CHAPTER THREE STATE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

Transcription

1 CHAPTER THREE STATE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

2 THE STATE LEGISLATURES By Rich Jnes The biennium was a difficult time fr state legislatures. The natinal recessin, cupled with increased respnsibilities flwing t the states frm the federal gvernment, resulted in the wrst budget prblems since the great depressin. T balance state budgets, legislatures in 35 states raised taxes in 1991 fr the largest ttal revenue increase in 2 years. Mst states als cut services. In additin, the nce-a-decade prcess f redrawing legislative and cngressinal district bundaries added a level f partisanship and hardball plitics t already cntentius debates n public plicy issues. The result f these pressures was legislative sessins marked by divisiveness, deadlck, plitical partisanship and difficult plicy chices. Citizens in Cnnecticut, Maine and Pennsylvania reacted angrily t their legislatures' budget deliberatins, frcing these states t start the new fiscal year withut a budget. Ethics scandals in ther states, particularly Arizna and Suth Carlina where lawmakers were cnvicted f crruptin charges fllwing undercver sting peratins, added t public skepticism abut legislatures and cntributed t a negative image f public fficials in general and legislatrs in particular. Legislatrs, staff, ther bservers and public pinin plls all indicate that the public currently hlds a lw pinin f state legislatures as institutins. An analysis f public pinin data n state legislatures by the Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures fund that citizens hld the legislature in lwer esteem tday than they did 2 years ag. When surveyed in 1968, 5 percent f respndents in six states gave a psitive rating t their legislature. In 199, the number f survey respndents in seven states wh gave the legislature a psitive rating declined t 3 percent. I The irny f these findings is that by mst accunts, legislatures are cnsiderably strnger institutins nw than they were tw decades ag. In fact, it was reactin t the status f legislatures in the 196s that helped fuel effrts t mdernize and imprve legislatures. Legislative Mdernizatin In the mid-196s, legislatures were malapprtined and dminated by rural interests. They met infrequently, experienced high rates f turnver amng the members, had little r n staff and were dependent n the executive branch and lbbyists fr infrmatin. Members in mst states did nt have ffice space, and cmmittee rms were ften t small t accmmdate citizens wanting t participate in the legislative prcess. Prcedures and cmmittee systems were antiquated. 2 A new member f the Illinis Huse f Representatives was quted in 1965 as "appalled by the cnditins under which we have t wrk:,3 Because f these weaknesses state legislatures were characterized as a "series f smetime gvernments: their presence is rarely felt r rarely missed!,4 Alan Ehrenhalt wrte that a tur f American legislatures in 1961 wuld have uncvered practices and behavir that wuld disturb mst vters tday. Accrding t Ehrenhalt, the legislatures f a generatin ag were "racist, sexist, secretive, bss-ruled, malapprtined and uninfrmed:,5 Effrts t imprve and mdernize state legislatures were stimulated by general dissatisfactin with their capability cmbined with the results f a series f state and federal curt decisins fllwing the U.S. Supreme Curt rulings n legislative districting in Baker v. Rich J nes is the directr f Legislative Prgrams at the Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. 124 The Bk f the States

3 Carr (1962) and Reynlds v. Simms (1964). These decisins generally required that legislative districts be apprtined based n equal ppulatin ("ne persn, ne vte"). As a result, many legislatures became mre representative f the ppulatin and pwer shifted frm rural t urban and suburban interests. The membership cmpsitin changed as the number f farmers declined and the number f teachers, prfessinals, wmen and racial minrities grew. T crrect legislative shrtcmings, citizen grups, natinal rganizatins and legislatures themselves studied legislative peratins and ffered recmmendatins fr imprvement. The recmmendatins advcated mst frequently included: eliminating r relaxing cnstitutinal limits n sessins and salaries; develping and expanding staff; expanding and imprving facilities; refrming rules and prcedures t pen the prcess t greater public participatin and scrutiny; expanding the legislatures' capacity t review and versee state budgets; and develping statutes t gvern ethics, campaign finance, disclsure and cnflict f interest. State legislatures have adpted mst f the refrmers' recmmendatins. In 1988, there were mre than 33, staffers wrking in state legislatures, 4 percent f them full-time prfessinals. Currently, 43 states meet in annual sessins cmpared t 2 in Legislative cmpensatin has increased significantly. Only six states have cnstitutinal limits n legislative salaries. Legislatures have added ffice space, expanded cmmittee rms and renvated their capitls. Many members nw have district ffices in additin t space at the capitl. Legislative prcedures are mre streamlined, pen meetings and pen recrds laws are in place, and mst legislatures undertake extensive effrts t prvide the public with infrmatin n their peratins. The majrity have statutes gverning ethics, campaign finance and cnflicts f interest. As a result f these changes, legislatures have becme strng, independent institutins that are c-equal partners in state gvernment. "Legislatures really did transfrm themselves;' says Alan Rsenthal, directr f the Eagletn Institute f Plitics at Rutgers University and a participant in the legislative imprvement effrts. "They are an institutinal success stry in terms f where they were 2 years ag and where they are nw.' In light f these changes and the transfrmatin legislatures have made, Rsenthal finds public dissatisfactin with legislatures t be "quite irnic:' 6 Yet the seeds f the current prblems facing state legislatures were swn in the refrms adpted ver the past tw decades. The net effect f the refrms has been t make legislatures mre prfessinal. By raising salaries, prviding ffice space, adding staff and making the state legislature an attractive place t serve, the refrms have attracted mre peple wh cnsider the legislature their full-time career. Given the cmplexity f state prblems it may be necessary t have legislatrs wh devte their full-time attentin t legislative issues. Hwever, this apprach runs cunter t the traditinal thery f American plitics in which citizens cme tgether, cnduct the public's business and return t their ther ccupatins. As William Schneider, plitical analyst at the American Enterprise Institute, tld a meeting f state legislatrs, "Prfessinalism and plitics d nt mix. The ntin f a prfessinal plitician is antithetical:' In his view, the prblem is that pliticians want t be treated as highly skilled prfessinals, which implies they have special expertise and can slve their states' prblems. T the extent legislatures fail t slve prblems, the public standing f the institutin declines. "The cmbinatin f a prfessinal self-image n the part f pliticians and a dissatisfied clientele is lethal;' says Schneider. 7 Term Limits Vter anger with legislatures and pliticians in general is manifested in the mvement t limit the terms f state lawmakers and members f Cngress. Vters in Califrnia, The Cuncil f State Gvernments 125

4 Clrad and Oklahma apprved citizen initiatives in Nvember 199 that limit the terms f state legislatrs. The Clrad initiative als applies t members f Cngress. In Califrnia, members f the Assembly are limited t six years, senatrs t eight years, and a lifetime ban is impsed n hlding each ffice nce the time limit is reached. Clrad limits lawmakers t eight cnsecutive years in each huse and members f Cngress t 12 years. Oklahma legislatrs are limited t a cmbined 12 years f service in either huse. Vters in Washingtn turned dwn an initiative in 1991 that wuld have limited members f the legislature t six years in the Huse and eight years in the Senate. It wuld have limited members f Cngress t six years in the Huse f Representatives and 12 years in the Senate. Unlike ther state prpsals that begin cunting years f service with the current electin, Washingtn's initiative wuld have allwed nly ne mre term fr state and federal lawmakers wh had already reached the number f terms permitted fr their current ffice. 8 The Califrnia Legislature went t curt t have its initiative verturned, arguing the lifetime ban n legislative service wuld disqualify the mst qualified candidates - incumbents - and deny vters the right t chse their representatives. (In additin t limiting lawmakers' terms, Prpsitin 14 set a ceiling n legislative expenditures and reduced legislatrs' retirement benefits.) The Califrnia Supreme Curt rejected these arguments and upheld the measure's cnstitutinality, writing, "The state's strng interest in prtecting against an entrenched, dynastic bureaucracy, and in thereby encuraging new candidates t seek public ffice are bth legitimate and cmpelling nes that supprt a lifetime ban frm the ffice and utweigh any interest the incumbent legislatrs, r the vting public, may have in perpetuating the incumbents' psitins f cntrl:'9 Nt withstanding the defeat f the Washingtn initiative, the mvement t limit terms has cnsiderable public supprt. An Octber 1991 Wall Street Jurnal/NBC News pll fund that three ut f fur peple surveyed supprt term limits fr members f Cngress. A 199 pll fund that 8 percent f the vters in New Jersey supprt limits n state lawmakers' terms. 1 Vters in as many as 2 states may have the pprtunity t vte n term limit initiatives in the 1992 electins and term limit bills were cnsidered in 45 states during Althugh nne was enacted, legislatin did pass thrugh bth chambers f the Oregn Legislative Assembly nly t die in cnference cmmittee at the end f the 1991 sessin. Prpnents f term limits argue legislatures are dminated by entrenched members with lng tenures wh are ut f tuch with the citizens' needs. And because incumbents have electral advantages by virtue f their psitins, term limits are necessary t frce turnver and bring new peple with new ideas int state legislatures. It is irnic that ne f the gals flegislative refrmers tw decades ag was t reduce legislative turnver. They felt high turnver limited lawmakers' expertise and weakened the legislatures' capacity and independence. Althugh turnver rates in many states have declined since the 196Os, Table A shws there is still cnsiderable change in the membership f mst state legislatures. Fr example, natinwide, 75 percent f the lwer huse members and 72 percent f the upper huse wh served in 1979 had left their respective chambers by Frm 1979 t 1989, turnver in the lwer huse was 8 percent r mre in 23 states while 16 state Senates had cmparable rates. 11 Term limits are likely t change significantly the rganizatin and peratin f legislatures. Fr example, the selectin f leaders, prfessinalizatin f legislatures and the distributin f pwer between the legislative and executive branches are just sme f the areas that culd be affected. Hw legislatures will respnd will nt becme clear, until there has been sme experience with term limits. Reapprtinment Every 1 years, state legislatures undertake the prcess f drawing new districts fr themselves and members f the U.S. Huse f Rep- 126 The Bk f the States

5 Tabl. A STATE LEGISLATIVE TURNOVER, Upper chambers Lwer chambers State Ttal members New members 'TUrnver percent Ttal members New members 7Umver percent United States 1,981 1,432 Alabama Alaska Arizna 3 19 Arkansas Califrnia 4 21 Clrad Cnnecticut Delaware Flrida 4 35 Gergia Hawaii Idah (a) Illinis (b) Indiana 5 33 Iwa 5 35 Kansas Kentucky Luisiana Maine (c) Maryland Massachusetts 4 25 Michigan Minnesta Mississippi Missuri Mntana 5 37 Nebraska Nevada (d) New Hampshire New Jersey 4 28 New Mexic New Yrk (e) Nrth Carlina 5 38 Nrth Dakta (f) 5 37 Ohi Oklahma Oregn Pennsylvania Rhde Island 5 42 Suth Carlina Suth Dakta Tennessee 33 2 Texas Utah Vermnt 3 25 Virginia Washingtn West Virginia Wiscnsin Wyming (g) ,51 4, N.A. NA N.A S bers between 1979 t (e) Membership in the New Yrk Senate increased frm 6 t 61 members between 1979 and (f) Membership in the Nrth Dakta Senate increased frm 5 t 53 members between 1979 and Membership in the Huse increased frm 1 t 16 members. (g) Membership in the Wyming Senate increased frm 3 t 4 members between 1979 and Membership in the Huse increased frm 62 t 64 members. Key: N.A. - Nt applicable (a) Membership in the Idah Senate increased frm 35 t 42 members between 1979 and Membership in the Huse increased frm 7 t 84 members. (b) Membership in the Illinis Huse f Representatives decreased frm 177 t 118 members between 1979 and (c) Membership in the Maine Senate increased frm 33 t 35 members between 1979 and (d) Membership in the Nevada Senate increased frm 2 t 21 memresentatives. Nine states assign this respnsibility t independent cmmissins, and in Alaska, the gvernr's ffice draws the legislative districts. The 199 redistricting prcess featured a number f significant changes frm past effrts. Pssibly the biggest has been in laws relating t the representatin f minrities. The U.S. Cngress in 1982 adpted amendments t Sectin 2 f the Vting Rights Act prhibiting states frm enacting plans that have the effect f diluting minrity vtes. The previus standard prhibited states frm adpting plans with the intent f diluting minrity vtes. In Thrnburg v. Gingles, the U.S. Supreme Curt ruled the amendments The Cuncil f State Gvernments 127

6 require states t draw districts cmpsed f a majrity f minrity vters whenever pssible. Cmpliance with this dictate has been a primary cncern f legislative mapmakers, vershadwing mst ther cncerns and resulting in several ddly-shaped districts. A secnd majr change was the increased level f detail prvided by the Census Bureau. States participating in a special prject gave the Census Bureau maps identifying all electin precincts. The bureau then reprted detailed precinct-level statistics in cmputer readable frmat. The result was that 199 census data were brken dwn int mre than 7 millin blcks as cmpared t 2.5 millin blcks in 198. Legislatures had significantly mre statistical infrmatin abut the districts and culd draw them with near equal ppulatin. Advances in cmputer technlgy effected the third majr change in the redistricting prcess. With pwerful and less-expensive cmputers, mre peple had access t the redistricting prcess than in previus years. Using mini- and persnal cmputers and census data, mre grups and individuals culd draw their wn redistricting plans fr cnsideratin by the legislatures and the curts. Many bservers f the redistricting prcess have predicted a furth majr change culd result frm the 1986 U.S. Supreme Curt decisin in Davis v. Bandemer that recgnized partisan gerrymandering as a justiciable issue. Plitical gerrymandering was lng cnsidered utside the purview f the curts because it invlved purely plitical issues. Federal curts can nw review redistricting plans t determine if they are drawn t benefit ne plitical party ver anther in vilatin f the Equal Prtectin Clause f the Furteenth Amendment t the U.S. Cnstitutin. Hwever, the Curt did nt spell ut the criteria fr identifying uncnstitutinal gerrymanders, and litigatin is expected until standards are set. Withut definite limits n gerrymanders, it is unlikely states will make this a tp cncern. These changes have made the 199 redistricting prcess extremely cmplex and increased the likelihd f litigatin. During the 198 redistricting prcess, 43 states faced a challenge t at least ne f their plans (Le., cngressinal, state Huse r Senate.) The number f legal challenges t the 199 redistricting plans culd exceed that f Legislative Operatins, Organizatin and Prcedures As legislatures have assumed a mre active plicymaking rle, the number and cmplexity f issues they address and the public attentin they receive have expanded. Cnsequently, legislative wrklads have grwn. T meet increased demands and cmplete their business mre effectively within prescribed time limits, legislatures have devted cnsiderable attentin t streamlining and imprving peratins. Prviding increased public access t the legislative prcess and imprving the legislature's use f its time in sessin and during the interim have been primary bjectives. Since 1985, Alaska, Flrida, Kansas, Maine, Minnesta, Missuri, Nevada, New Yrk and Washingtn have undertaken studies f their peratins and prcedures. Maryland, Nrth Dakta and Wiscnsin are cnducting studies during The legislatures have used different appraches in cnducting these studies, but all have had the cmmn bjective f identifying methds t streamline legislative prcedures, imprve the legislature's use f its time and mre effectively handle the increased wrklad. Length f Legislative Sessins During the last tw decades, states have relaxed sessin length limitatins and restrictins n the legislature's ability t call itself int special sessin. Currently, 12 states place n limit n sessin length, 32 states have cnstitutinal limits, and six have statutry r indirect limitatins based n cutffs in legislatrs' salaries r per diem expense payments. All but seven (Arkansas, Kentucky, Mntana, Nevada, Nrth Dakta, Oregn and Texas) meet annually. Fllwing Wrld War II, nly fur states held annual sessins. By 1966, this number increased t 2 states, and by 1974, 42 states were meeting annually. (See Table 3.2) 128 The Bk f the States

7 During the 198s, there was public interest in limiting the length f legislative sessins. In 1988, Clrad vters apprved a cnstitutinal amendment limiting legislative sessins t 12 days. Oklahma vters in 1989 apprved a cnstitutinal amendment specifying the legislature culd meet nly frm February thrugh May. Because f legislative scheduling this had the effect f limiting time spent in sessin. Alaska adpted a 12-day sessin limit in Hwever, the effectiveness f rules limiting sessins by reducing cmpensatin r per diem payments if legislatures stay in sessin beynd a prescribed limit is questinable. Arizna and Nevada use this apprach and bth states exceeded the limit thrughut the 198s. Regardless f the restrictins placed n legislative sessins, the legislatures' wrklad cntinues t grw. During the early 199Os, budget prblems and reapprtinment frced legislatures t stay in sessin lnger r meet in special sessins. Fr example, Texas, which technically meets in sessin 14 days every ther year, met fr 27 days during the biennium, and held three special sessins in 1989 and fur in 199. Natinwide, mre than 5 special sessins were cnvened in 31 states during (See Table 3.22) Full Time Legislatures and Legislatrs Debates ver the time legislatures spend in sessin ften center arund a desire t preserve the citizen legislature versus the need t develp prfessinal r full-time legislatures similar t the U.S. Cngress. The amunt f time in sessin and cmpensatin paid its members directly affect the type f persn fund in legislative bdies. States with lnger sessins and higher salaries, fr the mst part, have a larger number f members wh cnsider the legislature their career. The traditinal argument is that legislatures benefit by having members wh represent a variety f vcatins, wh cme t the legislature fr a shrt time and then return t their ther ccupatins. In recent years hwever, many have argued that the cmplexities f issues and the demands placed n legislatures have increased the need fr full-time lawmakers. In a 1992 update f a study riginally cnducted fur years ag, the Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures gruped the legislatures int three categries based n the extent t which they exhibit characteristics f a full-time legislature - high salaries, large staffs and lng sessins. Califrnia, Illinis, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New Yrk, Ohi, Pennsylvania and Wiscnsin are cnsidered t be full-time legislatures. (New Jersey mved int the full-time categry in the 1992 study when the turnver rate amng members was drpped as a criterin fr fulitime status.) At the ther end f the spectrum are 17 states with clearly part-time legislatures. They meet in shrt sessins, have lw salaries and small staffs. In between are 25 states whse legislatures have sme, but nt all f the characteristics f full-time legislatures. Flrida, fr example, has a large legislative staff but meets in a shrt sessin and ranks in the midrange n legislative pay. Given increased demands n legislatures, it is pssible that states such as Flrida and Missuri will mve int the full-time categry during the cming decade. Others, such as Maine and Gergia, culd evlve frm being parttime bdies and begin t take n mre characteristics f full-time legislatures. 13 The number f members wh cnsider themselves full-time lawmakers is increasing. In a 1986 study cnducted by the Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, 11 percent f all legislatrs reprted the legislature is their sle ccupatin. If ther categries such as retired, student and hmemaker are included, full-time legislatrs wuld exceed 2 percent f all legislatrs. Mre than half f the Middle Atlantic state lawmakers cnsider themselves full-time, including mre than 6 percent f the members in New Yrk and Pennsylvania. Almst ne f every five wmen legislatrs says she is a full-time lawmaker and anther ne in eight lists her ccupatin as hmemaker. This study als fund that the number f lawyer legislatrs declined frm 22 percent f the ttal in 1976 t 16 percent in In rank rder, the largest ccupatinal categries are: attrney (16 percent), business wner (14 percent), full-time legislatr (11 The Cuncil f State Gvernments 129

8 percent), agriculture (1 percent) and educatr (8 percent). 14 The number f wmen and minrities serving in state legislatures cntinues t grw. In 1991, 1,351 legislatrs r 18 percent f the ttal were wmen. This is a fur-fld increase since 1969, when 31 r 4 percent f alliegislatrs were wmen. 15 As the number f wmen lawmakers increases, mre wmen are hlding legislative leadership psitins. In 1992, 18 wmen held psitins as presiding fficer, majrity r minrity leader, cmpared t fur wmen hlding similar psitins in In 1991, there were 43 African-American legislatrs (5.8 percent f all legislatrs) and 128 Hispanic state legislatrs (1.7 percent f all legislatrs). 16 Bill Intrductins Tw tls legislatures use t manage their wrklads are limits n the number f bills intrduced and deadlines fr intrducing bills. The Clrad, Indiana, Michigan, Mntana, Nevada and Nrth Dakta legislatures and the Califrnia Senate, Flrida Huse, Hawaii Huse and Tennessee Senate limit the number f bills members can intrduce. Fr example, Clrad limits a member t five bills in each regular sessin f the General Assembly. Frty-five legislatures have deadlines fr bill intrductins and 46 allw pre-filing. (See Table 3.19) These prcedures are designed t encurage bill intrductins earlier in the sessin s that cmmittees can begin wrk upn cnvening. In additin, 14 legislative chambers use prpsed, shrt frm r skeletn bills. If, after initial cnsideratin, there is interest in pursuing the plicies embdied in the skeletn bills a cmplete bill will be drafted. By using skeletn bills, the legislature reduces the number f full bills intrduced, eases the burden n bill drafters and gives cmmittees the pprtunity t cmbine duplicate prpsals int a single bill. 17 Frm 1975 t 1988, state legislatures cnsidered an average f 19, bills each biennium. The number intrduced in each state during a biennium varied frm a lw f abut 1, in Alaska, Clrad, Nrth Dakta, Vermnt and Wyming t highs f mre than 18, in Massachusetts and 3, in New Yrk. During the same perid, legislatures passed an average f 22.8 percent f all bills intrduced r abut 43, bills in an average biennium. 18 Legislative Cmpensatin Adequate pay fr state legislatrs was a key recmmendatin f the legislative refrm mvement. Prpnents argued that increased salaries, additinal staff resurces and extended time in sessin wuld help attract and retain high quality members. In the mid-196s, the salaries f lawmakers in 26 states were set by their cnstitutins. Because f the difficultly f adjusting salaries set in state cnstitutins, legislative refrmers recmmended that they be remved frm the cnstitutin. Currently, nly six states retain cnstitutinal limits n legislative pay. These states pay relatively lw salaries, such as Alabama's $1 per day fr 3 sessin days, New Hampshire's $1 per year, and Rhde Island's $5 per day fr 6 sessin days. (See Table 3.11) Deciding apprpriate salaries fr state legislatrs is a difficult task that invlves balancing the philsphical idea f a citizen legislature with the practical cnsideratins f the time and cst f serving in the legislature. Legislatures in 27 states are respnsible fr setting their wn salaries. Cmpensatin cmmissins are used in 2 states. In mst f these states, the legislature must apprve the cmmissin's recmmendatins befre they can take effect. Hwever, in five states (Delaware, Hawaii, Idah, Michigan and Washingtn), the cmmissin's recmmendatins g int effect immediately, unless rejected by the legislature. In Oklahma, the Cmpensatin Review Bard sets legislatrs' salaries withut apprval r rejectin by the legislature. In Arizna, the recmmendatins f the cmpensatin cmmissin are submitted t a vte f the peple. (See Table 3.8) Eight states (Alaska, Flrida, Gergia, Kansas, Missuri, Mntana, Nrth Carlina and Wiscnsin) tie legislatr's salaries t thse f ther state emplyees. (See Table 3.9) In 1992, salaries range frm a lw f $1 per year in New Hampshire t a high f 13 The Bk f the States

9 $57,5 per year in New Yrk. Ten states will pay lawmakers annual salaries f $3, r mre in 1992 with half f these states' annual salaries exceeding $4,. (See Table 3.11) All but five states pay legislatrs a per diem t cver living expenses. In 43 states, presiding fficers and majrity r minrity leaders receive additinal cmpensatin. In 18 states, additinal pay is given t ther leaders such as deputy leaders, assistant leaders, whips, caucus chairs, speakers pr tem and plicy chairs. Cmmittee chairs get extra pay in 16 states. In nine f these states extra pay is given t all chairs; in the ther seven, it is limited t specific cmmittees such as finance r ways and means. (See Tables 3.13 and 3.14) In additin t salaries, legislatrs are eligible fr retirement benefits in 41 states. (See Table 3.15) The 199 citizen initiative adpted by Califrnia vters that limits legislatrs' terms als eliminated lawmakers' retirement benefits. Lawmakers elected t the Califrnia Legislature in 199 and beynd are nt eligible t participate in the legislative retirement system. The state Supreme Curt ruled that lawmakers elected befre 199, wh currently participate in the legislative retirement system, can remain in the system. 19 Legislatrs in 46 states receive varius insurance benefits such as health and hspitalizatin, dental, life, disability and ptical. In mst f these states, legislatrs receive the same insurance benefits as state emplyees. Califrnia and Pennsylvania prvide mnthly allwances t lease autmbiles, and certain legislative leaders in Arkansas, Missuri, New Jersey and Washingtn are prvided a state car. Office expense, staffing allwances, r bth, are paid t legislatrs in 28 states. These range frm a relatively small pstage allwance in Minnesta t staffing allwances in excess f $1, fr members in Califrnia, New Yrk, Texas and the Michigan Senate. 2 Legislative Staffing Legislative staff are the crnerstne f the mdern state legislature. The grwth and develpment f staff has significantly affected the peratins f state legislatures. Thrugh their ability t gather, evaluate, prcess and synthesize infrmatin, staff prvide legislatures with greater independence. N lnger must lawmakers rely exclusively n infrmatin prvided by lbbyists and executive agencies. The Wiscnsin Legislative Reference Bureau, funded in 191, was the natin's first permanent legislative staff. Until then, staff was generally limited t the clerk and secretary, tw psitins derived frm English parliamentary traditin. In 1933, Kansas created the natin's first legislative cuncil staff, and thrughut the 194s and 195s a majrity f states created similar peratins. Cuncil staff were rganized n a nnpartisan basis t prvide research, bill drafting and plicy analysis t members f bth chambers. By the early 196Os, 44 legislatures had legislative cuncils. Specialized staff were added beginning in the 195s with the appearance f fiscal and budget staff. By 1975, all 5 states had staff t prvide independent budget analysis and fiscal infrmatin. Pst audit and prgram evaluatin staff were added t legislatures in the early 197s, with mst states adpting this capability by the mid-198s. Cmputer staff, science and technical staff and a wide range f specialists were added t legislatures thrughut the 198s. Legislative staffing underwent several significant changes during the 198s. First, the number f staff wrking in state legislatures grew by apprximately 24 percent, frm almst 27, ttal staff in 1979 t mre than 33, ttal staff by Mst f the increase came in the area f full-time prfessinal staff, which grew by 5,4 r almst 65 percent. The number f sessin-nly staff declined by 12 percent during the same perid. States with the largest legislative staffs in 1988 were (in rank rder) New Yrk, Califrnia, Pennsylvania, Texas, Flrida, Illinis and Michigan. 21 Secnd, the decentralizatin f legislative staff cntinued thrughut the 198s, as legislatures added persnal staff fr individual legislatrs, party caucus staff and legislative cmmittee plicy staff. The Cuncil f State Gvernments 131

10 During the early 199s, budget prblems in many states have slwed the grwth in the number f legislative staff. Fiscal cnstraints have altered the staffs wrking cnditins as cncerns abut layffs, furlughs and salary freezes spread. Prpsitin 14, which limited the terms f Califrnia lawmakers, als set a $115 millin ceiling n ttal legislative expenditures, which reduced the legislature's budget by 38 percent. As a result, mre than 6 staffers were laid ff. The legislature is attempting t restructure the legislative analyst's ffice and the auditr general's ffice as quasi-legislative agencies s their csts will nt cunt against the ceiling. Other legislative staff peratins have been made part f the state library t remve them frm the ceiling. Other state legislatures have had t cut staff t balance their budgets. The number f sessin staff hired in Maryland and Washingtn, fr example, was reduced, and Maine and Maryland staff were frced t take furlugh days. Legislative staff salaries in Michigan will be frzen in fiscal year The grwth and prfessinalizatin f legislative staff have created a need fr imprved persnnel management systems. Within the last tw years, the Suth Dakta legislature undertk a cmprehensive review f its psitin classificatin and pay plan, and Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia cnducted studies f their legislative staff structure. Frmal perfrmance evaluatin systems have been established in a majrity f the states, and prgrams that ffer prfessinal develpment fr staff are being implemented in a number f legislatures. Legislative Facilities Legislatures have cme a lng way frm the time when the nly space lawmakers had was a desk n the chamber flr. Mdern telecmmunicatins and cmputer technlgy, lnger sessins, increased public desire fr access t the legislature and the expanding number f staff are sme f the factrs driving the legislatures' need fr additinal and mre sphisticated space. States are balancing this need fr additinal space with the need t maintain the histrical integrity f their capitls. Within the last five years, Cnnecticut pened a new ffice building, Pennsylvania added a new wing t its main Capitl, and Wiscnsin mved legislative staff int leased space utside f the Capitl. Texas is cnstructing a legislative ffice building, and Michigan is renvating the buildings in the Capitl cmplex and cntinuing t restre the Capitl. Michigan staff will be mved ut f the Capitl and int nearby renvated buildings. New space was created fr staff and members during restratin f the State Huse in New Jersey and the Capitl in New Mexic. During the 198s, Califrnia, Cnnecticut, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesta, Mississippi, New Yrk, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Wiscnsin cmpleted majr prjects t restre and preserve the histric quality f their capitls. Ohi is currently restring its Capitl, and Oklahma is beginning a fund-raising effrt t pay fr the csts f putting a dme n its Capitl (the riginal building plans called fr ne, but funds ran ut befre it culd be added). Infrmatin Systems The evlutin f cmputer technlgy - particularly the develpment f pwerful, relatively inexpensive persnal cmputers - has changed significantly the peratins f state legislatures. Cmputers have enhanced the legislatures' plicymaking capacity, increased the efficiency f legislative functins such as bill drafting and jurnal prductin and expanded legislatrs' ability t prvide cnstituent services. Thrugh netwrking capabilities, legislative cmputer systems can be cnnected with executive agency systems, and the legislature's cmputers in different lcatins can be linked. During the last biennium, Nrth Carlina revamped the system by which the legislature receives executive agency expenditure data when entered int the agencies' systems. Washingtn's legislature als receives expenditure data when entered n the executive agencies' systems and uses the data fr budget analysis with spreadsheet sftware. Califrnia, Flrida and New Jersey link cmputers in district ffices with the legislature's main infrmatin system at the capital. Cali- 132 The Bk f the States

11 frnia, Flrida and Washingtn are amng the states that use cmputer technlgy t prduce the legislature's jurnal. By using cmputer sftware fr layut and by electrnically transmitting the infrmatin t the printer, the jurnals are prduced mre quickly and cheaply. Minnesta and Wiscnsin are amng the legislatures using advanced technlgy such as CD ROM, thus enhancing public access t state statutes. The increase in members wh are familiar with cmputers is driving the type and level f cmputer technlgy within legislatures. Mre lawmakers want access thrugh the legislature's infrmatin systems t cmmercial spreadsheet and wrd prcessing sftware packages they use in their private lives. The use f cmputer systems t answer and track cnstituent requests is grwing. Legislatures in several states cmbine vter registratin and census data t build data bases n vters and, in turn, use this infrmatin t answer cnstituent requests. The types f issues citizens are cncerned abut can be tracked and tickler files created t ensure requests are answered. The Califrnia Assembly, Luisiana Senate and the Washingtn Legislature are using these types f systems. The emphasis in legislatures is shifting tward persnal cmputers and lcal area netwrks and away frm central, mainframe systems. In 199, the Michigan Senate installed cmputers n the flr fr every senatr wh wanted ne. Senatrs vte thrugh the cmputer, review bills and prpsed amendments, receive messages via electrnic mail, and access the system in their ffices t draft crrespndence and cmmunicate with staff. In the 1991 sessin, 24 Nrth Dakta legislatrs participated in a prject that placed cmputer terminals at their desks in the chambers. Bill bks, jurnals and calendars were replaced by terminals. During the 1992 sessin, the Flrida Huse installed cmputers n the flr, with capabilities similar t thse in the Michigan Senate. Kentucky has develped an Executive Infrmatin System that gathers data frm executive agencies' systems and rganizes it int reprts fr lawmakers. Party Cntrl Demcrats maintained cntrl f state legislatures in the early A great deal f attentin was fcused n the 199 legislative electins because the members chsen in that electin wuld be respnsible fr drawing the new maps fr legislative districts fllwing reapprtinment (this is true fr mst states, althugh 11 legislatures d nt initially draw legislative districts). Thrughut the 198s, Republicans pured mney and ther resurces int legislative electins t increase the number f chambers under their cntrl prir t the decennial redistricting prcess. This strategy did nt payff as Republicans cntrlled fewer legislatures after the 199 electins than they did fllwing the 198 electins - five cmpared t 15 - the same number as their pst-watergate lw during the biennium. They picked up an additinal legislature in the 1991 electins as New Jersey swung frm Demcratic cntrl f bth chambers t vet-prf Republican majrities in bth chambers. 22 Demcrats cntrlled 29 legislatures fllwing the 1991 electins, the Republicans cntrlled six, and in 14 states each party cntrlled ne chamber (the Nebraska Unicameral is elected n a nnpartisan basis). There were 4,415 Demcratic lawmakers fllwing the 1991 electins, 2,959 Republicans, 11 independents and 27 seats were vacant. 23 Althugh RepUblicans failed t increase their cntrl f legislative chambers during the 198s, they increased their strength in the Suth and nw hld mre seats than ever befre in that regin. In the 1991 electins, Virginia RepUblicans gained eight seats in the Senate, bringing them t within fur seats f the Demcrats (22-18). They picked up ne seat in the Huse, reducing a 49-seat Demcratic advantage fllwing the 198 electin t a 16-seat edge fllwing the 1991 electin. Mississippi Republicans gained five seats in the Huse and elected a gvernr (the first Republican since 187) and lieutenant gvernr. Hwever, Mississippi lawmakers will run again in 1992 because they failed t adpt a redistricting plan in time fr the 1991 electins. Republicans did nt fare as well in The Cuncil f State Gvernments 133

12 Luisiana, lsing a Senate seat and three Huse seats. The use f crss-party calitins t rganize legislatures has nt been as prminent fllwing the 199 electins as it was during the biennium. Crss-party calitins are n lnger in cntrl f the Nrth Carlina Huse, the Flrida Senate r the Tennessee Senate. In an unusual apprach t legislative rganizatin, the Alaska Senate, with equal numbers f Republicans and Demcrats, is cntrlled by a calitin cmprised f all members. The Idah Senate was tied fllwing the 199 electin and the Republican lieutenant gvernr vted t elect a Republican as president pr tem. The Idah Supreme Curt ruled in a suit filed by Demcrats that the lieutenant gvernr can vte during the Senate's rganizatinal sessin withut vilating the separatin f pwers clause. The Vermnt Senate was tied fllwing the 199 vte, but the tw parties agreed t a pwersharing arrangement in which each cntrlled cmmittee chairmanships and leadership psitins. The Evlving Legislature The legislative mdernizatin mvement was successful in strengthening state legislatures. They are independent institutins fully capable f devising innvative and imaginative slutins t cmplex and challenging public plicy issues. The transfer f respnsibilities t the states frm the federal gvernment cmbined with the legislatures' increased capacity has prpelled legislatures t the frefrnt f the plicy debate n a wide range f issues including educatin, ecnmic develpment, health care, delivery f scial services and envirnmental prtectin. Hwever, the refrms have left several prblems in their wake. Increased staff, better ffice space including district ffices and access t cmputers, and the ability t raise campaign funds directly frm plitical actin cmmittees, have made the individual legislatr mre independent. Cnsequently, the pwer f legislative leaders t frge cnsensus n divisive issues has declined. Higher salaries, better wrking cnditins and greater visibility have attracted peple t the legislature wh cnsider plitics their career. The number f full-time legislatrs is grwing as is the number f lawmakers wh cme t the legislature with little wrk experience r frm ther careers in gvernment and plitics. These members want t stay in public ffice fr the lng term, rarely leave the legislature vluntarily and increasingly have ambitins fr higher ffice. They devte cnsiderable attentin t their re-electin effrts and t cnstituent service. They are pushing legislatures t becme mre prfessinal, fulltime bdies, even thugh many lawmakers d nt want t mve in this directin. The struggle between frces driving legislatures t becme full-time and thse fighting t maintain a part-time citizen legislature is likely t intensify in many states during the 199s. At several cnferences spnsred by the Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures and the Eagletn Institute f Plitics, lawmakers, plitical scientists and ther bservers agreed that legislatures shuld avid becming highly prfessinal bdies like the U.S. Cngress. Accrding t Burdett A. Lmis, plitical science prfessr at the University f Kansas, "The central prblem remains tday what it was in many ways twenty years ag, hw t balance the value f a citizen legislature against the need fr enhanced expertise and experience in dealing with increasingly large, difficult and cmplex prblems facing the states:,24 Effrts are under way that culd frm the beginning f a secnd legislative refrm mvement. The Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, the Eagletn Institute f Plitics, legislatures and ther academic and legislative grups are fcusing attentin n the health f the legislative institutin. They are cncerned abut the lack f public cnfidence in the legislatures' ability t slve state prblems and what can be dne t reverse the slide in public apprval ratings. Their effrts will fcus n lng-term trends and slutins. In the meanwhile, given the public md tward pliticians and the effects f redistricting, it is likely that legislative turnver will be higher 134 The Bk f the States

13 than usual in the 1992 electins, and that term limits will spread t mre states. Ntes 1 Karl T. Kurtz, The Public Standing f the Legislature. A paper prepared fr the Sympsium n the Legislature in the lwenty-first Century, Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, Williamsburg, Va., March Jhn Burns, The Smetime Gvernments (New Yrk: Bantam Bks, 1971) pp The Cuncil f State Gvernments, The Bk f the States ed. (Lexingtn, Kentucky: The Cuncil f State Gvernments, 1966) p Burns, The Smetime Gvernments, p Alan Ehrenhalt, ''An Embattled Institutin:' Gverning, January 1992, p Ibid. 7 Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, Leaders'Letter, Nvember 1991, p Nancy Rhyme, "Washingtn Rejects Term Limits:' State Legislatures, December 1991, p Legislature f the State f Califrnia v. Eu, 54 Cal. 3D 492, 286 Cal. Rptr. 283, 816 P.2D 139, Stuart Rthenberg, "Hw Term Limits Became a Natinal Phenmenn:' State Legislatures, January 1992, pp II Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, Thrnver in State Legislatures , April Tim Strey, "Drawing Lines Withut Drawing Fire:' State Legislatures, July 1991, pp Karl T. Kurtz, "State Legislatures: Prgress, Prblems, and Pssibilities:' Eagletn Institute f Plitics and Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, draft publicatin, March 1992, pp Beth Bazar, State Legislatrs' Occupatins: A Decade f Change, (Denver, Cl. Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, 1987), pp Center fr the American Wman and Plitics, Natinal Infrmatin Bank n Wmen in Public Office, Eagletn Institute f Plitics, Rutgers University, January Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, A Cmpilatin f Black and Hispanic Legislatrs. Nvember American Sciety f Legislative Clerks and Secretaries and Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, Inside the Legislative Prcess, 1992 ed., (Denver, Cl. Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, 1992). 18 Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. Cmpilatin f bill intrductin and passage rates, Legislature f the State f Califrnia v. Eu, 54 Cal. 3D 492, 286 Cal. Rptr. 283, 816 P.2D 139, The data n legislative cmpensatin is taken frm the Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures 1991 and 1992 cmpensatin surveys. Salaries and per diems reflect thse paid as f Jan. 3, Retirement and health benefits reflect thse paid as f Jan. 3, Brian Weberg, "Changes in Legislative Stafr,' Jurnal f State Gvernment 61 (Nvember/December 1988): pp Karen Hansen, "T the Demcrats G the Spils:' State Legislatures, Nvember/December 199, p Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures, Partisan Cmpsitin f State Legislatures, Nv. 21, Burdett A. Lmis, Plitical Careers and American State Legislatures. A paper prepared fr the Sympsium n the Legislature in the Twenty First Century, Williamsburg, Va., March 199, p. 27. The Cuncil f State Gvernments 135

14 Table 3.1 NAMES OF STATE LEGISLATIVE BODIES AND CONVENING PLACES State r ther jurisdictin Bth bdies Upper huse Lwer huse Cnvening place Abbama... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse AI.. k... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Arizna... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Arkansas.' General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Califrnia.. Legislature Senate Assembly State Capitl Clrad.. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Cnnecticul General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Delaware. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives Legislative Hall Flrida... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives The Capitl Gerala. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl HawaII... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Idah.. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl liiinl. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Indiana. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Iwa General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Kalasas Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl K.ntucky." General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl LuWa.a Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Mine. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Maryland... General Assembly Senate Huse f Delegates State Huse M... cbuseus. General Curt Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Michigan... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Mln"",'a.. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Mississippi.. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives New Capitl Missuri... General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Mntana.... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl N.braska... Legislature (a) State Capitl N.vada. Legislature Senate Assembly Legislative Building New Hampshire General Curt Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse New Jersey... Legislature Senate General Assembly State Huse New M.m.. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Ne.. yrk... Legislature Senate Assembly State Capitl Nrth Carlina General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Legislative Building Nrth Dakta Legislative Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Ohi. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Oklahma.. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Oregn... Legislative Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Pennsylvania General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives Main Capitl Building Rbnde Island.. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Suth Carll... General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Suth Dakta Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Tennessee.... General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Texas.. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Utah.. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl Vermnt. General Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives State Huse Viralnla... General Assembly Senate Huse f Delegates State Capitl WsItIDltn... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives Legislative Building W.st Viralnla Legislature Senate Huse f Delegates State Capitl Wiscnsin. Legislature Senate Assembly (b) State Capitl Wyming.' Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives State Capitl DI.t. f Clumbia. Cuncil f the District (a) District Building f Clumbia American Sama... Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives Mata Fn Guam.... Legislature (a) Cngress Building N. Mlrilnl Isllnds. Legislature Senate Huse f Representatives Civic Center Buildlng Puert Ric... Legislative Assembly Senate Huse f Representatives The Capitl F... rated Stle. f Micrnesia.. Cngress (a) Cngress Office Building U.S. Vi'll. Island. Legislature (a) Capitl Building (a) Unicameral legislature. Except in Dis!. f Clumbia. members g by the title Senatr. (b) Members f the lwer huse g by the title Representative. 136 The Bk f the States

15 Table 3.2 LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS Regular sessins Special sessins Legislature cnvenes Limitatin n Legis/ature may Limitatin n State r ther length f determine jurisdictin Year Mnth Day sessin (a) Legislature may call subject length f sessin Alabama... Annual Jan. 2nd Tues. (b) 3LinlOSC N Yes (f) 12 L in 3 C Apr. 3rd Tues. (c,d) May 1st Tues. (e) AIask. Annual Jan. 3rd Mn. (c) 12 C (g) By 213 vte f members Yes (h) 3C Jan. 2nd Mn. (e) Arizaa. Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. (i) By petitin, 213 members, each huse Yes (h) Nne Artua... Biennial- Jan. 2nd Mn. 6 C (8) N Yes (f,j) (j) dd year Califrnia.. (k) Jan. 1st Mn. (d) Nne N N Nne Clrad. Annual Jan. Wed. after 1st Tues. 12 C By request. 213 members, each huse Yes (h) Nne Cn_licul... Annual (l) Jan. Wed. after 1st Mn. (m) () Yes (p) (p) Nne (q) t" Feb. Wed. after 1st Mn. (n) tt1 Delaware Annual Jan. 2nd Tues. June 3 Jint call. presiding fficers, bth huses Yes Nne -(/l Flrida... Annual Feb. Tues. after 1st Mn. (d) 6 C (8) Jint call, presjding fficers, bth huses Yes 2 C (g) s: Gergia.. Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. (d) 4L By petitin, 3/5 members, each huse Yes (h) (r) H... II Annual Jan. 3rd Wed. 6 L (g) By petitin, 2/3 members, each huse Yes :;d 3 L (8) >-l Id.h Annual Jan. Mn. n r nearest 9th day Nne N N 2 C ::r <1> Illinis.. Annual Jan. 2nd Wed. Nne Jint call. presiding fficers, bth huses Yes Nne (J IndlaDa. Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. (d.s) dd-61 L r Apr. 3; N Yes 3Lr4C ::s ; Iwa.. Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. (t) By petitin, 213 members. bth huses Yes Nne even 3 L r Mar. IS..., Kansas Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. dd-nne; even 9 C (g) Petitin t gvernr f 2/3 members, Yes Nne (/l each huse - Ke6lucky. Biennial- Jan. Tues. after 1st Mn. (d) 6 L (u) N N Nne <1> even yr. Luisiana Annual Apr. 3rd Mn. 6 L in 85 C By petitin, majrity. each huse Yes (h) 3 C <:..., <1> Maine... (k,1) Dec. 1st Wed. (b) 3rd Wed. f June (g) Jint call. presiding fficers, with cnsent Yes (h) Nne Jan. Wed. after 1st Tues. (n) 3rd Wed. f April (g) f majrity f members f each plitical ::s party, each huse a <1> g Maryland.. Annual Jan. 2nd Wed. 9 C (g) By petitin, majrity, each huse Yes 3 C Massachusetts Annual Jan. 1st Wed. Nne By petitin (v) Yes Nne -t..j Michigan Annual Jan. 2nd Wed. (d) Nne N N Nne -..J See ftntes at end f table. tt1 (/l

16 -w LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS-Cntinued --l Regular sessins Special sessins ::r (l) Legislature cnvenes Limitatin n Legislature may Limitatin n I:C State r ther length j determine length j jurisdictin Year Mnth Day sessin (a) Legislature may call subject sessin :-;" Minnesta.. (w) Jan. Tues. after 1st Mn. (m) 12 L r 1st Mn. after N Yes Nne 3rd Sat. in May (w) -,... Mississippi. Annual Jan. Tues. after 1st Mn. 125 C (g,x); 9 C (g,x) N N Nne ::r (l) Missuri.... Annual Jan. Wed. after 1st Mn. dd-june 3; even-may 15 By petitin, 3/4 members, each huse Yes 6C Mntana. Biennial- Jan. 1st Mn. 9 L (8) By petitin, majrity. each huse Yes Nne dd yr. - (l) ell Nebraska.... Annual Jan. Wed. after 1st Mn. dd-9 L (8); even-6o L (g) By petitin, 2/3 members, each huse Yes Nne \ \ Nevada.... Biennial- Jan. 3rd Mn. 6C (t) N N 2 C (t) N dd yr. - New HampshIre. Annual Jan. Wed. after 1st Tues. (d) 45 L By 2/3 vte f members, each huse Yes 15L (t) w New Jersey..... Annual Jan. 2nd Tues. Nne By petitin, majrity, each huse Yes Nne -t' New Mexic... Annual ) Jan. 3rd Tues. dd-6o C; even-3 C By petitin, 3/5 members, each huse Yes (h) 3 C ti1 New Yrk... Annual Jan. Wed. after 1st Mn. Nne By petitin, 2/3 members, each huse Yes (h) Nne ttl Nrth Carlina (w) Jan. Wed. after 2nd Mn. (m) Nne By petitin, 3/5 members, each huse Yes Nne t' Nrth Dakta.. Biennial- Jan. Tues. after Jan. 3, but nt 8 L (y) N Yes Nne > dd yr. later than Jan. II (d) --l c::: OhI... Annual Jan. 1st Mn. Nne Jint call, presiding fficers. bth huses Yes Nne :-c ti1 Oklahma Annual Feb. 1st Tues. after 1st Mn. (z) 16 C By 2/3 vte f members, each huse Yes Nne ttl Onaa..... Biennialdd yr. Jan. 2nd Mn. Nne By petitin, majrity, each huse Yes Nne Pennsyl.. ia.. Annual Jan. 1st Tues. Nne By petitin, majrity, each huse N Nne Rhde Island. Annual Jan. 1st Tues. 6 L (t) N N Nne Suth Carlina... Annual Jan. 2nd Tues. (d) 1st Thurs. in June (g) N Yes Nne Suth Dakta Annual Jan. 2nd Tues. dd-4o L; even-35 L N N Nne Teanessee.... (w) Jan. (aa) 9 L (t) By petitin, 2/3 members, each huse Yes 3 L (t) Texas.... Biennial- Jan. 2nd Tues. 14 C N N 3 C dd yr. Utah... Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. 45 C N N 3 C Vermnt. (w) Jan. Wed. after 1st Mn. (m) (t) N Yes Nne Virxinia.... Annual Jan. 2nd Wed. dd-3 C (g); even-6o C (8) By petitin, 213 members, each huse Yes Nne WashIngtn Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. dd-los C; even-6o C By vte, 2/3 members, each huse Yes 3 C

17 LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS-Cntinued ;l <1> ("') t: ::l a..., CIl 8' ;:; Cl <: l:l S <1> ::l... -w '>C) Regular sessins Special sessins Legis/a/ure cnvenes Limitatin n Legisla/ure may Limitatin n State r ther length f jurisdictin Year Mnth Day sessin (a) Legislature may call determine subject length f sessin West Virginia Annual Feb. 2nd Wed. (c,d) 6 C (g) By petitin, 3/5 members. each huse Yes (bb) Nne Jan. 2nd Wed. (e) Wiscnsin. Annual (cc) lan. 1st Tues. after Jan. 8 (d,m) Nne N N Nne Wyming Annual (I) Jan. 2nd Tues. (m) dd-4 L; even-2 L N Yes Nne Feb. 2nd Tues. (n) Dist. f Clumbia. (dd) Jan. 2nd day Nne American Sama Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. 45 L N N Nne July 2nd Mn. 45 L Guam " Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. (ee) Nne N N Nne Puert Ric Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. Apr. 3 (g) N N 2 C V.S. Virgin Islands.. Annual Jan. 2nd Mn. 75 L Surces: State cnstitutins and statutes. Nte: Sme legislatures will als recnvene after nrmal sessin t cnsider bills veted by gvernr. Cnnecticut-if gvernr vetes any bill, secretary f state must recnvene General Assembly n secnd Mnday after the last day n which gvernr is either authrized t transmit r has transmitted every bill with his bjectins, whichever ccurs first; General Assembly must adjurn sine die nt later than three days after its recnvening. Hawaii-legislature may recnvene n 45th day after adjurnment sine die, in special sessin, withut call. Luisiana-legislature meets in a maximum five-day vet sessin n the 4th day after final adjurnment. Missuri-if gvernr returns any bill n r after the fifth day befre the last day n which legislature may cnsider bills (in even-numbered years), legislature autmatically recnvenes n first Mnday in September fr a maximum 1 C sessin. New Jersey-legislature meets in special sessin (withut call r petitin) t act n bills returned by gvernr n 45th day after sine die adjurnment f the first year f a tw-year leislature; a special sessin may nt be cnvened if the 45th day falls n r after the last day f the legislative year in which the secnd sessin ccurs. Virginia-legislature recnvenes n sixth Wednesday after adjurnment fr a maximum three-day sessin (may be extended t seven days upn vte f majrity f members elected t each huse). Utah-if 213 f the members f each huse favr recnvening t cnsider veted bills, a maximum five-day sessin is set by the presjding fficers. Washingtn-upn petitin f 2/3 f the members f each huse, legislature meets 45 days after adjurnment fr a maximum five-day sessin. Key: C - Calendar day L - Legislative day (in sme states, called a sessin day r wrkday; definitin may vary slightly, hwever, generally refers t any day n which either huse f the legislature is in sessin) (a) Applies t each year unless therwise indicated. (b) General electin year (quadrennial electin), (c) Year after quadrennia] ejectin. (d) Legal prvisin fr rganizatinal sessin prir t stated cnvening date. Alabama-in the year after quadrennial electin, n the secnd Tuesday in January fr t C. Califrnia-in the even-numbered, general electin year, n first Mnday in December fr an rganizatinal sessin, recess until the first Mnday in January f the dd-numbered year. Flrida-in general electin year, 14th day after electin. Gergia-in dd-numbered year. Indiana-third Tuesday after first Mnday in Nvember. Kentucky-in dd-numbered year, Tuesday after first Mnday in January fr IO L. Michigan-held in dd-numbered year. New Hampshire-in even-numbered year, first Wednesday in December. Nrth Daktain December. Suth Carlina-in even-numbered year, Tuesday after certificatin f electin f its members fr a maximum three-day sessin. West Virginia-in year after general electin, n secnd Wednesday in January. (ej Other years. N N 15 C (f) By 213 vte each huse. (g) Sessin may be extended by vte f members in bth huses. Alaska: 2/3 vte fr t-dayextensin. Arkansas: 2/3 vte. Flrida: 3/5 vte. Hawaii: petitin f 213 membership fr maximum IS-day extensin. Kansas: 2/3 yte, Maryland: 3/5 yle fr maximum 3 C. Missjssippi: 2/3 vte fr 3 C extensin, n limit n number f extensins. Nebraska: 4/5 vte. Suth Carlina: 2/3 vte. Virginia: 2/3 vte fr 3 C extensin. West Virginia: 2/3 vte (r if budget bill has nt been acted upn three days befre sessin ends, gvernr issues prclamatin extending sessin). Puert Ric: jint reslutin. (h) Only if legislature cnvenes itself. Special sessins called by the legislature are unlimited in scpe in Arizna, Geq;ia, Maine, and New Mexic. (i) N cnstitutinal r statutry prvisin; hwever, legislative rules require that regular sessins adjurn n later than Saturday f the week during which the tooth day f the sessin falls. (j) After gvernr's business has been dispsed f, members may remain in sessin up 1 15 C by a 2/3 vte f bth huses. (k) Regular sessins begin after general electin, in December f even-numbered year. In Califrnia, legislature meets in December fr an rganizatinal sessin, recesses until the first Mnday in January f the dd-numbered year and cntinues in sessin until Nv. 3 f next even-numbered year. In Maine, sessin which begins in December f general electin year runs int the fllwing year (dd-numbered); secnd sessin begins in next even-numbered year. (I) Secnd sessin limited t cnsideratin f specific types f legislatin. Cnnecticut-individual legislatn may nly intrduce bills f a fiscal nature, emergency legislatin and bijjs raised by cmmittees. Maine-budgetary matters; legislatin in the gvernr's call; emergency legislatin; legislatin referred t cmmittees fr study. New MexicO-budgets, apprpriatins and revenue bills; bills drawn pursuant t gvernr's message; veted bills. Wyming-budget bills. (m) Odd-numbered years. (n) Even-numbered years. () Odd-numbered years-nt later than Wednesday after first Mnday in June; even-numbered yearsnt later than Wednesday after first Mnday in May. (p) Cnstitutin prvides fr regular sessin cnvening dates and allws that sessins may als be held "... at such ther times as the General Assembly shall judge necessary." Call by majrity f legislatrs is implied. (q) Upn cmpletin f business. (r) Limited t 4 days if cailed by gvernr and 3 days if cailed by petitin f the legislature, except in cases f impeachment prceedings. (s) Legislatrs may recnvene at any time after rganizatinal meeting; hwever, secnd Mnday in January is the final date by which regular sessin must be in prcess. (t) Indirect limitatin; usually restrictins n legislatr's pay, per diem, r daily allwance. r' tn Cl -CIl r' c: :; tn CIl

18 .- LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS: LEGAL PROVISIONS-Cntinued t:c :><:"..., S- Vl....- t;j \... (u) May nt extend beynd April 15. (v) Jint rules prvide fr the submissin f a written statement requesting special sessin by a specified number f members f each chamber. (w) Legal prvisin fr sessin in dd-numbered year; hwever. legislature may divide, and in practice has divided, t meet in even-numbered years as well. (x) A 1968 cnstitutinal amendment calls fr 9 C sessins every year, except the first year f a gubernatrial administratin during which the legislative sessin runs fr 125 C. (y) N legislative day is shrter than a natural day. (z) Odd number years will include a regular sessin cmmencing n the first Tuesday after the first Mnday. in January and recessing nt later than the first Mnday in February f that year. Limited cnstitutinal duties can be perfrmed. (aa) Cmmencement f regular sessin depends n cncluding date f rganizatinal sessin. Legislature meets, in dd-numbered year, n secnd Tuesday in January fr a maximum 15 C rganizatinal sessin, then returns n the Tuesday fllwing the cnclusin f the rganizatinal sessin. (bb) Accrding t a 1955 attrney general's pinin, when the legislature has petitined t the gvernr t be called int sessin, it may then act n any matter. (ec) The legislature, by joint reslutin, establishes the sessin schedule f activity fr the remainder f the biennium at the beginning f the dd-numbered year. (dd) Each Cuncil perid begins n January 2 f each dd-numbered year and ends n January I f the fllwing dd-numbered year. (ee) Legislature meets n the first Mnday f each mnth fllwing its initial sessin in January. l' ti1 Cii l' c:: Gl Vl

19 Table 3.3 THE LEGISLATORS Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliatins (As f May 1992) Senate Huse Senate and State r ther Huse jurisdictin Demcrats Republicans Other Vacancies Ttal Term Demcrats Republicans Other Vacancies Ttal Term t/als All states 1, ,995 3,242 2, ,466 7,461 Alabama Alaska Arizna Arkansas Califrnia (a) Clrad Cnnecticut Delaware Flrida Gergia. 45 II Hawaii ' Idah Illinis (b) Indiana Iwa K sas Kentucky.. 27 II Luisiana Maine Maryland Massacbusetts I (a) Michigan Minnesta 46 (c) 21 (d) (c) 56 (d) Mississippi I (a) i Missuri 23 II i Mntana (e) 6i 39 i 2 15 Nebraska Nnpartisan eltin -----:.:.: Unicameral Nnada I I New Hampshire II i (a,t) New Jersey (g) New Mexic New yrk Nrth Carlina Nrth Dakta (h) (h) 159 Ohi Oklahma 37 II 48 Oregn Pennsylvania Rhde Island Suth Carlina Suth Dakta Tennessee Texas Utah Vermnt Virginia. n 18 4 Washingtn West Virginia I 34 Wiscnsin Wyming Dist. f Clumbia (i). 12 I (a) 13 American Sama Nnpartisan selectin Guam II 1 21 N. Mariana Islands Puert Ric.. 19 (j) 7 (k) 1(1) 27 U.S. Virlin Islands (m) II I (a) (a) I (a) Unicameral Nnpartisan electin Unicameral (a) (j) 13 (k) 2 (I) Unicameral (a) Independent. (b) The entire Senate is up fr electin every 1 years, beginning in Senate districts are divided int three grups. One grup elects senatrs fr terms f 4-years, 4-years, and 2-years, the secnd grup fr terms f 4-years, 2-years, and 4-years, the third grup fr terms f 2-years. 4-years, and 4 years. (c) Demcrat-Farmer-Labr. (d) Independent Republican. (e) After each decennial reapprtinment, lts are drawn fr half f the senatrs t serve an initial 2-year term. Subsequent electins are fr 4-year terms. (t) Independent-Demcrat. (g) Senate terms beginning in January f secnd year fllwing the U.S. dennial census are fr 2 years nly. (h) As a result f redistricting, the membership f the legislature will decrease t: Senate-49 members and Huse-98 members. The new membership will g int effect with the 1992 electins. (i) Cuncil f the District f Clumbia. (j) Ppular Demcratic Party. (k) New Prgressive Party. (I) Puert Rican Independent. (m) Independent (3); Independent Citizens Mvement (4). The Cuncil f State Gvernments 141

20 Table 3.4 MEMBERSHIP TURNOVER IN THE LEGISLATURES: 199 Senate Huse Ttal Number f Percentage Ttal Number f Percentage number f membership change f number f membership change f State members changes ttal members changes ttal Alabama II Alaska.. 2 <a) Arizna Arkansas <a) Califrnia.. 4 <a) Clrad. 35 <a) Cnnecticut Delaware Flrida. 4 <a) Gergia Hawaii.. 25 <a) Idah illinis <a) Indiana. 5 <a) Iwa. 5 <a) Kansas... 4 I Kentucky 38 <a) Luisiana 39 <b) 15 <b) 6 7 Maine Maryland. 47 II Massachusetts Micblgan II Minnesta Mississippi. 52 <b) I <b) 5 4 Missuri <a) Mntana... 5 <a) Nebraska 49 <a) Unicameral Ne"ada <a) New Hampshire New Jeney. 4 (b) <b) New Mexic New yrk N rtb Carlina 5 II N rtb Dakta 53 <a) Ohi <a) Oklahma <a) Oregn... 3 <a) I Pennsylvania.. 5 <a) Rhde Island Suth Carlina Sutb Dakta 35 II Tennessee (a) Texas. 31 (a) Utab (a> ,rennnt Virginia. 4 (b> 1 <b> Washingtn 49 (a> West Virginia 34 (a> II Wiscnsin. 33 (a> Wyming 3 (a> Nte: Turnver calculated after 199 legislative electins. Data was b (a) Entire Senate membership nt up fr reelectin in 199. tained by cmparing the and editins f Stale Elective (b> Electin held in Officials and the Legislatures, published by The Cuncil f State Gvernments. 142 The Bk f the States

21 Table 3.5 THE LEGISLATORS: QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION Huse U.S. Slate Distric/ Qualified U.S. Slate District Qualified Stale OT ther Minimum citizen resident resident vter Minimum citizen resident resident vter jurisdictin age (years) (years) (years) (years) age (years) (years) (years) (years) AI.b.m (a) 2S 3 (a) Alask Arizna.... 2S A... n C.lifrnia Clrad I 25 Cn_lieut ia) Delaware (a) I 27 I Flrid <;e (a) I 25 2 (a) I H... ail (b) 18 (b) Idah I 18 I IIDai (e) 21 2 (e) ladi.a I 25 2 I Iwa days 25 r' I 6 days ttl K Kentueky (a) (a) 1 ti.l Luisia.. a I 18 2 I r' Mai.e I 3 m. 25 I 3 m. M.ryland I (a) 6 m. (d) 25 I (a) 6 m. (d) > -l MUSIICbuaett I 18 c::: :-a Mkblg (e) (b) 21 (b) ttl Mlnnest. 21 I 6 m m. ti.l -l MIssissippi (a) ;::r" Missuri 24 I (I) 2 3 1(1) 3 til () Mntana (g) I 6 m. (h) 18 6 m. (h) Neb"""... U U U U U 21 I s:: Nevad I (a) 3 days 21 1 (a) 3 days ;:3 New H.mpshlre (a) N.,.Jeney (a) I 3 4 (a) : I..., New Mexic Ne.. yrk I (i) 18 5 I (i) ti.l... Nrth C.rlina.. (j) I 25 2 (a) I Nrtb.kt. 18 (b) 18 1 (b)... til Ohi (k) 18 I 18 I Oklahma (b) 25 (b) Oregn I 21 I < til Pennsylvania (a) I 25 4 (a) I... Rhde IsI.nd (I) ;:3 Sutb Carlina 21 (b) 25 (b) 3 til Suth Dakta (k.l) (b) 25 2 (b)... ::l Tennessee (a) I (b) 3 3 I (b) Texas Utah m. (b) m. (b) - Vermnt. w 18 2 I 18 2 I See ftntes at end f table. Senate -

22 - t..., i:>" ('1> ti:'..., [ w State r ther jurisdictin Minimum age Virginia. 21 Washingtn West Vi'lini. (I).. 18 Wiscnsin.. 18 Wyming Dist. f Clumbia... U American Sama (I).. 25 Guam ()... U N. Marilna Isl ds Puert Ric (p) U.S. VI... I. I... d' (). U THE LEGISLATORS: QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION-Cntinued U.S. citizen (years) U (m) U Surces: State cnstitutins and statutes. Key: U - Unicameral legislature; members are called senatrs. except in District f Clumbia. U Huse State District resident resident (years) (years) (b) 5 (a) I I (b) I U U 5 I U U 3 2 (a) I (q) U U - Frmal prvisin; number f years nt specified N frmal prvisin. (a) State citizenship requirement. (b) Must be a qualified vter f the district; number f years nt specified. (e) Fllwing redistricting, a candidate may be elected frm any district that cntains a part f the district in which he resided at the time f redistrictjng, and ree]ected jf a resident f the new district he represents fr 18 mnths prir t reelectin. (d) If the district was established fr less than six mnths. residency is length f establishment f district. (e) N persn cnvicted f a felny r breach f public trust within preceding 2 years r cnvicted f subversin shall be eligible. (f) Only if the district has been in existence fr ne year; if nt, then legislatr must have been a ne year resident f the district(s) frm which the new district was created. (g) N persn cnvicted f a felny is eligible t hld ffice until final discharge frm state supervisin. (h) Shall be a resident f the cunty jf it cntains ne r mre districts r f the district if it cntains all r parts f mre than ne cunty. Senate Qualified U.S. State District Qualified vter Minimum citizen resident resident vler (years) age (years) (years) (years) (years) (b) 25 5 (a) I i8 I (b) 25 I U 18 I 3 (n) (m) 5 I U (a) I (q) U 21 3 (i) After redistricting, must have been a resident f the cunty in which the district is cntained fr ne year immediately preceding electin. (j) A cnflict exists between tw articles f the cnstitutin, ne specifying age fr Huse members (i.e., "qualified vter f the state") and the ther related t general eligibility fr elective ffice (i.e., "every qualified vter... wh is 21 years f age... shall be eligible fr electin"). (k) N persn cnvicted f embezzlement f public funds shall hld any ffice. (I) Disqualificatin fr bribery. In Suth Dakta and West Virginia, disqualificatin als fr perjury r ther infamus crimes. In American Sama, als fr felny. (m) Or U.S. natinal. (n) Must be registered matal () Disqualificatin fr felny r crime invlving mral turpitude unless persn received pardn restring civil rights. (p) Read and write the Spanish r English ianguage. (q) When there is mre than ne representative district in a municipality. residence in the municipality shall satisfy this requirement. t"" trl UJ :::c trl r./l

23 Table 3.6 SENATE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS-METHODS OF SELECTION i!> i!> i!> i!>.-=.-=. {j :l '. ::;..s. {j e.., ".5.5..,.s. :s... " a " Eti " I " i!> i!> i!> S i!> i!> " " "l i!> b.-=.\l.;:: Ii;.;:: '-=.\l 'L;:,.\l- '.;:: E.[;... ($ [;," Siale r ther :a.. tl" tl '-g u jurisdictin <l: -.: " -.:<:; ::E"l5 -.: ] -.:<:; Alabama.... (a) ES AI.. ka... ES EC AP EC Arizna.. ES AP EC EC EC EC EC Arkansas,. (a) ES EC EC Califrnia... (a) ES EC EC EC EC EC EC Clrad.. ES ES EC EC (b) (b) (b) EC EC EC (b) (b) (b) EC Cnnecticut (e). (a) ES EC AT,Al AT,Al EC AlI3 Delaware.. (a) EC (d) EC EC EC EC Flrida. ES ES AP EC (e) EC (t) EC/2 Gergia. (a) ES EC EC BC EC Be EC Hawaii. Be Ee (g) EC Ee EC EC EC EC Idab. " (a) ES EC EC EC Ee EC EC t"" Illinis.... ES (h) (h) AP/6 AP EC AlI5 Al tt1 Indiana.... (a) ES AT AT AT EC Ee EC EC EC Iwa.... ES BS EC EC Ee EC Cil Kansas ES ES (g) EC Ee EC (i) EC EC Ee EC EC t"" Kentucky.... (a) ES EC EC EC EC EC EC > Luisiana.... ES ES Maine... ES AP(j) EC(k) EC (k) (k) (k) EC (k) EC (k) (k) (k) d Maryland (I)... ES ES AP(m) AP,Al(n) (m) (n) AP,Al EC EC,c M...,busetts... EC () AP AP/2 () EC() AlI3 () tt1 >-l Mlcblgan... (a) ES Ee Ee EC EC EC EC EC Ee EC EC EC EC ::r Minnesta. ES ES EC EC AlI4 Ee EC/4 Ee (p) til MIssissippi... (a) ES (j Missuri. (a) Ee EC EC EC Ee EC EC &:: Mn.. n... ES ES ES ES BS ES Nebraska (U)... (a) ES (q) = ; N.. ad... (a) ES EC EC EC EC EC EC Ne.. Hampshire (r).. ES AP AP AP AP AP Al Al Ne.. Jersey (s)... ES ES EC ECI2 Ee EC EC Ee... New Me ic... (a) EC BC EC EC Ee EC EC EC EC CIl... Ne.. Yrk (t).... (a) ES (u) (u) ATI2 AT AT (v) EC AlI3 Al Al (v) Nrtb Carlina (w) (a) ES EC EC/4 Ee EC til Nrth Dakta (a) ES EC EC Ee EC EC EC Ohi (x)... ES () ES ES () ES () ES ES () 5l Oklahma.. (al ES EC EC EC Ee EC EC EC Ee <: Oregn.... ES ES ES () AlI5 AL () til BS () AlI3 AL ()... Pennsyl.. nla. (a) ES EC EC EC EC EC EC Rhde Island (w). (a) ES Ee AlI6 (y) AL EC ALI2 (y) Al = 3 Sutb Carlina... (a) ES til Suth Dakta a (a) ES Ee EC/2 Ee Ee ECI2 Tenneute.... ES (q) AP (z) EC (z) EC (l) EC (l) EC (l) Texas..,.... (a) ES Utah.... ES EC EC EC EC -.j>. Vermnt.... (a) ES EC EC (aa) (aa) EC Be' (aa) (aa) VI See ftntes at end f table. CIl

24 \ >-j tj:i ;.;- g- - \... " l Table 3.6 SENATE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS-METHODS OF SELECTION-Cntinued e.;: b b '. l? j... "." e ell b b ] -"" ' l:! 'i::,..g State r ther. g jurisdictin -.: -'::::. " "''' " Vi'1inla... (a) EC Ee (bb) (bb) Washingtn (cc) (a) ES EC EC(dd) EC Ee W.. t Virainia... ES AP AP Wisrnsin... ES EC EC Wyming... ES ES (g) Ee Dist. f Celambia (U) (ff) (gg) Amerkan Sama... Guam (U)... ES ES (q) ES ES (g) Ee EC EC N. Maria.. lsia... ES (h) (h) ES (hh) Puert Ri<... ES () 'Ee (g) EC EC(ii) U.S. Vi",. IsilUlds (U) ES ES (g) ES Surce: The Cuncil f State Gvernments' legislative survey, March Nte: In sme states, the leadership psitins in the Senate are nt empwered by the law r by the rules f the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Entry fllwing slash indicates number f individuals hlding specified psitin. Key: ES - Elected r cnfirmed by all members f the Senate EC - Elected by party caucus AP - Appinted by president AT - Appinted by president pr tempre AL - Appinted by party leader (U) - Unicameral legislative bdy... - Psitin des nt exist r js nt selected n a regular basis. (a) Lieutenant gvernr is president f the Senate by virtue f the ffice. (b) Assistant majrity leader als serves as majrity flr leader and majrity whip. Assistant minri ty leader als serves as minrity flr leader and minrity whip. (c) Additinal psitins include tw deputy majrity leaders (EC) and tw deputy minrity leaders (appinted by minrity leader and apprved by party caucus). (d) Apprved by Senate members. (e) Preferred title is Republican leader. (f) Official title is minrity leader pr tempre. (g) Official title is vice president. In Guam, vice speaker. (h) President als serves as majrity leader. (i) Official title is assistant majrity leader/whip. (j) Appinted nly in the president's absence. (k) Majrity leader als serves as majrity flr leader; assistant majrity leader als serves as assistant majrity flr leader; minrity leader als serves as minrity flr leader; assistant minrity leader als serves as assistant minrity flr leader. (I) Other psitins include deputy majrity whip and assistant deputy majrity whip; bth psitins are appinted by president and majrity leader. (m) Majrity leader als serves as majrity flr leader. (n) Official title is deputy majrity leader. Als serves as assistant majrity flr leader. () President and minrity flr leader are als caucus chairmen. In Ohi and Puert Ric, president and minrity leader. In Oregn, majrity leader and minrity leader. EC b b...s. ::l.., 5 ".5.s. 8 ] " " E E a b ". b b b.. l:! '&:::a....;:. " " ". -g "" 'a g ". -.: H -'::::. -S EC EC (bb) (bb) Ee EC EC Ee (ee) EC (ee) EC (ee) EC (ee) EC (ee) EC (ee) AP EC AL EC Ee EC Ee EC Ee EC Ee EC EC E C BC Ee EC Ee EC 'E'C EC () EC/2 () EC (ii) () (p) Official title is assistant minrity leader/minrity whip. (q) Official title is speaker. In Tennessee. fficial als has the statutry title f 'lieutenant gvernr." (r) Additinal psitins include vice president, tw assistant majrity whips, and deputy minrity whip. (s) Additinal psitins include deputy majrity leader (EC), tw deputy assistant minrity leaders (Ee), and minrity leader pr tem (EC). (t) Additinal psitins include vice-president pr tem (An, deputy majrity leader (AT), majrity prgram develpment chairman (An, deputy minrity leader (AL), semr assistant majrity leader (An, majrity cnference vice-chairman (AT), minrity cnference vice-chairman (AL), majrity cnference secretary (An, deputy majrity whip (AT), majrity steering cmmittee chairman (AT), minrity cnference secretary (AL), assistant majrity whip (AT), and assistant minrity whip (AL). (u) President pr tempre is als majrity leader. (v) Majrity caucus chairman: fficial title is majrity cnference chairman. Minrity caucus chairman: fficial title is minrity cnference chairman. (w) Additinal psitins include deputy president pr tempre. (x) Additinal psitins indude assistant president pr tempre (ES) and assistant minrity whip (ES). (y) Assistant majrity leader: fficial title is deputy majrity leader. Assistant minrity leader: fficial title is deputy minrity leader. (z) President pr tem: fficial title is speaker pr tem. Official titles f majrity party leaders: Demcrat ic; fficial titles f minrity party leaders: Republican. (aa) Assistant majrity leader als serves as majrity whip. Assistant minrity whip als serves as minri ty whip. (bb) Majrity leader als serves as majrity flr leader. Minrity leader als serves as minrity flr leader. (ce) Additinal psitins include vice president pr tern (ES), majrity assistant whip (EC), Demcratic assistant whip (EC). and Demcratic rganizatin chair (Ee). (dd) Official title is deputy majrity leader. (ee) Custmary title f minrity party leaders is the party designatin (Demcratic). Official title f assistant minrity leader is Demcratic deputy leader. (ff) Chairman f the Cuncil, which is an elected psitin. (gg) Appinted by the chairman; fficial title is chairman pr tem. (hh) Official title is flr leader. (ii) Official title is alternate flr leader. l' ttl en l' VJ

25 Table 3.7 HOUSE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS-METHODS OF SELECTION E tl ;;:. ;;:. ;;:... ' "l <> <> g. 5 <>.9-.'!i {l :s.9- j! Et "",. " E 'E " S '>.. ;;:. b ;;:. t l:. " },s-2:!.. E..,!! 't:: It."... <> <>. g. <>. g.!::; State r ther!! " I:l" jurisdictin "1;" "1;<:::, "I; U "1;<:::, Alabama... EH EH Alaska.. EH EC AS EC Arizna... EH AS EC EC EC EC EC Arkansas... EH AS EC EC EC EC EC EC Califrnia. EH EH AS (a) EC EC ALl2 (b) EC Clrad... EC AS EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC Cnnecticut (e)... EH ASI2 (d) EC (e) AS,AL EC ALl8 (e) AL (e) Delaware EC (f) EC EC EC EC Flrida EH EH AS AS (g) AS (g) AS (g) AS EC EC (g) EC (g) AL (g) AL (g) EC(g) Gergia. EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC Hawaii. EH EH EH EHIIO EH EH EH EH Idah.. EH EC EC EC EC EC EC t"" Illinis. EH AS AS/6 AS/2 (h) AS (h) EC ALl6 ALl2 (h) AL (h) til Indiana. EH AS EC EC EC EC EC (i) (i) (i) Cl Iwa EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC -en Kansas EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC t"" Kentucky.. EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC > Luisiana.. EH EH..., Maine... EH AS(j) EC EC EC EC Maryland (k). EH EH AS (I) AS (m) (I) AS AS EC EC AL EC C :;d MassachuseUs. EC (n) AS AS/2 (n) EC (n) AL (n) til..., Michigan EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC en ::r Minnesta EH EC () EC/4 () EC () EC/6 () Mississippi.. EH EH (j Missuri. EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC Mntana. EH EH EH EH EH EH Nebraska (p) _------_._----_ ::l Nevada. EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC.: New Hampshire EH AS (d) AS AS AS AS AL (q) AL New Jeney (r).. EH EH EC EC/3 EC EC(s) EC EC/2 (q) EC (s)..., New Mexic.. EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC en New Yrk (t).. EH AS AS AS AS AS (u) EC ALl2 AL AL (u) g Nrth Carlina. EH EH EC EC EC EC Nrth Dakta. EH EC EC EC EC EC EC Ohi (v)... EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH Cl Oklahma (w).. EH EH AS AS/S AS EC EC ECl4 EC/2 EC -< Oregn.. EH EH EH (x) ALiS AL (x) EH (x) ALiS (x)..., Pennsylvania. EH EC EC EC EC (y) EC (y) EC ::l Rhde Island (z).. EH AS (aa) EC EC/ll (m) EC EC EC/3(q) EC a Suth Carlina (bb).. EH EH EC EC EC EC EC (ee) Ee EC EC g Suth Dakta (dd). EH EH EC EC Ee EC ECI2 Tennessee. EH EH Ee EC EC EC EC Ee EC Ee EC EC EC Texas. EH AS Utah (ee) EH EC EC EC EC -.j::,. Vermnt.. EH EC EC (ff) (ff) EC EC (ff) (ff) -..J See ftntes at end f table. j

26 ....j>,. ;l (1) g' :>I" --., [ en fi... :s HOUSE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS-METHODS OF SELECTION-Cntinued.. {j a.. ".t: ;:. ;:. ;:..t: {j Is.....,.Ei- {j Is.Ei- <.> 5..!!! " E " 8..!!! " E 'E " " 8 ;:. ;:. ;:. b ;:.. t:. "i::;....2.t:.s ;:.. t:1:.t: <!.. Slate r ther... "'{j. "" " a.g "....t:..!::l ''S g. g.!::i jurisdictin -.:1: :{ -.: -'::::, " Vlrglala.... Wasblngtn (gg).... EH EH EH EC () EC EC () EC EC/4 (hh) EC EC EC EC () EC () EC ECI2 EC EC EC W.. t Virginia EH AS AS AS EC AL AL AL WI.. nsln.... EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC Wyming.... EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EC DIst. f Clumbia (p) A_... D Sarn... EH ffioo Gu.m (p) _. N. M.rIa..... ads... EH (ii) (ii) EH Oil EC... Rk.... EH (n) EC (d) EC EC (kk) (n) EC/2 (n) (kk) (n) U.S. VllJin,.... Surce: The Cuncil f State Gvernments' legislative survey, March Nte: In sme states, the leadership psitins in the Huse are nt empwered by the law r by the rules f the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Entry fllwing slash indicates number f individuals hlding specified psitin. Key: EH - Elected r cnfirmed by all members f the Huse EC - Elected by party caucus AS - Appinted by speaker AL - Appinted by party leader... - Psitin des nt exist r is nt selected n a regular basis. (a) Appinted by speaker, after cnsultatin with members f supprting majrity. (b) Appinted by minrity flr leader. (c) Additinal psitins include tw deputy majrity leaders (appinted by majrity leader) and tw deputy minrity leaders (appinted by minrity leader and apprved by party caucus). (d) Official title is deputy speaker. In American Sama and Puert Ric, vice speaker. (e) Thirteen assistant majrity leaders are appinted by speaker and apprved by party caucus. Eight assistant minrity leaders and minrity whip are appinted by minrity leader. (f) Apprved by huse members. (g) Official titles: assistant majrity leader is deputy majrity leader, majrity flr leader is majrity flr whip, assistant majrity flr leader is freshman majrity whip, assistant minrity leader is Republican leader pr tem. Other titles f minrity flr leaders are designated by party affiliatin (Republican). (h) Official titles: majrity flr leader is deputy majrity leader, majrity caucus chairman is majrity cnference chairpersn, minrity flr leader is deputy minrity leader, and minrity caucus chairman is minrity cnference chairpersn. (i) Appinted by minrity flr leader. (j) Appinted nly in the speaker's absence. (k) Additinal psitins include eight deputy majrity whips. (I) Majrity leader als serves as majrity flr leader. (m) Official title is deputy majrity leader. (n) Speaker and minrity leader are als caucus chairmen. () Majrity leader als serves as majrity flr leader; minrity leader als serves as minrity flr leader. (p) Unicameral legislature; see entries in Table 3.6, "Senate Leadership Psitins - Methds f Selectin." (q) Official title is deputy minrity leader. (r) Additinal psitins include three deputy speakers (EC), three assistant majrity whips (EC), plicy chairman (EC), majrity budget fficer (EC), minrity leader pr tern (EC), and assciate minrity leader (EC). (5) Official titles: majrity caucus chairman is majrity cnference leader and minrity caucus chairman is minrity cnference chairman. (t) Additinal psitins: deputy speaker (AS), assistant speaker (AS), assistant speaker pr tern (AS), minrity leader pr tern (AL), assistant minrity leader pr tem (AL), deputy majrity leader (AS), deputy minrity leader (AL), deputy majrity whip (AS), deputy minrity whip (AL), assistant majrity whip (AS), assistant minrity whip (AL), majrity cnference vice-chairman (AS), minrity cnference vicechairman (AL). majrity cnference secretary (AS), minrity cnference secretary (AL), majrity steering cmmittee chairman (AS). majrity steering cmmittee vice-chairman (AS), minrity steering cmmittee chairman (AL), minrity steering cmmittee vice-chairman (AL). majrity prgram cmmittee chairman (AS), and minrity prgram cmmittee chairman (AL). (u) Official titles: majrity caucus chairman is majrity cnference chairman; minrity caucus chairman is minrity cnference chairman. (v) Additinal psitins include assistant majrity whip (EH) and assistant minrity whip (EH). (w) Additinal psitins include assistant majrity whip and minrity caucus secretary. (x) Majrity Jeader als serves as majrity caucus chairman; minrity leader ajs serves as minrity caucus chairman. (y) Official titles: minrity leader is Republican leader and minrity whip is Republican whip. (z) Additinal positin includes first deputy speaker (AS). (aa) Official title is senir speaker pr tern. (bb) Additinal psitins include tw deputy majrity whips. three assistant majrity whips. and tw freshman whips. (cc) Official title is chief deputy majrity whip. (dd) Additinal psitins include three assistant majrity whips (EC). (ee) Additinal psitins include assistant majrity whip and assistant minrity whip. (ft) Assistant majrity leader als serves as majrity whip; assistant minrity leader als serves as minrity whip. (88) Additinal psitins include three assistant minrity whips (AL). (hh) Official title is assistant majrity Whip. (ii) Speaker als serves as majrity leader. (jil Official title is flr leader. (kk) Official title is alternate flr leader. Vi ::c tt1 en

27 Slate r ther jurisdictin Alabama. Alaska. Arizna (b) Arkan... Califrnia.. Clrad... Cnnecticut Del.ware.. Flrida Gergia.. Hawaii Idah Dlinis. Indiana.. Iwa Kansas.. Kenlucky... Luisiana Maine.. Maryland... Massacbusells Michigan Mlnnesla Mississippi... Missuri MODtana... Nebraska. Nel'ada.. Ne.. Hampshire Ne.. Jersey... LEGISLATURES Table 3.8 METHOD OF SETTING LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION (As f January 15, 1991) Legis/arnre and cmpensatin Stale r ther Cnstitutin Legislature cmmissin jurisdictin Cnstitutin Legislature New Mexic... (a) Ne.. Yrk Nrth CarHna... Nrth Dakla... (c) Obl... Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. Nte: Als see Table 3.1, "States with Legislative Cmpensatin Cm missins," fr additinal infrmatin. Key: - Methd used t set cmpensatin. Oklahma... Orqn... Penasyl.Di... Rhde Island... Sulb Carlina... Sulb Dakta... Tennessee.. Texas... Utah... Vermnt... Virginia... Washlngln... Wesl Virginia... Wiscasln. Wyming... DlsI. f Clmbia... Legislature and cmpensatin cmmissin (a) Salary cmmissin's recmmendatin is nn-binding. Legislatrs' salaries tied statutrily t state emplyees' salary schedule fr nn salaried emplyees. (b) Arizna Cmpensatin Cmmissin submits recmmendatin t vte f peple Methd nt used t set cmpensatin. (c) Califrnia cnstitutin allws statutry increases nt t exceed S percent per year. Table 3.9 STATES IN WHICH LEGISLATORS' SALARIES ARE TIED OR RELATED TO STATE EMPLOYEES' SALARIES (As f January 31, 1991) SIQle Alaska..,. Flrida... Gergia... Kansas Missuri.. Mntana. Nrth CrliDa... Wiscnsin... Descriptin Tied t state emplyees' salary schedule fr nn-salaried emplyees. Each July I, the annual salaries f members are adjusted by the average percentage increase in the salaries f state career service emplyees fr the fiscal year just cncluded. {Flrida,tatutes, Sec (1)(b)} Autmatic cst-f-living increases equal t 1/2 f whatever percentage apprved fr state emplyees. Legislatrs receive same margin f increase given t all civil service emplyees. Legislatrs receive all cst-f-living increases given t state emplyees. Tied t a grade and step n the state emplyees' pay plan. lncreases in amunts equal t the average increase received by state emplyees. [NCGS 12-3(b)] Legislatrs' salary level is recmmended by Directr, Dept. f Emplyment Relatins t lint Cmmittee n Emplyment Relatins, which sets salary and per diem. Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. The Cuncil f State Gvernments 149

28 Table 3.1 STATES WITH LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION COMMISSIONS (As f January 15, 1991) State Alaba... Alask... Arizna.... Arkansas.... Canfrala.... Clrad.... COnnedkut.... Dela.. a.... Flrida.... Geraia.... H.wall.... Idah.... Illinis. Indiana. Iwa Kansas.... )(entucl<y.... Lulsla.a.... Maine.... Maryland.... M... chu.. tts.. Mkhlpn.... Minnesta.... MIssissippi. Missuri... Mntana.... Nebraska.... Nevada.... Ne.. Hampsblre.... Ne.. Jersey.... Ne.. Mexic.... Ne.. yrk.... Nrth Carlina.... Nrth Dakta Oklabma.... Oregn.... Pennsyl.. ala.... Rhde Island.... Suth Carlina.... Suth Dakta.... Tennessee... T.... Utab.... Vermnt.... Vlrainia.... W.. blngtn.... West Vlr"nla.. WlscaslR.... Wyming.... Descriptin Cmmissin makes a reprt but des nt have authrity t change salary, which is set by statute. Cmmissin meets every tw years and makes recmmendatins that must g t a vte f the peple. Cmmissin makes recmmendatins t the legislature, which acts independently. Cmmissin meets every fur years and makes recmmendatins that take effect unless the legislature rejects them by a certain date. Cmmissin serves as an advisry bdy t study cmpensatin issues. It reprts its findings t the legislature. Cmmissin recmmendatins take effect unless rejected by cncurrent reslutin r gvernr. Salary recmmendatin ges int effect unless rejected by the 2Sth legislative day by cncurrent reslutin f the legislature. Cmmissin recmmendatins take effect unless rejected by reslutin f bth Huse and Senate. Cmmissin makes recmmendatins every tw years, but salary is set by statute. Siate Cmpensatin Cmmissin recmmends annually in the frm f a bill that iegis}ature can chse t enact. Cmmissin prpses changes t legislature which can accept, r reduce, but nt increase the prpsal. Cmmissin files recmmendatins with legislature. which can then act independently. Tw-thirds vte f each huse can reject but nt change recmmendatin. Cmpensatin Cuncil recmmends percentage, which can be mdified r ratifjed by the legislature. igislature cnsiders recmmendatins and takes whatever actin it deems apprpriate. i.gislature can statutrily apprve, reject r mdify the recmmendatin f the cmmissin. Cmmissin has authrity t set salaries. Changes g int effect fr legislature fllwing the recmmendatin. i.gislature can apprve, reject, r lwer recmmended salary. C;"missin sets salary and effective date. Can nly be mdified thrugh referendum prcess. Citizen's Legislative Cmpensatin Cmmissin meets every fur years t recmmend salary. It is then set statutrily by the legislature. Althugh nt a "cmmissin" as such, the Jint Cmmiltee n Emplyment Relatins sets the salary based n the recmmendatin f the Department f Emplyment Relatins. Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. Key:... - Nt applicable 15 The Bk f the States

29 Table 3.11 LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: REGULAR AND SPECIAL SESSIONS (As f February 1992) SDlaries Travel allwance (as f January 1991) Regular.sessins Special sessin Slate r ther Per diem Limit n Annual Per diem Limit n Cents per Rund trips hme t jurisdictin salary MYS salaries SQlary MYS mile capital during sessin Per diem living expenses Alab."'... $1 3L $1 36<: 1 One $2,28/y (U) plus $' three times/w fr cmmittee meeting. (U) Alaska... $24,12 (a) $1 (57' fr Juneau legislatrs) (U) Ariza... 51', 2'.' $3' (S6O fr thse living utside Maricpa C.) (U) (b) Arkaa_ ,' 23 $76 fr thse living mre than SO miles frm capital (U) C.Ufnd... S'2,'OO 592 (V) I' C1nu\ ,' 2(24 fr 4- Weekly (c) $99 ($4' fr Denver area legislatrs) (V) CnBKllcul ,76 wheel drive) 21 One Senatrs - $4,SOO/y; Representatives - 53,SOO/y (U) DeIa... re... $24,213 2 One 5','OO/y (U) flrid... $22,'6 2C 2 S69.77/d fr 43 days, up t 53, (U) Gergi... 51,' S'9 (U) plus $4,8OO/y expense allwance (V) t"" H... II , S7' (V) plus S',/y expense allwance (V) (d) t'r1 Id.h , (e) $7 ($4 fr legislatrs wh d nl establish a secnd expense allwance (U) Vl WllIOls... $37,23 24 Weekly ( 577 (V) t"" Indiana ,6 2' Weekly $92 (U) $5 > lwl... S18,1 21 5' (S3' fr Plk Cunty legislatrs) (U) C Ka_ C $6 22.' Weekly 569 (U) Kentcky... $1 11C $1 22.' Weekly 57' (U) t'r1 Lulsia.a , e 24-Senate Weekly 57' (U) Vl ::r 26-Huse." Maine... $ 7,12' $1 22 Weekly (g) 57 (V) M.ryl.ad , 3e (h) 594 (V) n a:: M...,bUKtts 53, (i) 5' t $' depending n distance frm capital (U) plus ::s 52,4/y (U) Q; Micblgaa $4',45 (j) Weekly 58,'OO/y (U) Mlnnesla $27, ' (U) plus up t $4'O/m husing fr senatrs; $48 (U) plus up t 5'OO/m husing if mre than ' miles... frm capital fr representatives Vl Mississippi... 51, 55 3e 2 Weekly $76 (U)... I» Missuri.. 522, ' Weekly 53' (U)...." Mntlna L $SO (V) Nebraska , (526 fr legislatrs residing within ' miles f capital) (V) <: Nevada S13 6C 513 2e 27.5 S66 (U)."... New Ha",pshire.:::. 1 S3 15L 38 fr first Nne ::s 45 miles; S 19 thereafter." New Jersey.. 535, Nne ::s... See ftntes at end f table..- VI -

30 -VI N LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: REGULAR AND SPECIAL SESSIONS-Cntinued -j g IX' :>I"..., S n en -... Slale r lher jurisdictin Ne" Mexic.... Ne" Ve.... Nrt Carll... Nrt Dakt Obl.... OkIaM... Oreaa-.... Ptlluytv.lII... _I.... Sulb CarU.... Sulb Dak.... T.... Te Vlab.... Vermat.... VlrallIia.... W.. III.,lR.... Wesl Viraiaia.... W.... Wylllla... DIll. 1 CI bti... Regular sessins Per diem Limit n salary days S75 6C (dd y) 3e (even y) 59 1I-1I5C 55 6L $65' 45C 575 6l S/aries Special sessin Annual Per diem Limiln sa/aries salary days 557,5 SI , , 511, , SiO, C 59 Si5 5 4,267 (dd y) ,733 (even y) 516,5 5 7,2 3e S65 3e (m) , 523,2 5 6,5 S5 533, ,885 3C Travel allwance (as f January 1991) Cents per mile 25 (k) (n) Rund trips hme t capital during sessin One Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly One Weekly Oneil Weekly (I) Weekly Weekly One Nne Per diem living exfmnses 589 fr in-state; 513 fr New Yrk City metr area and ut-f-state 581 (V) plus S522/m expense allwance (U) 535, nt t exceed S6/m (V) Nne 535, plus actual mileage fr cmmuters (V) 573(U) 588 (V) Nne 579 (V) 575 (V) 578 (U) 585 (U) $2S (U) (55 ldging aiiwace fr legislatrs residing utside Davis and Salt Lake Cunties) 587 (r 532 plus mileage fr cmmuters) (U) 575 (V) 566 (V) 57 (V) 573(U) S6 (U) 5118 fr ut-f-twn travel (V) t" ttl -en en Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. Nte: In many states, legislatrs wh receive an annual salary r per diem salary als receive an additinal per diem amunt fr living expenses. Cnsult apprpriate clumns fr a mre cmplete picture f legislative cmpensatin during sessins. Fr infrmatin n interim cmpensatin and ther direct payments and services t legislatrs. see Table "Legislative Cmpensatin: Interim Payments and Other Direct Payments." - Biennial sessin. In Arkansas. Oregn and Texas, legislatrs receive an annual salary. Key: C - Calendar day L - Legislative day (U) - Unvuchered (V) - Vuchered d - day w - week m - mnth y - year... - Nt applicable (a) 25 cents per mile fr travel ther than t and frm capital. (b) After l2l, 51 (52 fr thse living utside Maricpa Cunty). (c) Fr members utside the Denver Metr area; ne rundtrip a day fr Denver Metr area members. (d) Legislatrs nt frm Oahu receive additinal 58/d. (e) Tied t state emplyee rate. (f) Same rate ut f sessin; limit f tw trips per mnth. Actual expenses if using public transpnatin (plane r train). (g) Legislatrs wh cmmute during the week may claim mileage in lieu f ldging at same rate up t 538/d. (h) 525/y fr in-district travel. (i) Mileage included in expense allwance f S2,4/y (U). (j) Huse cents a mile; Senate cents a mile. (k) 3 cents a mile if legislatrs travel by wn aircraft. (I) One rundtrip is reimbursed at S cents per mile. (m) $48O/w fr apprximately 17 w/sessin. (n) Mileage based n the amunt negtiated fr state emplyees generally.

31 Table 3.12 LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: INTERIM PAYMENTS AND OTHER DIRECT PAYMENTS (As f January 15, 1991)... 5!l (,j - State r ther jurisdictin Alabam.. AI.... Arizna.... A.b.... cajltmia.... Clrad.. CO._lieul... De"ware.... Flrida.... G.... Hawaii.... Idah... Illinis.... Indiana.... 1WI... x.... Xenlucky.... Lulsla.... Per diem cmpensatin jr cmmittee r ffidl business S4 565 $78 $99 55 $74 (h) 55 S6 SIOO $75 :::: See ftntes at end f table. Cmpensatin fr cmmittee r fficial business during interim TrQvel allwance (rents pet mile) Pet diem living expenses Othet ditect pyments Ot 5etvires t legisltts 1 25 (a) (b) 2 (24 fr 4-wheel drive) (g) 24 (h) Huse (i) 24 Senate SIOO (U) S6 ($35 fr thse living within 5 mile radius). legislatrs receive interim per diem fr cnstituent wrk and public meetings (U) (V) SI,9/m fr dislrict expenses (U) 54,OOO/y fr district r capitl ffice. Office space and telephne als pr vided. PrimarY staffing is prvided by the legislature. At the ptin f each legislatr, up t S6OO/m fr ffice expenses, travel, meals, ldging and clerical staff salaries. Cmmittee chairs are eligible fr an additinal $15/m. $88; up t $147 fr travel utside the capital (V) 5279,38/y in Assembly fr bth capital and district ffice expenses. In Senate, allwance varies based n staffing level and gegraphic lcatin f district ffice. Actual and necessary (V) (c) (c) $5 (V) $I,5/m fr district ffice and staffing (e) 559 plus mileage and travel fr in-state travel; ut S4,8/y (includes ffice expenses) (V) f-slate, actual expenses and travel (V) 51 n island residence; $75 ther than island f resi- ( dence (U) Travel, ldging and fd (V) Actual expenses up t per diem amunt (V) (d) S5/y expense allwance (V). Legislatrs receive statinery and pstage dur ing sessin Senatrs receive 557,OOO/y and representatives receive $47./y fr ffice expenses and staffing f district ffices $88 (V) S25/d, seven days a week fr district ffice expenses, when nt in sessin (V) Amunt is paid irrespective f actual expense (V) $69 (V) Actual expenses (V) Ldging. fares and registratin fee reimbursed. Cmmittee meetings at capitl (U). Out f state (V) S75/m fr travel and ther district ffice csts $6OO/m during 9-mnth interim fr ffice expenses and in-district travel, etc. S95/m (U) in interim fr secretarial assistance and ther expenses; S51 sessin statinery allwance S325/m (U) t cver rent, and ther expenses fr a district ffice. SI,89/m fr legislative assistant and increase f 4 percent a year up t 51,71S/m (j) -C/l t" c: C/l

32 -v....j ::r g; :><;"..., S - -. w LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: INTERIM PAYMENTS AND OTHER DIRECT PAYMENTS-Cntinued State r ther jurisdictin Maiae.... Maryland.. Musac:buelts. Micbigan... Mi... ta... MilllsIppi.. Missuri... Ma.ana Neb.... Nnada.... New Hampslllre.. New Jersey.... Per diem cmpensatin fr cmmittee r fficial business $55 fr cmmittee meetings $9 $5-5 S5 Senate $48 Huse Varies Varies New Mexic $75 Ne.. Yrk.... Nrtb CarOna.... Varies S81 Nrtb Dakta $62.5 See ftntes at end f table. Cmpensatin fr cmmittee r fficial business during interim Travel allwance 22 (k) (cents per mile) S25/y fr in-district travel Included in expense allwance 28.5 Senate 25.5 Huse fr first 45 miles, 19 thereafter fr first 15 miles, 18 thereafter Per diem living expenses Actual expenses reimbursed; n set limit (V) Senatrs receive S18,265/y fr district ffice expenses and salary fr a secre- tary. Delegatesreceive S17,7/y fr district ffice expenses and secretarial supprt. Reimbursed fr actual expenses up t per diem amunt (V) Depends n distance and paid upn certificatin f presence at State Huse (U) (c) Amunt is paid irrespective f actual expense. Travel and expenses reimbursed at actual cst (V) Receive ldging reimbursement up t a limit; reimbursed fr meals accrding t set amunt/meal (V) Other direct payments r services t legis/a/rs Senatrs receive $47,/y fr ffice expenses, in-district travel and temprary staff. Members d nt have district ffices. Representatives d nt have an ffice budget. Majrity senatrs receive SI68,727/y plus 5 benefit packages. Minrity senatrs receive SI2,883/y plus 3 benefit packages. Representatives d nt receive a staffing allwance. Legislatrs receive a pstage allwance. SSOO/m during interim rt.:t{:ffi:ive S6/m fr ffice expenses, in-district travel and district Reimbursed fr actual,1(penses incurred in legisla- 52,8/biennium telephne plus S6/biennium pstage allwance. Leaders tive business, withut a set limit. In state: 558 (U); and cmmittee chairs receive additinal 59. ut f state, up t S24 plus reasnable single-rm rate (V) Reimbursed fr travel and registratin fees (V) N receipts needed (I) (V) Amunt is paid irrespective f actual expense; reimbursement accrding t attendance at cmmittee meetings In state: $35 fr ldging, SI7 fr meals; ut f state: actual ldging, S3 meals (V) District ffice rent up t SI2,/y. Up t 575/y fr supplies and furniture. S6,/y fr staffing $I,6/y fr incidental expenses. Majr ffice expenses are cvered by the legislature. Apprximately 513, t 525, fr district and capital staff, depending n psitin f legislatr. 5l,5OO/biennium fr pstage and telephne expenses. May use prtin f S5221m general expense allwance fr ffice expenses r ttl -en r- en

33 LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: INTERIM PAYMENTS AND OTHER DIRECT PAYMENTS-Cntinued Slale r ther jurisdictin Per diem cmpensatin jr cmmittee r fficial business CmpenSiltin fr cmmittee r fficial business during interim Travel allwance (cents per mile) Per diem living expenses Other direct payments r services t legislatrs Ohi Oklahma.... S Amunt is paid irrespective f actual e.pense (V) Orean Amunt is paid irrespective f actual expense; reimbursement accrding t attendance at cmmittee meetings $4()().$45/m depending n district size fr district ffice expenses. S3,338/m during sessin fr staffing; SI,IOO/m during interim. P.. nsyl ", S88 24 Senate 22.S Huse Amunt is paid irrespective f actual expense (V) Senatrs receive S22,SOO/y fr district fr"", expenses plus SIO,OOO fr general legislative expen... Representatives receive SIO,8OO fr district ffice expenses plus S2,OOO/y pstage allwance. Rhde Island.... :l g :..., e n (;) I... g... VI VI S8'11 Carll.a.... Salll Dakla.... Teaaeuee.... Te, Ula".... Verm... Virgil''''.... Wa.lllaI/OB... Wes' Vlralnl.. WlseJUin.... Wymin,.... Dlsl f Clumbia.... $35 $75 $ Varies $66 55 $64 S6 See flnles 1 end f lable. $118 ut f twn S ut f twn (b) (V) (V) In state (U); htel and travele.penses ut f state (V) ActuaJ expenses reimbursed up t per diem amunt (V) S25 (V) plus S5 ldging fr legislatrs residing utside Sail Lake r Davis Cunlies (V) S32 meals fr cmmuters; S37 meals fr renters; S5 ldging fr nn-cmmuters (V) Actual expenses reimbursed up t per diem amunt (V) (V) (V) (V) Actual expenses reimbursed up t per diem amunt (V) 53/m in-district expen... Representatives receive SI5,OOO fr legislative staffinl. All members receive SI,2/y fr telephne expen... and an additinal pstage allwance. SS2SIm fr ffice expenses. Senate and huse speakers receive an additinal SS,7/y in ffice e.penses. Senalrs are reimbursed fr district ffice expen... (n set limit) and $18,OOO/m fr staffing. Represenlatives receive S7,OOO/m in sessin and S6,OOO/m in interim fr district ffice, capitl ffice, staffing and travel. SSOO/m fr ffice expenses and supplies. Senate president pr tern, Senate majrity and minrity flr leaders and Huse majrity and minrity flr leaders receive S6/m fr ffice expenses and supplies. Huse speaker receives S78,12J/y fr Slaffing. Other legislatrs receive 516, 74/y fr secretary r administrative assistant. Senatrs receive $126,924 P!'r tw-year sessin fr salary and benefits fr tw peple plus thers WIthut henefits subject t apprval. Represenlatives' staff salaries are paid ut f general budget. t"' -til

34 -VI '1 LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION: INTERIM PAYMENTS AND OTHER DIRECT PAYMENTS-Cntinued -l ::r g' :;-...,.-+ ::r [Jl... a - N -. w Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. Nte: Fr mre infrmatin n legislative cmpensatin, see Table 3.11, 'Legislative Cmpensatin: Regular and Special Sessins." Key:... - Nt applicable (U) - U nvuchered (V) - Vuchered d - day m - mnth y - year (a) Fr travel ther than t and frm capital. (b) MUtage rates apply when wn car is used. (c) Fr additinal allwance see Table 3.11, "Legislative Cmpensatin: Regular and Special Sessins." (d) Senate Demcratic caucus receives apprximately S2,OOO/y fr each senatr's cnstituent case wrker; the Senate Republican caucus receives apprximately S2,OOO/y fr every three senatrs fr case wrkers. Huse caucuses receive apprximately 52, fr every fur r five rank and file members fr casewrkers. (e) The speaker, Senate president and senatrs wh have three district emplyees fr 16 r mre calendar days in each mnth receive $1,75. Senatrs als receive $6,(X}()/y fr in-state travel and ffice expenses (V). Representatives receive $7,lOO/y fr mailing newsletters. (f) Each legislatr entitled t ne full-time year-rund emplyee in additin t sessin-nly staff. Senatrs in the majrity receive S28/d; senatrs in the minrity. S17/d. Representatives in the majrity receive S4,5/m; representatives in the minrity, $l,6/m. (g) Mileage rate tied t state emplyee rate. (h) $34 if ne day nly. Limit tw trips per mnth ut f sessin. (i) Rate applies fr ne rundtrip/week frm hme t capital. (j) Newly elected members receive $1, ne time fr equipment and furniture; returning members, S25 per term fr equipment and furniture. (k) Cmmuters may claim mileage in lieu f ldging up t S38/d. (I) $89 full day in state; $45 half day; $13 full day ut f state r in New Yrk City r in Westchester, Nassau r Sufflk Cunties. t" ttl -[Jl t" [Jl

35 Table 3.13 ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR SENATE LEADERS (As f January 15, 1991) State r ther jurisdictin President Majrity President pr tern leader Minrity leader Other Alabama. AI.. ka. Arizna. Arkansas. Califrnia... S2!L (aj $S/y $2,S/y (aj (bj (aj All emte. chairs: SISO/m Clrad... Cnnecticut Delaware.. Flrida Gergia. $99/d legis. S99/d legis. 599/d legis. business business business (during interimj (during interim) (during interim) (a) $6,4/y SS,29/y (a) $9,S2S/y $S,7721y (a) $4,S/y S7,644/y S2,4/y S99/d legis. business (during interim) $S,29/y S7,644/y S2,4/y Dep. Maj. Ldr., Dep. Min. Ldr.: S3,86/y; Ass!. Maj. Ldr., Ass!. Min. Ldr., J!. Standing Cmte. Chairs (except legis. mgt.): S2,S4/y; Ranking min. mbrs. f all standing emtes.: SI,44/y J!. Finance Cmte. Chair and V-Chair: S7,98/y; J!. Finance Cmte. Mbrs.: S6,6/y; Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: S4,914/y Admn. Fl. Ldrs.: S2,4/y; Ass!. Admn. Fl. Ldrs.: 51,2/y Hawaii Idah.... IIHnis.... Indiana. Iwa $S,OOO/y (c) $3,OOO/y (a) $16,OOO/y (d) (a) S9,S/y S6,S/y SI,OOO/y (d) S9,S/y $16,OOO/y S9,SOO/y Ass!. Maj. Ldr., Ass!. Min. Ldr., Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: SI2,OOO/y; all emte. chairs and minrity spkesmen: S6,OOO/y Maj. Fir. Ldr., Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Fir. Ldr., Finance emte. Chair: $S,OOO/y; Min. Caucus Chair, Ass!. Min. Fir. Ldr.: S4,S/y; Ass!. Pres. Pr Tern: S4,OOO/y; Finance ernte. ranking minrity mbr.: S3,S/y; Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: SI,S/y Kansas Kenlucky Luisiana Maine... Maryland S9,41S/y $2S/L (a) 51S,2/y 53,7S/y (1992) 51O,OOO/y $4,SOS/y (c) S2S/L SS,493/y si,6s/y (1992) 5S,493/y 51,6S/y (1992) Ways & Means Cmte. Chair: S7,S7I/y; Ass!. Maj. Ldr., Asst. Min. Ldr.: S4,8S/y Maj. Fir. Ldr., Min. FIr. Ldr.: $2/L; Ass!. Pres. Pr Tern, Maj. Whip, Min. Whip, Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: SIS/L; all emte. chairs: SIO/L fr cmte. meetings. Ass!. Min. Ldr., Maj. Whip: S937.S/y Massachusetts Michigan Minnesla Mississippi Missuri 53S,OOO/y (a) SIl,191.6/y $4O,S/y (a) (a) 52,S/y S22,S/y S21,OOO/y 511,191.6/y 51,S/y S22,S/y S17,OOO/y 511,191.6/y SI,S/y Ways & Means Cmte. Chair: S2S,OOO/y; Ass!. Maj. Flr. Ldr., Ass!. Min. FIr. Ldr., 2nd Asst. Maj. Flr. Ldr., 2nd and 3rd Ass!. Min. FIr. Ldrs., Pst Audit & Oversight and Taxatin Cmte. Chairs, Ways & Means Cmte. V-Chair: SIS,OOO/y; ther emte. chairs, Ways & Means Ass!. V -Chair: $7,S/y Maj. Flr. Ldr.: SIO,OOO/y; Min. Flr. Ldr.: SS,OOO/y; Apprpriatins & Judiciary Cmte. Chairs: SS,OOO/y Finance & Taxes Cmte. Chair: S5,S96/y Mnt.IIB. Nebraska Nevada... New Hampshire NewJ... y... $S/L (a) S2IL (a) S2S/y SlI,667/y (e) Finance Cmte. Chair: SI82.4/d plus mileage. N mre than 1 d per biennium New Mem. New Yrk.. Nrth Carlina. Nrth Dakla.. Ohi (aj (a) S3,OOO/y (d) (d) (a,f) S22,S96/y (g) 52,S921y (h) (a) SlOC S22,S77.93/y SI7,6.76/y S2S,OOO/y S2,8921y (h) SlOC SI7,6.76/y Other leadership psitins: between S6,S/y and S25,OOO/y; all emte. chairs: between S9,OOO/y and S24,S/y Dep. Pres. Pr Tern: S7,272/y plus S78/m expense allwance Standing and Interim Cmte. Chairs: SSIC Ass!. Pres. Pr Tern: Sl3,72S.27/y; Ass!. Min. Ldr.: SI2,6.86/y; Maj. Flr. Ldr.: SIO,393.77/y; Min. Whip: S7,62.3/y; Finance Cmte. chairs: S7,OOO/y; all ther emte. chairs: SS,OOO/y; Cmte. V-ChalTs and ranking minrity mbrs.: S3.69/y; Ass!. Min. Whip: SI,86S.4l1y See ftntes at end f table. The Cuncil f State Gvernments 157

36 ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR SENATE LEADERS-Cntinued State r President Majrity ther jurisdictin President pr tem leader Okla.ma (a) $14,944/y SIO,34/y OreaOft ,S68/y Peansylv il... (a) 526,37/y S21,97/y Rhde Island... (a) Sutb Carlna... SI,S7S/y (a) 57,SOO/y Sutb Dakll... (a) T S33,OOO/y (a) T._... (a) Utah... SI,OOO/y SSOO/y Vermnt... (a) SSO/w VI... I.la... (a) Ul,SSO/y W... lngtn... (a) SI,OOO/y West Viral_I... SSO/L S2S/L WI...sln... Wyming... S3/L (c) Diu. f COlu.. bla... SIO,OOO/y (i) Minrity leader 51O,34/y 521,97/y SSOO/y U,OOO/y S2S/L Other Maj. Whip, Min. Whip, Apprpriatins Cmte. Chair and Min. Chair: 516,Oll/y; Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: 59,983/y; Maj. Caucus Secy., Min. Caucus Secy., Maj. Plicy Chair, Min. Plicy Chair. Maj. Caucus Adminstr., Min. Caucus Adminstr.: 56,S93/y All standing cmte. chairs: $4OO/y Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. Nte: This table reflects the amunt paid the leadership in additin t their regular legislative cmpensatin. Key: L - Legislative day C - Ca1endar day in sessin d - day m - mnth w - week y - year... - Psitin des nt exist r is nt selected n a regular basis (a) Lieutenant gvernr is president f the Senate. In Tennessee. speaker f the Senate als has the statutry title f lieutenant gvernr. Additinal cmpensatin nted is that which the lieutenant gvernr receives fr services as president f the Senate. In Mississippi, cnstitutin states that the salary f the lieutenant gvernr must be the same as that f the speaker f the Huse ($4,8), and that the lieutenant gvernr als receive the same per diem and expenses as members while in sessin (SSO/day and mileage fr extrardinary sessins). (b) The president pr tern receives a special public relatins expense allwance f 51O,OOO/y plus free husing in a state-wned building and a travel allwance f S4S/m. (c) Official title is vice-president. (d) President als serves as majrity leader. In New Yrk, president pr tempre serves as majrity leader. (e) All standing cmmittee chairs receive $9 unvuched allwance per sessin fr cmmunicatins and suppllies. < Lieutenant gvernr receives 59SS.33/m expense allwance. (g) President pr tern receives SI,32/m expense allwance. (h) Majrity and minrity leaders receive S622/m expense allwance. (i) Cuncil chair. 158 The Bk f the States

37 Table 3.14 ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR HOUSE LEADERS (As f January 15, 1991) Speaker State Speaker pr tern Alabam L AI... SSOO/y Arizn.... Ark.nsas 52,SOO/y (a) C.lifmi.... Clrad S99/d iegis. business (during interim) Cnnecticut $6,4/y S3,86/y (b) Del... S9,828/y Flrid... S8,772/y Gergi... SSl,94S/y H... ii Id.h Illinis.. SS,OOO/y S3,OOO/y 516,OOO/y Indi.na S6,SOO/y SS,OOO/y lwl 59,8/y SI,OOO/y Kansas.. S9,41S/y S4,8S/y Kentucky S2S/L SIS/L Lulsi.na... SIS,2/y Maine.. S3,7S/y(1992) M.ryland. SlO,OOO/y M... chu.. 11s... S3S,OOO/y Michigan... S23,OOO/y Nrtb Carlina... S22,S96/y (e) S7,272/y (f) Nrth D.kt. SIO/C Obl ,S77.93/y S17,6O.76/y See ftntes at end f table. " Majrity leader 599/d iegis. business (during interim) S5,29/y S7,644/y S2,4/y S13,SOO/y $9,8/y S8,493/y Si,6S/y(1992) S22,SOO/y S2,8921y (g) SIO/C Minrity leader S99/d legis. business (during interim) S5,29/y S7,644/y S2,4/y $16,OOO/y S9,8/y S8,493/y Si,6S/y (1992) S22,SOO/y SI7,OOO/y S2,892/y (g) SlO/C S17,6O.76/y Other All cmte. chairs: $ISO/m Dep. Maj. Ldr., Dep. Min. Ldr.: S3,86/y; Ass!. Maj. Ldr., Asst. Min. Ldr., All Jint Standing Cmte. Chairs: S2,S4/y; Ranking Min. Mbrs. f all Standing Cmtes.: SI,44/y Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: S4,914/y; Jt. Finance Cmte. Mbrs.: S6,OO6/y; Jt. Finance Cmte. Chair & V Chair: 57,98/y Admn. FIr. Ldrs.: S2,4/y; Asst. Admn. FIr. Ldrs.: SI,2/y Dept. Maj. Ldr., Dept. Min. Ldr.: SIi,SOO/y; Ass!. Maj. Ldr., Asst. Min. Ldr.: SIO,6/y; Maj. Cnf. Chairs, Min. Cnf. Chairs: S IO,SOO/y; All cmte. chairs and min. spkesmen: S6,OOO/y Caucus Chair, Ways & Means Cmte. Chair: SS,OOO/y; Mal'. FIr. Ldr., Min. FIr. Ldr.: SS,OOO/y; Maj. Asst. Fr. Ldr., Min. Ass!. FIr. Ldr.; Maj. Whip, Min. Whip: S3,SOO/y Ass!. Maj. Ldr., Asst. Min. Ldr.: S4,8S/y; Apprpriatins Cmte. Chair: S7,S71/y Maj. Whip, Min. Whip, Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: $ls/l; All cmte. chairs: SlO/d (fr cmte. meetings); Maj. FIr. Ldr., Min. Fir. Ldr.: S2/L Asst. Min. Ldr., Maj. Whip: S937.S (1992) Ways & Means Cmte. Chair: S2S,OOO/y; Ass!. Maj. Fir. Ldr., Asst. Min. Fir. Ldr., 2nd Asst. Maj. Ldr., 2nd Ass!. Min. Ldr., 3rd Asst. Min. FIr. Ldr., Ways & Means Cmte. V-Chair, Pst Audit, Taxatin Cmte. Chairs, All ther Cmte. Chairs, Ways & Means Cmte. Asst. V-Chair, Pst Audit V.chair: S7,SOO/y Maj. FIr. Ldr.: 51O,OOO/y; Min. Fir. Ldr.: S8,OOO/y; gfrp$jy Cmte. Chair, Judiciary Cmte. Min... t... SII, 191.6/y SIi,191.6/y SII,191.6/y Missiasippi.. $4O,8/y (c) Missuri... S2,SOO/y Sl,SOO/y Maj. Fir. Ldr., Min. Fir. Ldr.: Sl,SOO/y Mntan S/L... Nebl1llkl Unicameral Legislature _._ Ne d S2IL Ne.. Hampshire... S2SIy (d) Apprpriatins Cmte. Chair: SI82.4/L + mileage. N mre than 1 d per biennium. Ne.. Jersey... SIl,667/y New Mexic... New Vrk... S3,OOO/y Sii,OOO/y S2S,OOO/y 52S,OOO/y Other leadership psitins: between S6,SOO/y and S2S,OOO/y; All Cmte. Chairs: between 59,OOO/y and 524,SOO/y Standing and Interim Cmte. Chairs: SSIC Maj. Fir. Ldr: SI3,72S.27/y; Asst. Min. Ldr.: S12,6O.86/y; Asst. Maj. Fir. Ldr.: SIO,393.77/y; Min. Whip: S7,62.3/y; Ass!. Min. Whip: SI,89S.4l/y; Finance Cmte. Chair: S7,OOO/y; All ther Cmte. Chairs: SS,OOO/y; AU ther Cmte. V Chairs and Ranking Min. Mbrs.: S3,69/y The Cuncil f State Gvernments 159

38 ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR HOUSE LEADERS-Cntinued Speker Majrity State Speker pr tem leader Oldahm. SI4,944/y SIO,34/y Orea... Sll,868/y Pennsylvania... S26,37/y S2I,97/y Rde lund... SS/d Stb Carll... Sli,OOO/y S3,6/y Suth Dakt..... Ten.aRe.... S33,OOO/y Texas... Utah... SI,OOO/y SSOO/y Vermnt... SSO/w Vlrglnill... Sll,5S/y W... lngtn.. S2,OOO/y W.. t Vlralnl... S5/L S2S/L Wiscasla.. S25/m Wyml... S3/L Minrity leader SIO,34/y S2I,97/y Other Maj. Whip, Min. Whip, Apprpriatins Cmte. Chair & Min. Chair: SI6,OlI/y; Maj. Caucus Chair, Min. Caucus Chair: S9,983/y; Maj. Caucus Secy., Min. Caucus Secy., Maj. Plicy Chair, Min. Plicy Chair, Maj. Caucus Administr., Min. Caucus Administr. S6,593/y Standins Cmte. Chairs: S4OO/y S5/y SI,OOO/y S2S/L Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. Nte: This table renects the amunt paid the leadership in additin t their regular legislative cmpensatin. Key: L - Legislative day C - Calendar day in sessin d - day m- mnth w - week y - year... - Psitin des nt exist r is nt selected n a regular basis (a) Receives a special public relatins expense allwance f S io,ooo/y plus free husing in a state-<lwned building. (b) Official title is deputy speaker. (c) Plus SSO/d and mileage fr extrardinary sessins. (d) All standing cmmittee chairs receive $9 unvuchered allwance per sessin fr cmmunicatins and supplies. (e) Speaker receives S 1,32/m expense allwance. (I) Speaker pr tern receives S78/m expense allwance. (8) Majrity and minrity leaders receive S622/m expense allwance. 16 The Bk f the States

39 TABLE 3.15 STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS (As f January 15, 1991) Stale r ther Requirements fr Cntributin 1991 Mnthly benefit estimates Same as state jurisdictin ParticIpatin regular retirement rate salary- 4yrs 8yrs 12 yrs 16 yrs 2 yrs Benefit frmula emplyees Aluk... Optinal Age 6 r 3 yr. service 6.7S 522,872 Nt eligible $3S $ $81 2.,. x avg. f the 3 Yes highest cnsecutive yr. f salary x yrs service ArI.... Mandatry Age 6.5,.5 yrs service 7% Sl5,OOO 4 X yrs f service x N Age 62, 1 yr. service Age 6, 2S yr. service final salary rate (maximum = 8.,. f salary) Ark... Mandatry Age 65, 1 yr. service Nn-cntrib. $7,5 Nt eligible Nt eligible $27 $36 $ ,. x 5 yr avg salary N Age 55, 35 yrs credited service x 2 x yrs f service Callfml. (a)... Optinal Age 6, 4 yrs service 8.,. $52,5 $ ,344 $1,782 52,19 5'1, per yr f service x N Any age, 2 yr. service 5SOO up t 15 yr. service + 3.,. per yr x $5 fot service in -t" excess f 15 yr. + trl 3.,. x ttal yrs service Cl x (I mnth's salary at til highest level minus t" $5). Benefit may ;I> nt exceed 213 f -1 final salary c: C<JIrad... Optinal Age 65 and ver, 5 yrs service 8% 517,5 Nt eligible 5292 $438 S x highest 3 yr avg Yes Age 6-65, 2 yrs service salary x yrs f service trl Age 55-59, 3 yrs service fr first 2 yrs; til ;;l Any age, 35 yrs service additinal 1'1. per yr n abve 2 yr. ('1 COn_kul... Mandatry Age 65, t yrs service.,. $16,76 Nt eligible Nt eligible 5223 $ (.133 x avg annual Yes salary) + [.5 x avg = ::s annual salary in excess : f "breakpint" (.pecific dllar amunt fr each year)) x yrs credited service til Delaware.... Mandatry Age 65, 5 yrs servicl: (b) $24,213 Nt eligible $323 $4B S f final cmpen- Yes Age 6, 1 S yrs service satin x yrs f service -n flrid... Mandatry Age 62 r 3 yrs service " 522,56 Nt eligible Yrs f creditable service N < x 'I. value x av\ final n.., cmpensatin (5 ighes! yrs) varies amng ::s different classes within 3 n the system ::s Gergia. Optinal Age 65, 8 yrs creditable 3.75'1 plus 51,51 $8 $ $32 $4 $2/mnth x yrs f Yes </> service (inci. military) $7/mnth service Age 62, 8 yrs membership '1 service - See ftntes at end f table.

40 -\ STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS-Cntinued N t-l ::r State r ther Requirements fr Cntributin 1991 Mnthly benefit estimates Same as slale jurisdictin Participatin regular retirement rate salary 4 yrs 8 yrs 12 yrs 16 yrs loyrs Benefit frmula emplyees t:c Ha.. ali... Mandatry Age 55, 5 yr,,ervice 7.8'7 $27, (3.5'7. x finalavg salary Yes (c) Any age, 1 yes service x yr, f service) + :;- mnthly annuity based..., n age and member's cntributin (maximum Er 75'7 f final avg cmpensatin)... en Idah.... Mandatry Autmatically vested; 5.34'7. $12, A vg mnthly salary x Yes I» nrmal age is x mnths service... divided by 12 Illinis... Optinal Age 62, 4 yrs service 11.5'7 (d) 535, S817 $1,351 $1,946 $2,54 3'7. x final salary x N \ Age 55, 8 yrs service first 4 yes servicej IS 3.5% next 2 yrs service;. 4'7, next 2 yrs service; W 4.5'1 next 4 yrs service; 5'1 fr each yr in excess f 12 yes service t" Indiana. Mandatry Age 65, 1 yrs service 5'7, $11,6 Nt eligible Nt eligible (e) (e) (e) Lump sum is returned N til t member at time f retirement; at present -en salary, benefit wuld t" equal $2,9 plus > interest per yr f service t-l Iwa.... Optinal Age 65, 3 yrs service 3.7% $18,1 $92 $ $461 52'7. x (avg f highest Yes (I) c::: 3 yrs f cvered wage) x yes f service divided til by 3 en Kansas.... Optinal Age 65, 8 yrs service Plan I: 4.,. $2I,948(g) Plan I: Plan I: 1.4'7. x highest Yes Nt eligible 525 $37 $41 $512 4 yr avg salary x yrs f service Plan 2: 5'7, Plan 2: Plan 2: 2% x highest N Nt eligible $ $732 3 yr avg salary x yrs f service Keatucky... Optinal Age 65, 5 yrs service 5'7, $27,5 Nt eligible $ ,8 SI,26O x yrs f service N x final salary Lall... Optinal Age 6, 1 yrs service 11.5% $16,8 Nt eligible Nt eligible 5588 $ Highest 3 yr avg salary Yes Age 55, 12 yrs service x (2.5 x yrs f service Any age, 16 yr. service as state emplyee) + (I '7 x yrs in legislature)] Maine... Mandatry Age 6, I yr service 4% $8,8 $ $235 $293 Y rs service x 3 yr avg Yes (but (h) Any age, 25 yrs service salary emplyee cntributin - 6.5'7) Maryland.... Optinal Age 6, 8 yrs service 5% $27, Nt eligible $417 $ $1, x highest yr salary N x yrs f service (maximum 24 yrs r 6%) See ftntes at end r table.

41 STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS-Cntinued Stale r ther Requirements fr Cntributin /99/ Mnthly benefit estimates Same as state jurisdictin Participatin regular retirement rate salary 4 yrs 8 yrs /2 yrs 16 yrs 2 yrs Benefit frmula emplyees M... chu.. tt.. Optinal Age 65, 6 yrs service Befre 1975: 5'1.; $3, Nt eligible , 51,25 2.5'1 x 3 yr avg salary Ves (i) : 7'1.; x yrs f service /88: 8'1.; after 1188: 8'1. f first 53, salary and 1% f additinal salary Mlchl.an... Optinal Age 55, 5 yrs service 9'1. $45,45 Nt eligible 51,212 51,818 $2,424 52,576 2% x final salary x N Age 5, 2 yrs service yrs f service after S yrs service; 4'1. f highest salary per yr fr yrs 6-15; 1'1. per yr fr yes 16-2 (ma.ximum 64"') Minnesta... Mandatry Age 62, 6 yrs service 9'1. 533,19 Nt eligible $ ,1 51, "" x yrs f service Yes (but bas x highest 5 yr avg different salary cntributin rate) t"' m Mississippi... Optinal Age 6, 4 yrs service 6.5% (j) 51, $2 $ $75 $938 (1.875"" X yrs f credit N(j) Age 55, 25 yrs service x avg cmpensatin) -rn Any age, 3 yrs service + 5" f PERS benefit t"' fr legislative time > >-l MI... url... Mandatry Age 6, 6 yrs service '1. 522,87 Nt eligible 532 $63 $84 51,3 ISO/mnth x number N c: f terms served (fr first 3-4 terms); m $IOS/mnth x number rn f terms frm 5-9; Sl3/mnth x number >-l ::r (1) f terms fr 1 r () mre terms = Mnlana... Optinal Age SO, 5 yrs with reduced 6'1. 513,554 Nt eligible $ "" x yrs f service x Ves ::s n benefits higbcst 3 yr avg salary ::: Age 6, 5 yrs service Any age, 3 yrs service... rn Nevada.... Mandatry Age 6, 1 yrs service 15'1. $3,9 Nt eligible Nt eligible $3 S4 S5 S25/mnth per yr f N service up t 3 yrs - (1) N... Jersey. Mandatry Age 6 5'1. $35, 535 $7 $1,5 $1,4 $1,75 3'1. x highest 3 yr avg Ves salary x yrs f service 557,5 Nt eligible Nt eligible ;i Nt.. yrk... Mandatry Age 62, 1 yrs service 3% ,273 51, '1 x final avg sa1ary Ves... x yrs service ::s 3 Nrth Carlina.. Mandatry Age 65, 5 yrs service 7'1. $12,54 Nt eligible $ $ '1 final salary x yrs Ves (1) f service (maximum ::s = 75% f salary) - See ftntes at end f table. -\ w

42 STATE LEGIS LA TIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS-Cntinued -i::..., Stale r ther Requirements fr Cntributin Mnthly benefit estimates /99/ Same as slate ::r jurisdictin Participatin regular retirement rale salary 4 yrs 8 yrs /2 yrs /6 yrs 2 yrs Benefit frmula emplyees n t:c Obl Optinal Age 6, 5 yes service 8.5." $4,47 Nt eligible 5539 $88 SI,77 SI, OJ x 3 yr avg salary Yes, but Age 55, 25 yrs service x yes f service mandatry Any age, ) yes service (maximum 911,7, f fr state salary) up t 3 yrs emplyees..., service; 2.5'1 fr each additinal yr service after 3 yrs S- n Oklahma """"" Optinal Age 6, 6 yes service 4.5 t t.,. $32, Nt eligible $853 $1,28 $1,76 S2,133 Salary x cmpensatin N CIl up t $25, factr x yes service ' I>l (member can pt divided by 12 n ' t cntribute 1." n remaining 57,) -\ \ Oregn""". Optinal Age 58.,. $11,868 $79 $ S " x yes service Yes N I Age 55, 3 yrs service and final avg mnthly \ w salary Pennsyh'ania... Optinal Age 5, 3 yes service Befre 3/1174: 547, S S94 $1,253 $1,565 Befre 3/1174: 211,7, x N If in system befre 3/1174, " highest 3 yr avg salary t" age 5, 21 yes service 3/1174-7/22/83: x yes f service x ,7, t'i1 All thers: 2." x highest After 7/23/83: 3 yr avg salary x yrs 6.25". service en t" Rhde Island.... Optinal Age 55, 8 yes service 311,7. r 59/yr $3 Nt eligible $4()() S6 $8 SI,OOO S6/yr f service N (k) (maximum 512,OOO/yr >..., at 2 yrs f service) c:: Suth Carlina. Mandatry Age 6 1% $13,6(1) S269 $539 $89 $1,79 $1, '1 x yrs f service x N Any age. 3 yrs service "nrmal cmpensatin" t'i1 (I) CIl Tennessee.... Optinal Age yrs service.,. S16,5 S28 S56 $84 SI,I2 51,4 $7/mnth x yrs service N Texas.... Optinal Befre 8/31183: Age 6, 8 yrs service Age 55, 12 yrs service After 8/31183: Age 6, 1 yrs service Age 55, 3 yrs service 811,7, $7,2 Nt eligible SI,OI7 $1,526 $2,35 $2,544 2'7 x yrs f service x Yes state district judge's salary Utah... Optinal Age 65, 4 yrs service." $65/day $4 58 $12 SI6 $2 SlO/mnth x yrs service N Virginia.. Mandatry Age 65." 518, Nt eligible $ $37 S462 If avg salary is less Yes Age yrs service than SI3,2:.15 x highest 3 yr avg x yrs f service. If avg salary is greater than $13,2:.165 x (highest 3 yr avg salary minus SI,2() x yrs f service Washingtn.. Optinal Plan I: Age 6, 5 yrs service 7.511,7. $ 19,9(m) Nt eligible S $66 S825 3% x highest 2 yr avg Yes salary x yrs f service Plan 2: Age 65, 5 yrs service 4.711,7, Nt eligible $22 $33 $ 'I. x highest 5 yr avg Yes salary x yrs f service

43 STATE LEGISLATIVE RETIREMENT BENEFITS-Cntinued State r ther jurisdictin Participatin Requirements lr regular retirement Cntributin rale 1991 salary Mnthly benefit estimate. Same as slate 4 yrs Byrs 12 yr. 16 yr. lqyrs Benefit frmula emplyees West Vlralnl. Optinal Age 55, 5 yrs service 4.5/ $6,5 Nt eligible $87 S13 $173 $217 2'1. x yrs f service x Yes highest 3 cnsecutive yr avg salary WI",nsin.. Mandatry Age 62 Age 57, 3 yrs service.6'1. $33, $ $93 $1,128 2'1, per yr X statutry Yes salary Disl. f Clumbia... Mandatry Age 62, 5 yrs service Age 6, 2 yrs service Age 55, 3 yr. service 7'1. 571,885 Nt eligible $764 $1,213 51,692 52,172 \.5'1. x highest 3 yr avg Yes salary x first S yes service; 1.75'1, highest 3 yr avg salary x yrs 6-1; 2'1. x highest 3 yr avg salary x all service ver 1 yrs ;l (1) Surce: Natinal Cnference f Slate Legislatures. Nte: The fllwing stales d nt have legislative retirement benefils: Alabama, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexic, Nrth Dakta, Suth Dakta, Vermnt and Wyming. An estimated. annualized salary is used fr purpses f cmputing retirement benefits. (a) Newly elected legislatrs as f January I, 1991 will nt be eligible t participate in the legislative retirement plan. (b) 3 percent f llal mnlhly cmpensatin ver 55 plus 2 percent f that prtin exceeding the amunt determined by dividing scial security wage base by 12. (c) Plans fr legislatrs 8re the same as fr state emplyees except that state emplyees have a different benefit frmula (2 percent rather than 3.5 percent) and legislatrs need nly serve 1 yrs t receive maximum benefits. (d) Member cntributin is 8.S percent plus I percent fr an autmatic annual increase in annuity plus 2 percent fr 8 survivr annuity that is refunded if the member is unmarried at time f retirement. (e) Retirement plan allws members t withdraw entire lump sum upn retirement and purchase their wn annuities. State's cntributin is 2{) percent f salary. ( Yes, with speciaj prir service buy-in prvisins if bth emplyer-emplyee cntributins are paid by a legislatr.. (g) Members may figure their cntributin rate based n base pay alne (S2I,948/yr); base pay plus interim expense allwance ($27,348/yr); r base pay. interim expense allwance and sessin expenses (553,16). (b) Legislatrs may petitin nt t participate jf they can prvide dcumentatin thac it will exacerbate their federal incme tax liability due t the wnership f anther retirement plan. (i) Plans are the same except that state emplyees are vested fr 1 yrs. (j) Legislatrs are eligible fr bth regular retirement al 6.5 percent emplyee cntributin rate and legislative supplement retirement system at 3 percent cntributin rate. (k) State emplyees cntribute 7.5 percent f their annual salaries. (I) Annual salary plus in-district expenses ($1,4 + $3,6). (m) All Washingtn benefit estimates are frm 199 and based n 199 salaries. t"" m... til t"" c:: til (') g ::s..., (1) a en -8:

44 Table 3.16 MECHANISMS USED TO EXPEDITE AND STREAMLINE BILL PROCESSING Carryver / Deadlines fr Deadlines fr Deadlines fr Pre filing bills frm Is/ Cmpanin the intrductin cmmittee lsi and 2nd Cmmittee Sr"te f bills session bills f bills actin Huse actin bills Alabama. B B S Alaska. B B B B B Arizna.. B B il B B Arkansas B B B Califrnia. B B H B H H H Clrad. B B B B S Cnnectitut... B B B B Delaware B H H (a) H Flrida.. B B B H B Gergia.. B B S Hawaii B B H B B B Idah S S Illinis... B S B B B B Indiana. B B B B Iwa. B B B B B B B Kansas.. B B B H H B Kentucky B B B B Luisiana. B B H Maine.. B B H B B Maryland. B S B B B B Massachusetts.. B S B B B Michigan B S B Minnesta H B B B H B Mississippi B B B B Missuri. B S B MntsnB.. B B B B B Nebraska (b). S S S S Nevada. B (c) New Hampshire. B H B H B New Jersey. B B B 5 S New Mexic. B B New Yrk.. B B B B B Nrth Carlina. B B B B H B B Nrth Dakta.. B B B B B Ohi. B B Oklahma B B B B B Oregn. B B B B Pennsylvania. S S Rhde Island. B B B Sulh Carlina.. B B B S H S Suth Dakta. B B B B B Tellness«. B B B B S Texas. B S B Utah. B B H B Vermnt. B B S B B H Virginia. B B B B B Washingtn B B S S B B H West Virginia B H H B H B H WiscnSin. H H Wyming.. B B B B Surce: Natinal Cnference f State Legislatures. (a) During secnd sessin f biennium nly. Key: (b) Unicameral legislature. S - Senate (c) Requests submitted t Legislative Cunsel fr bill drafting must be H - Huse placed by the 1th calendar day f the sessin; hwever. there is n dead- B - Bth chambers line as t when the bill can be intrduced.. - Nt applicable 166 The Bk f the States

45 Table 3.17 BILL PRE-FILING, REFERENCE, AND CARRYOVER Bill referral restricted State r ther Pre-/iling f Bills referred t cmmittee by: by rule Bill carryver jurisdictin bills allwed (a) Senate Huse Senate Huse allwed (b) AI.b... (e) President (d) Speaker Aluk... (e) President Speaker ArIm... President Speaker Ark._... President Speaker Callfml... (I) Rules Cmte. Rules Cmte. (g) Cl.. d... President Speaker CnlleCtkut... Pres. Pr Tempre Speaker DeI... re... President (d) Speaker flrid... President Speaker Ge.. I... President (d) Speaker H... U... (h) President Speaker Id. President (d) Speaker BlI.lI... Cmte. n Assignment Crte. n Assignment Indl... Pres. Pr Tempre Speaker Iwa.... President Speaker Ka_... President Speaker K.nt... y... Cmte. n Cmtes. Cmte. n Cmtes. L.III... President (i) Speaker (i) M.lne.. (j) Secy. f Senate and Clerk f Huse (lc) Maryl.nd... President Speaker (I) (I) M... hu.. U... Clerk (i) Clerk (i) Mkhle".. Majrity Ldr. Speaker '(i)' Mln"est... (m) President Speaker (1) Mislislippi... President (d) Speaker Missuri... Pres. Pr Tempre Speaker Mntan... President Speaker Neb... (U)... N... d... (n) Speaker N... H.lIlpsillre... President Speaker New Jeney... (j) President Speaker New M.ld<... N.w yrk... Nrth Carli... Reference Crte. (U) Pres. Pr Tempre (i) Speaker (I) (I) Pres. Pr Tempre () Speaker Clerk (p) Speaker (I) (I) Nrth Dakta... President (d) Speaker (I) Oklahm... Orean... P syh I... Rhde IsI.nd... Suth Carlln... Reference emte. Reference Cmte. Sulh Dakl President (d) Speaker T... Speaker Speaker Pres. Pr Tempre Speaker (I) President Speaker President (d) Speaker President (d) Speaker (q) Speaker T... President (d) Speaker Utah... Vermnt.... President President (d) Speaker Speaker VI.. I.I... Clerk Clerk (r) Wuhlllll... (q) (q) West Vlralnla... President Speaker WIK.si... President Speaker (s) Wy.-IIII... Ol President Speaker Guam (U)... N. MIri Islnd,... U.S. VI.. I. Isla... (U). See ftntes at end f table. Rules Cmte. (U) President (t) President Speaker (U) The Cuncil f State Gvernments 167

46 BILL PRE-FILING, REFERENCE, AND CARRYOVER-Cntinued Surce: State legislative rule bks and manuals. Key: - Yes... -N (U) - Unicameral legislature (a) Unless therwise indicated by ftnte, bills may be intrduced pri r t cnvening each sessin f tbe legislature. In this clumn nly: -pre filing is allwed in btb cbambers (r in tbe case f Nebraska, Guam, and tbe U.S. Virgin Islands, in the unicameral legislature);...-pre-filing is nt allwed in either chamber. (b) Bills carry ver frm the first year f a legislature t the secnd (des nt apply in Arkansas, Kentucky, Mntana, Nebraska, Nnh Dakta, Oregn and Texas, where legislatures meet biennially). Bills generally d nt carry ver after an intervening legislative electin. (c) Except between the end f the last regular sessin f the legislature in any quadrennium and the rganizatinal sessin fllwing the general electin. (d) Lieutenant gvernr is the president f the Senate. (e) Maximum La bills per member. (f) Califrnia has a cntinuus legislature. Members may intrduce bids at any time during the biennium. (g) BiUs intrduced in the first year f the regular sessin and passed by tbe buse f rigin n r befre January 31l f tbe secnd year are "carryver bills." (h) Huse nly in even-numbered years. (i) Subject t apprval r disapprval. Luisiana-majrity f members present. Massachusetts-by presiding fficer and Cmmittee n Steering and Plicy. ) Prir t cnvening f first regular sessin nly. (k) Fr the jint standing cmmittee system. Secretary f Senate and clerk f Huse. after cnferring. suggest an apprpriate cmmittee reference fr every bill, reslve and petitin ffered in either huse. If they are unable t agree, the Questin f reference is referred t a cnference f the president f the Senate and speaker f the Huse. If the presiding fficers cannt agree, the questin is reslved by the Legislative Cuncil. (I) Nt restricted, except: Maryland-lcal bills; Minnesta-in Huse, bills referred t Apprpriatins, Gvernmental Operatins and Tax.. Cmmittees; in Senate, bius referred t Finance and Gvernmental Operatins Cmmittees. New Hampshire-in Senate, bills referred t Finance and Capital Budget Cmmittees. New Mexic-in Huse, bills referred t Apprpriatins and Finance Cmmittee; in Senate, bills referred t Finance Cmmittee. Nrth Carlina-bills referred t Apprpriatins, Finance, and Huse Ways and Means cmmittees. Nrth Dakta-bills referred t Apprpriatins Cmmittee. Oklahma-in Senate, bills referred t Apprpriatins Cmmittees. (m) Prir t cnvening f secnd regular sessin nly. (n) Mtin fr referral can be made by any member. () Als serves as majrity leader. (p) Under the supervisin f the chairman f the Senate Cmmittee n Rules and Operatin. (q) By tbe membersbip f the chamber. (r) Under the directin f the speaker. (s) Any bill, jint reslutin n which final actin has nt been taken at the cnclusin f the last general-business flr perid in the ddnumbered year shall be carried frward t the even-numbered year. (t) With the advice f the Cmmittee n Rules and Prcedure. 168 The Bk f the States

47 Table 3.18 TIME LIMITS ON BILL INTRODUCTION Stale r ther jurisdictin Time limit n intrductin f bills Prcedure fr granting exceptin t time limits Alaba Senate: 24th L day f regular sessin (a), Huse: n limit. AI h C day f 2nd regular sessin (b). Arizna... 29th day f regular sessin; 1th day f special sessin. Arkln.. s 55th day f regular sessin (5th day fr apprprialins bills). c.ur,.i. March 8 f dd-year sessin; Feb. 21 f even-year sessin (c). Clrad... Huse: 22nd L day f regular sessin. Senate: 17th L day f regular sessin (d). CO._1ieu1... Depends n schedule set ut by jint rules adpted fr biennium (e). Dellware Huse: n intrductins during last 3 C days f 2nd sessin. Senate: n limit. FIrIdI.... Huse: nn 2nd day f regular sessin (b); Senate: nn 4th L day f regular sessin (d,f). Gee.. i... HIWlii... Illinis. 1",lIlnl. 1WI Luisl.na.... Mil.... Mlryl d... M... hu.. l.. Mkhlpn... MlalHlOla MIsslsslppl Missuri... Mnla... N.... See ftntes at end f table. Huse: 3th L day f regular sessin because f Senate ruling; Senate: 33rd L day f regular sessin. Actual dates established during sessin. Huse: 2th day f sessin (g); 45th day f sessin (h). Senate: 12th day f sessin (g); 35th day f sessin (h). April 12 f dd year f sessin (d,g). Huse: 16th day f 1st regular sessin; 4th day f 2nd regular sessin. Senate: 1th day f 1st regular sessin; 4th day f 2nd regular sessin. Huse: Friday f 7th week f 1st regular sessin (g,i,i); Friday f 2nd week f 2nd regular sessin (g,i,i). Senate: Friday f 7th week f 1st regular sessin (g,i,i); Friday f 2nd week f 2nd regular sessin (g,i). 3Ist C day in 1991 regular sessin and 1992 sessins; 45th day f regular sessin fr cmmittees (k). Huse: 38th L day f regular sessin; Senate: n intrductins during last 2 L days f sessin. 15th C day f regular sessin (I). Last Friday in December f 1st regular sessin; deadhnes fr 2nd regular sessin established by Legislative Cuncil (b,m). N intrductins during last 35 C days f regular sessin. 1st Wednesday in December even numbered years, preceeding regular sessin (n). 1st Wednesday in Nvember dd numbered years, preceeding regular sessin (n). N limit. N limit. 14th C day f 9O-day sessin; 51st C day f 125-<1ay sessin (d,p). 6th L day f regular sessin (d). Individual intrductins: 14th L day; revenue bills: 21st L dayi cmmittee bills and reslutins: 4th L day; cmmittee bills: 78th L day; cmmittee revenue bills: 66th L day (d,q). 1th L day f any sessin (d,r). Majrity vte after cnsideratin by RuLes Cmmittee. 2/3 vte f membership (cncurrent reslutin). Permissin f Rules Cmmittee. 213 vte f membership f each huse. Apprval f Cmmittee n Rules and 2/3 vte f membership. Huse, Senate Cmmittees n Delayed Bills may extend deadline. 2/3 vte f members present. Huse: 2/3 vte f members present. Senate: majrity f thse present; Cmmittee n Rules and Calendar determines whether existence f emergency cmpels hill's cnsideratin. Huse: unanimus vte. Senate: 2/3 vte f membership. Unanimus vte f membership. Huse: rules gverning limitatins may nt be suspended except fr bills determined by a majrity f all the members f the Rules Cmmittee t be an emergency bill. Senate: rules may be suspended by affirmative vte f majrity f members; suspensins apprved by Rules Cmmittee, adpted by majrity f members present. Huse: 2/3 vte f membership; Senate: cnsent f Rules and Legislative Prcedures Cmmittee. Cnstitutinal majrity. Reslutin adpted by majrity f members f either huse may make specific exceptins t deadlines. Majrity vte f membership each huse. 2/3 vte f elected members f each huse. Apprval f majrity f members f Legislative Cuncil. 2/3 vte f elected members f each huse. 2/3 vte f members present and vting. 2/3 vte f members present and vting. Majrity vte f elected members each huse; gvernr's request fr cnsideratin f bill by special message. 213 vte f members. 3/5 vte f elected membership fr standing r special cmmittees t intrduce bills after 1th L day. The Cuncil f State Gvernments 169

48 TIME LIMITS ON BILL INTRODUCTION-Cntinued State r ther jurisdictin Nevada Time limit n intrductin f bills 1th C day f regular sessin (s). Prcedure fr granting exceptin t time limits 213 vte f members present; als standing cmmittee f a huse if request is apprved by 2/3 members f cmmittee. Cnsent t suspend rule may be given nly by affirmative vte f majrity f members ejected. Sew Hampshire New Jersey. New Mexic. New Yrk N rtb Carlina.. Actual dates established during sessin Huse: must file by title by July 1. Senate: draft requests by Octber 4. Assembly: N printing f bills after September 1 during 2nd sessin; Senate: n limit. 3th L day f regular sessin (d,t); apprpriatins bills: 5th L day f regular sessin. Assembly: fr unlimited intrductin f bills, 1st Tuesday in March; fr intrductin f 1 r fewer bills, last Tuesday in March (u,v). Senate: 1st Tuesday f March (v,w). 2/3 vte f members present. Majrity vte f members. 213 vte f members present. Unanimus vte. 3rd Thursday in March f lst biennial sessin (x). Huse: 213 f members present and vting; Senate: 213 vte f membership. Nrth Dakta r8st Jh(; trisqt:b;6ui i;;:tins: Supreme Curt: Dec. 1 prir t regular sessin. 2/3 vte r apprval f majrity f Cmmittee n Delayed Bills. Ohi... Huse: after March 15 f 2nd regular sessin; majrity Huse majrity vte n recmmendatin f bill by vte f members may end bill intrductins. Reference Cmmittee. Oklahma February 7 fr huse f rigin in 1st sessin (aa); February 213 vte f membership. 6 fr 2nd sessin (bb). Oregn. Huse: 36th C day f sessin (cc); Senate: 36th C day 213 vte f membership. fllwing electin f Senate president (dd). Pennsylvania..... N limit (ee). Rhde Island. Actual dates established during sessin: Public bills , February 14. Suth Carlina... Huse: April 15 f regular sessin; May 1 fr bills first intrduced in Senate (d,ff). Senate: May 1 f regular sessin fr bins riginating in Huse (d), Suth Dakta.. '... 4O-day sessin: 15th L day; cmmittee bills and jint reslutins, 16th L day. 3S-day sessin: 1th L day; cmmittee bills and jint reslutins, 11th L day; bills intrduced at request f department, bard, cmmissin r state agency: 2nd L day (d,gg). Tenne.... Texas.. Utah.. Vermnt Vlrglnl. Huse: general bills, 1th L day f regular sessin (hh). Senate: general bills, 1th L day f regular sessin; reslutins, 4th L day (hh). 6th C day f regular sessin (ii). 3th C day f sessin. Huse, Individual intrductins: 15t sessin, March 1; 2nd sessin, Feb. 1. Cmmittees: 1 days after 1st Tuesday in March (jj). Senate, individual and cmmittee: 1st sessin, 53rd C day; 2nd sessin, spnsr requests bill drafting 25th C day befre sessin (kk). Deadlines may be set during sessin. Huse: 2/3 vte f members present. Senate: majrity present and vting. Huse: 2/3 vte f members present and vting; Senate: 213 vte f membership. 213 f membership. Unanimus cnsent f Cmmittee n Delayed Bills. 4/5 vte f members present and vting. Huse: 2/3 vte f all members present; Senate: majrity f membership. Apprval by Rules Cmmittee. WashIngtn.. (Cnstitutinal limit) N intrductins during final 1 days 2/3 vte f elected members f each huse. f regular sessin (d,il). West Virginia Wlsensln... Wyming... Guam U.S. Virgin Isl... s.. Huse: 53rd day f regular sessin (d); Senate: 41st day f regular sessin (d,g). N limit. Huse: 15th L day f sessin (d); Senate: 12th L day f sessin (d). N limit. N limit. 213 vte f members present. 2/3 vte f elected members f either huse. 17 The Bk f the States

49 TIME LIMITS ON BILL INTRODUCTION-Cntinued Surce: State legislative rule bks and manuals. Key: C - Calendar L - Legislative (a) Nt applicable t lcal bills that have been advertised r general bills f lcal applicatin. (b) Nt applicable t bills spnsred by any jint cmmittees. In Flrida, als des nt apply t shrt-frm bills. (c) Nt applicable t cnstitutinal amendments, cmmittee bills intrduced pursuant t Assembly Rule 47 r Senate Rule 23, bills intrduced in Assembly with permissin f speaker r bills intrduced in Senate with permissin f Senate Rules Cmmittee. Subject t these deadlines, bills may be intrduced at any time. except when the huses are in jint summer, interim, r final recess. (d) Nt applicable t apprpriatins bills. In West Virginia, supplementary apprpriatins bills r budget bills. (e) Nt applicable t (\) bills prviding fr current gvernment expenditures; (2) bills the presiding fficers certify are f an emergeney nature; (3) bills the gvernr requests because f emergency r necessity; and (4) the legislative cmmissiners' revisr's bills and mnibus validating act. (f) Nt applicable t lcal bills and joint reslutins. (g) Nt applicable t standing cmmittee bills. (h) Nt applicable t Huse State Affairs, Apprpriatins, Educatin, Revenue and Taxatin, r Ways and Means cmmittees. nr t Senate State Affairs, Finance, Judiciary and Rules, r Ways and Means. (i) Unless written request fr drafting bill had been filed befre deadline. (j) Nt applicable t bills c-spnsred by majrity and minrity flr leaders. (k) Nt applicable t Senate Ways and Means; Federal and State Affairs and the select cmmittees f either huse; r Huse cmmittees n Calendar and Printing, Apprpriatins and Taxatin. (I) Nt applicable t cncurrent reslutins prpsing suspensin f law and bills reprted by substitute. (m) Nt applicable t bills intended t facilitate legislative business. (n) Nt applicable t messages frm gvernr, reprts required r authrized t be made t legislature, petitins fi1ed r apprved by vters f cities r twns (r by mayrs and city cuncils) fr enactment f special legislatin and which d nt affect the pwers and duties f state departments, bards, r cmmissins. () Nt applicable t bills recmmended by cnference cmmittee reprts, Rules and legislative Administratin Cmmittee, the Senate, r the gvernr. (p) Nt applicable t revenue, lcal and private bills. (q) Nt applicable t interim study reslutins r jint reslutins cncerning administratin. (r) Nt applicable t 'A' bills and thse intrduced at the request f the gvernr. (s) Requests submitted t legislative cunsel fr bill drafting. Des nt apply t standing cmmittees r t member wh had requested bi1l drafting befre 11th C day f sessin. (t) Nt appjicabje t bills t prvide fr current gvernment expenses; bijis referred t legislature by gvernr by special message setting frth emergency necessitating legislatin. (u) Des nt apply t bills intrduced by Rules Cmmittee, by message frm the Senate, with cnsent f the speaker r by members elected at special electin wh take ffice n r after the first Tuesday f March. (v) In n case maya bill be intrduced n Fridays, unless submitted by gvernr r intrduced by Rules Cmmittee r by message frm Senate. (w) Bills recmmended by state department r agency must be submitted t ffice f temprary president nt later than March I. Bills prpsed by gvernr, attrney general, cmptrller, department f educatin r ffice f curt administratin must be submitted t ffice f temprary president n later than first Tuesday in April. (x) Nt applicable t lcal and public bills r bills establishing districts fr Cngress r state r lcal entities. (y) N member ther than majrity and minrity leaders may intrduce mre than five bills in Huse after the 6th L day; three bills in Senate after 11th L day. (z) Nt applicable t reslutins prpsing amendments t U.S. Cnstitutin r directing Legislative Cuncil t carry ut a study (deadline, 34th L day). (aa) Final date fr cnsideratin n flr in huse f rigin during first sessin. Bills intrduced after date are nt placed n calendar fr cnsideratin until secnd sessin. (bb) Nt applicable t reapprtinment bills. (cc) Nt applicable t measures apprved by Cmmittee n Legislative Rules, Operatins and Refrm r by speaker; apprpriatin r fiscal measures spnsred by Jint Cmmittee n Ways and Means; true substitute measures spnsred by standing, special r jint cmmittees; r measures drafted by legislative cunsel. (dd) Nt applicable t measures apprved by Rules Cmmittee, apprpriatin r ftscal measures spnsred by Jint Cmmittee n Ways and Means r measures requested fr drafting by legislative cunsel. (ee) Reslutins fixing the last day fr intrductin f bhls in the Huse are referred t the Rules Cmmittee befre cnsideratin by the full Huse. (ff) Nt applicable t jint reslutins approving r disapprving agency regulatins. (gg) Nt applicable t gvernr's bills. (hh) Nt applicable t certain lcal bills. (li) Nt applicable t lcal bills, reslutins, emergency apprpriatins r all emergency matters submitted by gvernr in special messages t the legislature. uj) Nt applicable t Apprpriatins r Ways and Means cmmittees. (kk) Nt applicable t Apprpriatins r Finance cmmittees. (U) Nt applicable t substitute bills reprted by standing cmmittees fr bills pending befre such cmmittees. The Cuncil f State Gvernments 171

50 -J tv Table , ENACTING LEGISLATION: VETO, VETO OVERRIDE AND EFFECTIVE DATE ::r n Days allwed gvernr t cnsider bill (a) tj:j Gvernr During sessin After sessin may item vel Bill becmes Bill becmes Bill dies Vtes required in each ;<;" apprpriatin bills Siale r ther law unless law unless unless huse t pass bills r Eff(!Ctive date f enacted jurisdictin Amunt Other (b) veted veted signed items ver vet (c) legislatin (d) Alabama. 6 loa Majrity elected Immediately (e) ::r n Alaska P 213 elected (g) 9 days after enactment (I) Arizna. 5 loa 213 elected 9 days after adjurnment )Q Arkansas 5 2A (h) Majrity elected 9 days after adjurnment III Califrnia. 12 (h,i) (i) 213 elected (j) (I) Clrad... 1 (h) 3A (h) 213 elected Immediately (k) CnnKticut 5 15P (h) 213 elected Oct. I -'- Delaware A (h) 3/5 elected Immediately '- Flrid... 7 (h) 15P (h) 213 elected 6 days after adjurnment Gergia (I).. 6 (h) 4A (h,m) 213 elected July I (n) Hawaii (I). io (,p) 4SA (,p) (p) 2/3 elected Immediately (I) Idah 5 loa 213 elected 6 days after adjurnment Illinis. 6 (h) 6P (h) 3/5 elected (g) Jan. I (n) Indiana. (I) 7 7P (h) Majrity elected (q) Iwa... 3 (r) (r) 2/3 elected July I (n) trl Kansas 1 (h) lop 213 elected Upn publicatin en Kentucky... 1 loa Majrity elected 9 days after adjurnment t""' Luisiana (I) 1 (h) 2P (h) 213 elected 6 days after adjurnment > Mine... 1 (m) 213 present 9 days after adjurnment..., Maryland (I) 6 3P (m) 3/5 elected June I (s) Massachusetts Michigan... 1 lop 213 present 9 days after enactment :;Q (I) 14 (h) 14P (h) 2/3 elected and serving 9 days after adjurnment (I) trl Minnesta 3 14A 213 elected Aug. I (t) (/l Mississippi P (m) 213 elected 6 days after enactment Missuri.. 15 (h,r) 45P (h,m,r) 213 elected 9 days after adjurnment (t,u) Mntana... 5 (h) 25A (h) 213 present Oct. I (u) Nebraska... (v) 5 5A 3/5 elected 3 mnths after adjurnment Nevada... 5 loa 213 elected Oct. I New Hampshire 5 5P 213 elected 6 days after enactment New Jersey.. (I) (w) (w) (w) 213 eiected July 4 New Mexic. 3 2A 213 present 9 days after adjurnment (t) New Yrk 1 3A 213 elected 2 days after enactment Nrth Carlina (x) days after adjurnment Nrth Dakta (I) 3 15A 213 elected (y) Ohi 1 loa 3/5 elected 9 days after filed with secretary f state Oklahma A 213 elected (g) 9 days after adjurnment Oregn... 5 () 3A () 213 present 9 days after adjurnment Pennsylvania... (I) 1 (h) 3A (h) 2/3 elected 6 days after enactment Rbde Island. 6 loa (h) 3/5 present 1 days after adjurnment Suth Carlina.. 5 (m) 2/3 present 2 days after enactment Suth Dakta 5 (h) 15A (h) 213 elected 9 days after adjurnment Tennessee. (I) 1 loa Maj rity elected 4 days after enactment Texas. 1 2A 213 present 9 days after adjurnment Utah. 1 2A (h) 213 elected 6 days after adjurnment Vermnt A 213 present July I t""' c:::

51 VETO, VETO OVERRIDE AND EFFECTIVE DATE-Cntinued -l (j :..., ;ii... ::s 3 ti> a.- -..l w Days allwed gvernr t cnsider bill (a) Gvernr During sessin After sessin may irem vet Bill becmes Bill becmes Bill dies apprpriatin bills Vtes required in each State r ther law unless law unless unless huse t pass bills r Effective date f enacted jur;sdict in Amunt Other (b) veted veted signed irems ver vet (c) legislatin (d) Virginia. Washingtn... West Virginia (\) Wiscnsin... 6 WymiDg American Sama... 1 Guam... (\) 1 N. M.rI... Isla... 4 (h,ee) Puert RIc... (\) 1 V.S. Virgin lsi... 1 Surces: State cnstitutins and statutes. Nte: Sme legislatures recnvene after nrmal sessin t cnsider bills veted by gvernr. Cnnecticut-if gvernr vetes any bill, secretary f state must recnvene General Assembly n secnd Mnday after the last day n which gvernr is either authrized t transmit r has transmitted every bill with his bjectins, whichever ccurs first; General Assembly must adjurn sine die nt later than three days after its recnvening. Hawaii-legislature may recnvene n 45th day after adjurnment sine die, in special sessin. withut call. Luisiana-legislature meets in a maximum five-day vet sessin n the 4th day after final adjurnment. Missuri-if gvernr returns any bill n r after the fifth day befre the last day n which legislature may cnsider bills (in even-numbered years), legislature autmatically recnvenes n first Mnday in September fr a maximum loc sessin. New Jersey-legislature meets in special sessin (withut call r petitin) t act n bills returned by gvernr n 45th day after sine die adjurnment f the first year f a tw-year legislature; a special sessin may nt be cnvened if the 45th day falls n r after the last day f the legislative year in which the secnd sessin ccurs. Virginia-legislature recnvenes n sixth Wednesday after adjurnment fr a maximum threeday sessin (may be extended t seven days upn vte f majrity f members elected t each huse). Utah-if 2/3 f the members f each huse favr recnvening t cnsider veted bills, a maximum fiveday sessin is set by the presiding fficers. Washingtn-upn petitin f 2/3 f the members f each huse, legislature meets 45 days after adjurnment fr a maximum fjve-day sessin. Key: - Yes... -N A - days after adjurnment f legislature P - days after presentatin t gvernr (a) Sundays excluded, unless therwise indicated. (b) Includes language in apprpriatins bill. (c) Bill returned t huse f ri:in with gvernr's bjectins. (d) Effective dale may be estabhshed by the law itself r may be therwise changed by vte f the legislature. Special r emergency acts are usually effective immediately. (e) Penal acts, 6 days. (f) Gvernr can als reduce amunts in apprpriatins bills. In Hawaii, gvernr can reduce items in executive apprpriatins measures, but cannt reduce nr item vet amunts apprpriated fr the judicial r legislative branches. (g) Different number f vtes required fr revenue and apprpriatins bills. Alaska-3/4 elected. 11- linis-apprpriatins reductins, majrity elected. Oklahma-emergency bills, 3/4 vte. West Virginia-budget and supplemental apprpriatins, 2/3 elected. (h) Sundays included. (i) A bi1l presented t the gvernr that is nt returned within 12 days becmes a law; prvided that any bill passed befre Sept. I f the secnd calendar year f the biennium f the legislative sessin and in the pssessin f the gvernr n r after Sept. 1 that is nt returned by the gvernr n r befre Sept. 3 f that year becmes law. The legislature may nt present t the gvernr any bill after Nv. 15 f the secnd calendar year f the biennium f the sessin. If the legislature, by adjurnment f a special sessin prevents the return f a bill with the vet message, the bill becmes law unless the gvernr vetes within 12 days by depsiting it and the vet message in the ffice f the secretary f state. 7 (h) 3A (h) 213 present (z) July I (aa) 5 2A 213 present 9 days after adjurnment 5 15A (bb) Majrity elected (g) 9 days after enactment 6P 2/3 elected Day after publicatin date 3 15A (h) 213 elected Immediately 3P 213 elected 6 days after adjurnment (cc) 3P 2/3 elected Immediately (dd) 213 present Immediately 3P (h) 213 elected Specified in act 3P (h) 2/3 present Immediately (j) Fr legislatin enacted in regular sessins: Jan. 1 next fnwing 9()..day perid frm date f enact ment. Fr legislatin enacted in special sessins: 91 days after adjurnment. Des nt apply t statutes cahing electins, statutes prviding fr tax levies r apprpriatins fr the usual current state expenses r urgency statutes, all f which take effect immediately. (Ie) An act takes effect n the date stated in the act, r if n date is stated in the act, then n its passage. ) Cnstitutin withhlds right t vet cnstitutinal amendments. (m) Bills veted after adjurnment are returned t the legislature fr recnsideratin. Gergia: bills veted during last three days f sessin and nt cnsidered fr verriding, and all bills veted after sine die adjurnment may be cnsidered at next sessin. Maine: returned within three days after the next meeting f the same legislature which enacted the bill r reslutin. Maryland: recnsidered at the next meeting f the same General Assembly. MiSSissippi: returned within three days after the beginning f the next sessin. Missuri: bills returned within fur days f adjurnment r later in first sessin are cnsidered at beginning f secnd sessin; bills returned in secnd sessin are cnsidered in autmatic vet sessin. Suth Carlina: within tw days after the next meeting. (n) Effective date fr bills which becme law n r after July 1. Gergia-Jan. I. unless a specific date has been prvided fr in Jegislatin. lllinis-a bijl passed after June 3 des nt becme effective prir t July 1 f the next calendar year unless legislature. by a 3/5 vte provided fr an earlier effective date. Iwa-if gvernr signs bill after July I, biij becmes law n Aug. 15; fr spedaj sessins. 9 days after adjurnment. Suth Dakta-91 days after adjurnment. () Except Sundays and legal hlidays. In Hawaii, except Saturdays, Sundays, hlidays and any days in which the legislature is in recess prir t its adjurnment. In Oregn, except Saturdays and Sundays. (p) The gvernr must ntify the legislature lodays befre the 45th day f his intent t vet a measure n that day. The legislature may cnvene n the 45th day after adjurnment t cnsider the veted measures. If the legislature fails t recnvene, the bill des nt becme law. If the legislature recnvenes, it may pass the measure ver the gvernr's vet r it may amend the law t meet the gvernr's bjectins. If the law is amended, the gvernr must Sign the bill within 1 days after it is presented t him in rder fr it t becme law. (q) N act takes effect until it has been published and circulated in the cunties, by authrity, except in cases f emergency. (r) Gvernr must sign r vet all bills presented t him. Iwa-any bill submitted t the gvernr fr his apprval during the last three days f a sessin must be depsited by him in the secretary f state's ffice within 3 days after adjurnment with his apprval r bjectins. Missuri-therwise, legislature, by jint resjutin, reciting fact f such failure, may direct the secretary f state t enrll the bill as an authentic act and it becmes law. (s) Bills passed ver gvernr's vet are effective in 3 days r n date specified in bill, whichever is Jater. (t) Different date fr fiscal legislatin. Minnesta, Mntana-July 1. Missuri, New Mexic-immediately. (u) In event f a recess f 3 days r mre, legislature may prescribe, by jint reslutin, that laws previusly passed and nt effective shall take effect 9 days frm beginning f recess. (v) N apprpriatin can be made in excess f the recmmendatins cntained in the gvernr's budget except by a 3/5 vle. The excess is nt subject t vet by the gvernr. (w) If a bill is nt returned by the gvernr within 1 days after it is presented t him (excluding Sundays), it becmes law, unless the huse f rigin is in temprary adjurnment. In that case, the bill bel' ttl a -til r c: til