Huron-Iroquois Rivalry 1630s Christian Algonquins and their Huron allies buy arms from the French (who limit ammo) Iroquois buy arms from the Dutch in New Amsterdam A limited arms race neither the French nor Dutch want to put themselves at risk so they limit guns and ammo in trade Mid 1630s wars begin between the Huron confederacy and the Iroquois confederacy (Hurons outnumber Iroquois 2-1) Late 1630s series of epidemics sweep through region, weakening the Huron more than the Iroquois

29 Expanding Arms Race and the European Rivalry for Fur 1638 Swedes freely sell arms and ammunition to their allies, the Susquehannocks, in exchange for furs. Dutch respond to Swedish interlopers by selling more arms and ammo to the Iroquois. English traders from Boston - who want to break the Dutch fur monopoly with the Iroquois - begin freely selling the Mohawks firearms and ammo By the early 1640s, Iroquois warriors are fully armed and have stockpiled supplies of ammunition

30 Beaver Wars 1640s Iroquois drive the Algonquians from the upper St. Lawrence. French respond by building forts which can t even protect their own people.

31 Further French Response 1642 French found Montreal, on the Ottawa River, to be closer to the Hurons. Iroquois respond by moving large war parties to the valley to hinder the fur trade

32 Algonquians and the Dutch 1643 Mohawks, with Mahican allies, push Algonquians into Dutch territory. Dutch call upon the Mahicans and Mohawks for help against the Algonquins Dutch sign a formal alliance with the Mohawks for protection. Mohawks will defend the Dutch from Indian attacks for the life of the colony.

33 War with the Hurons 1645 French fur trade comes to complete halt. French sue for peace with the Iroquois and become neutral All out Iroquois-Huron war erupts. Huron defeated and move to Ohio and Upper Great Lakes region.

34 Outcome of the Huron Defeat French fur trade collapses again, Jesuit missionaries killed, allies scattered or destroyed Only the French Algonquian allies in Maine remain Iroquois completely control the fur trade

35 Susquehannock Wars

36 Susquehannock Wars 1651 Erupts in Pennsylvania Mohawks and Oneidas (Iroquois nations) against the Swedish-allied Susquehannocks Heavy losses, four year war of attrition Dutch defeat Swedes - Susquehannocks lose source of firearms and ammo and sue for peace with the Algonquins

37 Outcome of the Susquehannock Defeat No power in North America neither Indian nor European can stand against the Iroquois. Iroquois decide to deal with Europeans as their equals, declare their neutrality in European squabbles Continue to expand and dominate the fur trade with all Europeans

38 Algonquian Wars 1650s Mohawks continue eastward expansion -- Mohawk-Algonquian war in the Connecticut Valley and Maine French and English fearing Mohawk expansion supply Algonquians with weapons and ammo 1664 English defeat the Dutch and make peace with the Iroquois. Dutch traders now work for the English. New England merchants abandon Algonquian allies in favor of the Iroquois fur trade the Iroquois drive the Algonquians from the Connecticut River Valley

39 French Response to Events French Crown concerned about the English takeover of New Netherland and their treaty with the Iroquois 1665 New France becomes a royal colony and king sends a large contingent of regular French troops to the region. French begin raiding both Iroquois and English territories in New York Remaining Algonquians create an alliance and join with the French

40 Iroquois and English Response English and Iroquois make a formal alliance against the French English give tacit support for the Iroquois to gather all tribes in English claimed territory into the Covenant Chain (subordinate tribes) League s power and influence greatly increased

41 Covenant Chain Covenant Chain provides several advantages for the English: kept the Covenant Chain tribes from falling under French influence negotiations with indians were simplified since the English only had to deal with the Iroquois allowed the English to call upon the League as "policeman" in case of trouble. But also problematic any tribe unwilling to submit to or who wants to leave the Covenant Chain are forced into the arms of the French

42 Iroquois Empire 1680 Most enemies in the northeast incorporated into the Covenant Chain Iroquois had alliances with several English colonies from Maryland to Massachusetts Controlled a vast empire stretching from Maine to the Carolinas Iroquois warriors had fought battles in every modern state east of the Mississippi River

43 French and Algonquians Regroup The French and Algonquians regrouped in the interior along the Mississippi River Valley Algonquians make internal peace and present a unified front against continued Iroquoian harassment The Ohio country was a no-man s land between the two groups (which the Iroquois claimed as their own)

44 Beaver Wars Final Round Late 1680s Illinois hunters move into the Ohio terrritory. Senecas lead the Iroquois response and attack the Illinois French abandon their trading posts in the region and flee to Wisconsin and most of the Illinois flee west of the Mississippi. Seneca-led party massacres all that remained and burns every Illinois village.

The French Counter 1682 the French build a fort on the upper Illinois the Illinois, Shawnee and Miamis return 1684 Indian population around the French fort grows to 20,000.

45 The French Counter 1682 the French build a fort on the upper Illinois the Illinois, Shawnee and Miamis return 1684 Indian population around the French fort grows to 20,000. French/Indians turn back an Iroquois war party - the turning point in the war Late 1680s Iroquois on the defensive and forced to fall back across the Great Lakes to New York 1690 a smallpox outbreak further reduces Iroquois strength

46 Larger Anglo-French Imperial War King William s War. One theater of the war is New York and Ontario across the Iroquois heartland 1697 Peace treaty between England and France places Iroquois under English protection (no one asked the Iroquois their opinion) and the Algonquians under the French Both the English and French want their Indian allies to make peace Algonquians resist since they believe they are winning

47 At Long Last, Peace Iroquois did not like the fact that they were being made into pawns in the Anglo-French rivalry. The French wanted Iroquois neutrality in case of future Anglo-French wars. Wanted the Iroquois as a buffer between New France and the English colonies.

48 Great Peace of 1701 Peace signed in 1701 between 40 Indian nations and the French Recognized land rights, addressed issue of adoptees, restarted fur trade Official Iroquois neutrality in European conflicts

49 The French Error French did not force the Iroquois relinquish their claim to the Ohio territory in favor of French claims a costly error. The British will use their status as protectors of the Iroquois to claim this area for themselves.

50 And then European Wars Resume Queen Anne s War Major theater in the Maritimes and New England True to their word, the Iroquois remained neutral and waited to see who won

51 Beaver Wars A Final Analysis Iroquoian expansion forced the Algonquians and Shawnees westward, which in turn forced tribes like the Lakota Sioux onto the Plains and into nomadism. Other refugees flood the Upper Great Lakes region, setting off numerous wars with existing tribes in the region The French increase their presence in the upper Mississippi Valley

52 Beaver Wars Legacy An extremely brutal series of wars one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of North America Lead to a major realignment of tribal territories throughout the larger Great Lakes and Plains regions. Shaped the development of colonial America, creating political alignments which will lead to directly to the Seven Years War and, ultimately, the American Revolution.

53 Colonial Instability

54 Salem Witch Hysteria

55 Salem Witch Scare More than 95% of all legal accusations of witchcraft in the English North American colonies occurred in New England All New England colonies imposed the death penalty on convicted witches

Background Phenomenom of Northern European countries (Iberians considered witchcraft to be carried out by the ignorant and uneducated) 1487 the Malleus Maleficarum ("The Hammer of Witches") is

56 Background Phenomenom of Northern European countries (Iberians considered witchcraft to be carried out by the ignorant and uneducated) 1487 the Malleus Maleficarum ("The Hammer of Witches") is published in Germany. A treatise which proved witches existed and an instruction to magistrates on how to identify, interrogate and convict witches. Condemned by academics of the church as unethical and illegal, banned by the Church in Between the years 1487 and 1520, it was published thirteen times, and between 1574 to 1669 it was again published sixteen times. Gutenberg popularized the book thoughout Europe. Widely available and popular in New England

57 Who was Accused Women beyond childbearing age Economically independent women Outspoken women Women estranged from their husbands or widows Any woman who violated acceptable gender norms of subservience in a patriarchal society

58 Power of the Witch Challenged god s will Challenged the standing of men as heads of family Challenged the rulers of society Misogynistic response to female power

59 Why Salem? Region under great duress both internally and externally Frontier and Indian wars raging many refugees had fled to region Town divided into two political factions at odds with each other So a nativistic type of response to societal pressure Also existence of witches allowed New Englander s to more easily consider themselves saints rather than sinners

60 Particulars Several young girls begin using magic to see future (husbands, children, etc.) rather harmless They are found out and blame the Caribbean Indian slavewoman, Tituba The only way out of trouble is to name others so accusations begin to snowball Old scores being settled

61 Toll Legal action taken against 150 people mostly women 14 women and 5 men hanged, one man crushed under stones for refusing to enter plea Accusations spread beyond middle-aged women sign of serious judicial problems

62 The End Governor of Massachusetts dissolves Salem s court and orders release of remaining prisoners Increase Mather (a prominent clergyman) publishes an important treatise discrediting the tradition of prosecuting witches He argues that colonists should look to science to understand comets or illnesses or crop failures or natural disasters Salem reveals just how stressful life as a puritanical saint was

63 Bacon s Rebellion Virginia 1676

64 Demographics in the Chesapeake People immigrated as individuals Most were young, male and indentured and died soon after arriving Normal family life impossible Women vulnerable without family protections

65 Social Hierarchy Fluid society because of death rate Gentry developing with gaps between rich and poor Prosperous tobacco planters controlled many dependent workers whom they treated as property

66 Emergence of the Ruling Class Death rate declines in late 17 th century and society stabilizes Gentry begin passing on wealth to their children Indigenous ruling class emerges and leads to problems between planters and frontier smallholders

67 Social Issues Majority of population were small farmers As planter classes take control, small farmers become more marginalized Same issue developing in the other colonies

68 Frontier Grievances Frequent Indian attacks Farthest from markets, prices for tobacco declining Land often held by eastern speculators Taxes high Small farmers disenfranchised Hurricanes, floods and hailstorms in 1675

69 Final Straw frontiersmen retaliate for an Indian raid, but attack the wrong tribe Large scale Indian attacks result Governor Berkeley refuses to side with the settlers and orders an investigation in hopes of a peaceful settlement

Governor Sir William Berkeley Long-time resident of Virginia and close friend of King Charles I First named governor in the 1642 Fought in the Civil War, organized final defeat of Opechancanough

70 Governor Sir William Berkeley Long-time resident of Virginia and close friend of King Charles I First named governor in the 1642 Fought in the Civil War, organized final defeat of Opechancanough Forced from office by Cromwell As a private citizen of Virginia, he negotiated with the Indians to expand settlement northward 1660 renamed governor after the Restoration, very popular and maintained the peace

Nathaniel Bacon Young, wealthy, Cambridgeeducated English aristocrat Sent to Virginia by family after scandals at home Cousin, by marriage, of Governor Berkeley

71 Nathaniel Bacon Young, wealthy, Cambridgeeducated English aristocrat Sent to Virginia by family after scandals at home Cousin, by marriage, of Governor Berkeley Given a substantial land grant and a seat on the council (1675) by Berkeley Angered by Berkeley s refusal to give him a commission to lead a campaign against the Indians

72 Bacon s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon elected general of a militia comprised of small farmers after he promises to bankroll the operations Becomes leader of the frontier small farmers, blacks and poor women of the colony Militia carries out war against the Indians TREASON!

Course of Action (condensed version) Bacon s men successful in their Indian Wars Colonial leaders denounce Bacon s men as rebels Each side offers freedom to indentured servants and slaves who join

73 Course of Action (condensed version) Bacon s men successful in their Indian Wars Colonial leaders denounce Bacon s men as rebels Each side offers freedom to indentured servants and slaves who join their side (Bacon attracts more) Bacon offered some economic concessions and a seat in the House of Burgesses Bacon reneged when the government refused to pursue Indian war Bacon s forces burn Jamestown to the ground Briefly, Bacon actually ruled Virginia

74 End of Rebellion Bacon dies of bloody flux (dysentery) and lice infestation Rebellion begins to fall apart Berkeley harshly puts down rebellion with royal troops, executes many of the leadership Berkeley will be removed from office

75 Legacy Bacon's Rebellion was an attempted revolution of the lower classes, the mixed race peoples, bound servants and slaves It demonstrated that poor whites and poor blacks could be united in a cause the great fear of the ruling class what would prevent the poor from uniting to fight them? This fear hastened the transition to racial slavery.

English Colonies in an Age of Empire 1660s 1763 English Colonies in an Age of Empire 1660s 1763 Video Series: Key Topics in U.S.

1 2 3 4 5 6 English Colonies in an Age of Empire 1660s 1763 Economic Development and Imperial Trade in the British Colonies How did trade policy shape the relationship between Britain and the colonies?