Selected Topics in International Politics:

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1 FAKULTÄT FÜR SOZIALWISSENSCHAFTEN Political Science / Conflict Studies Prof. Dr. Lilli Banholzer Selected Topics in International Politics: Civil War Dynamics and Post- Conflict Peacebuilding MA Seminar (8 ECTS) FSS 2016 Monday 12:00-13:30, Room: A 102, B6 Prof. Dr. Lilli Banholzer Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 12:00 (sign up in list on office door) Parkring 47, Zi Mannheim Tel: Fax: lilli.banholzer@uni- mannheim.de Sekretariat: Christine Krisch Tel: christine.krisch@sowi.uni-mannheim.de In this course, we will engage with contemporary research on the dynamics of civil war and post- war reconstruction. We will thus address questions such as: When does civil war break out? How are rebel groups formed and sustained and when do they use different forms of violence? How can conflict be ended and which political, economic, social, and psychological challenges are post- war societies faced with? How for example can former combatants be disarmed and reintegrated into society and what are the consequences of child soldiering? Finally we will also examine whether peacebuilding, development aid and democratization really contribute to a lasting peace. The seminar will start with a theoretical part in which we look at the different theories concerning peace and conflict dynamics. The second part of the seminar we will then apply the before discussed theories to analyse different cases of civil war. Course Requirements & Assessment: Regular attendance and active class participation Class presentation(s) and leading the class discussion A research paper

2 Participation: Students are expected to come prepared to the sessions, having read the reading for class discussion. Particular emphasis will be placed on the critical discussion of the readings, which should generally be dominated by you, not me, and the discussion of and feedback on your work. To facilitate critical engagement with the reading, you need to the discussant and me 1-2 discussion questions about the required reading (for the weeks where there are such readings). Theses questions should stimulate a critical engagement and debate with the text, i.e. they should not focus on merely reproducing key arguments, but should go beyond this, e.g. by linking the arguments to current events, highlighting strengths and weaknesses etc. You need to your discussion questions to us by Thursday preceding the Monday meeting, so allow the presenter to include your questions if appropriate. Presentation and leading class discussion You need to sign up for one (or more) presentation(s) and lead the seminar discussion. Note that in the presentation, you need to go beyond the reading. The presentation should provide a substantial insight into the topic and discuss the methods and data used in the research articles. Group works are very welcome! Important: Every student MUST see me one week before the presentation. Bring your Power Point presentation to this meeting. Research paper Each student needs to hand in a research paper (electronic and print) before or on the (midnight). The paper can either be based on your presentation or related to any other topic we have covered in class. Overview Session 1 (15.2) Session 2 (22.2) Session 3 (29.2) Session 4 (07.3) Session 5 (14.3) Session 6 (04.4) Session 7 (11.4) Session 8 (18.4) Session 9 (25.4) Session 10 (2.5) Session 11 (9.5) Session 12 (16.5) Session 13 (23.5) Session 14 (30.5) Introduction to the seminar General approaches to civil war research When do civil wars break out? Explaining the onset of civil war Civil war dynamics: Armed groups Civil War Dynamics: Violence Easter break Civil War Dynamics: Child Soldiers Ending Civil Wars Post- Conflict Reconstruction: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Movie Post Conflict Reconstruction: Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding Case Study: Syria Holiday Research Design home Discussion of research designs

3 Week 1: February 15 Introduction to the seminar Guiding Questions: What will we be talking about in this seminar? Who will do which presentation? No reading Week 2: February 22 General approaches to civil war research Guiding Questions: How can we define a civil war? does a civil war differ from other forms of organized violence and crime? What are the methodological and data challenges in conflict research? Blattman, Christopher and Edward Miguel Civil War. NBER Working Paper, No: Buhaug, Halvard, and Jan Ketil Rød (2006): Local Determinants of African Civil Wars, Political Geography. 25(3), Cederman, Lars- Erik, and Kristian S. Gleditsch (2009): Introduction to Special Issue on Disaggregating Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution.53(1), Galtung, Johan Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research 6(3): Fearon, James Rationalist Explanations for War. International Organization, 49, 3, James Fearon and David Laitin Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review, 97, 1, pp Nicholas Sambanis Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War. Perspectives on Politics, 2, 2, Håvard Hegre, Gudrun Østby and Clionadh Raleigh Poverty and Civil War Events: A Disaggregated Study of Liberia. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53, pp Hegre, Havard and Nicholas Sambanis (2006): Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution August 2006 vol. 50 no Justino, Patricia (2009): Poverty and Violent Conflict: A Micro- Level Perspective on the Causes and Duration of Warfare. Journal of Peace Research.46(3), Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2008): Promises and Pitfalls of an Emerging Research Program: The Microdynamics of Civil War. In: Kalyvas, Stathis N., Ian Shapiro and Tarek Masoud (eds.): Order, Conflict and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4 Sambanis, Nicholas 2004: What is Civil War?: Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (6): Week 3: February 29 When do civil wars break out? Explaining the onset of civil war Guiding Questions: Which factors contribute to the outbreaks of civil wars? Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler (2004): Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers. 56(4), Sambanis, N. 2001: Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:3, Fearon, J. D., Kasara, K, Laitin, D. D Ethnic Minority Rule and Civil War Onset. American Political Science Review, 101: 1, Huntington, Samuel P. 1996: Der Kampf der Kulturen. Die Neugestaltung der Weltpolitik im 21. Jahrhundert. München, Gilley, B. 2004: Against the concept of ethnic conflict. Third World Quarterly, 25: 6, Week 4: March 7 Civil war dynamics: Armed groups Guding questions: How do armed groups form? Who are the people that actually take up arms and decide to fight? Under which circumstances do people feel the need to fight? Which recruitment strategies are used by commanders? And how do armed group leaders ensure cohesion within their units? Humphreys, Macartan and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2008: "Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War". American Journal of Political Science. 52 (2): Haer, Roos, Lilli Banholzer and Verena Ertl (2011): "Creating Compliance and Cohesion How Rebel Organizations Manage to Survive". Small Wars and Insurgencies. 22(3),

5 Gates, Scott. 2002: Recruitment and Allegiance: The Microfoundations of Rebellion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 : Salehyan, Idean. 2010: The Delegation of War to Rebel Organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution 54: Wood, Elisabeth. 2003: "Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oyefusi, Aderoju. 2008: "Oil and the Probability of Rebel Participation Among Youths in the Niger Delta of Nigeria". Journal of Peace Research. 45(4): Weinstein, Jeremy "Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Week 5: March 14 Dynamics of Civil War: Violence Guiding questions: What forms of violence are used in civil war? What explains the variation in the extent to which armed groups rely on violence against combatants and civilians? Elbert, Thomas, Roland Weierstall, and Maggie Schauer. 2010: "Fascination Violence: On Mind and Brain of Man Hunters." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 260(2): Humphreys, Macartan and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2006: Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War. The American Political Science Review. 100 ( 3): Eck, Kristine, and Lisa Hultman. 2007: "One- sided Violence against Civilians in War: Insights from new Fatality Data". Journal of Peace Research. 44(2): Harff, Barbara No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since The American Political Science Review, 97 (1): Azam, Jean- Paul. 2006: "On Thugs and Heroes: Why Warlords Victimize Their Own Civilians". Economics and Governance. 7: Bell, Sam R., David Cingranelli, Amada Murdie, and AlperCaglayan. 2013: Coercion, Capacity and Coordination: Predictors of Political Violence. Conflict Management and Peace Science 30(3): Elbert, Thomas, Brigitte Rockstroh, Iris Kolassa, Maggie Schauer, and Frank Neuner. 2006: " The Influence of Organized Violence and Terror on Brain and Mind a Co- Constructive Perspective". In: Baltes, Paul B., Patricia A. Reuter- Lorenz, Ann Arbor and Frank Rösler (eds.): Lifespan Development and the Brain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hecker, Tobias, Katharin Hermenau, Anna Maedl, Thomas Elbert, and Maggie Schauer. 2012: "Appetitive aggression in former combatants - Derived from the ongoing conflict in DR Congo". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 35(3):

6 Restrepo, Jorge A., Michael Spagat, and Juan F. Vargas. 2006: " The Severity of the Colombian Conflict: Cross- Country Datasets Versus New Micro- Data". Journal of Peace Research. 43(1): Schneider, Gerald, Lilli Banholzer, Roos Haer. 2011: " Cain s Choice: Causes of One- Sided Violence against Civilians". In: Jakobsen, Tor Georg (ed.): Causes of War: An Introduction to Theories behind Warfare and Collective Violence. New York: Nova Science Publishers: Crombach, Anselm, Roland Weierstall, Tobias Hecker, Inga Schalinski, and Thomas Elbert. 2011: "Social Status and the Desire to Resort to Violence a Study on Former Child Soldiers of Uganda". Unpublished Manuscript. Valentino, Benjamin A. 2005: "Final Solutions. Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20thCentury". Ithaca: Cornell University Press: *** Easter Break *** Week 6: April 4 Dynamics of Civil War: Child Soldiers Guiding Questions: Why do armed groups recruit children at all? What is the rational behind this? What are the consequences of armed groups recruiting children? What are the implications for post- conflict societies? Blattman, Christopher, and Jeannie Annan (2010): The Consequence of Child Soldiering. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 92(4), Schauer, Elisabeth, and Thomas Elbert (2010): The Psychological Impact of Child Soldiering. In: Martz, Erin (ed.): Trauma Rehabilitation After War and Conflict. New York: Springer Science & Business Media Beber, Bernd, and Christopher Blattman (2010): The Industrial Organization of Rebellion: The Logic of Forced Labor and Child Soldiering (browse only). Boothby, Neil, Jennifer Crawford, and Jason Halperin (2006): Mozambique Child Soldier Life Outcome Study: Lessons Learned in Rehabilitation and Reintegration Efforts. Global Public Health. 1(1), Dickson- Gomez, Julia (2002): Growing up in Guerrilla Camps: The Long- Term Impact of Being a Child Soldier in El Salvador's Civil War. Ethos. 30(4), Kohrt, Brandon A., Mark Jordans, Wietse Tol, Rebecca A. Speckman, Sujen Maharjan, Carol Worthman, and Ivan H. Komproe (2008): Comparison of Mental Health between

7 Former Child Soldiers and Children never Conscripted by Armed Groups in Nepal. Journal of the American Medical Association. 300 (6), McKay, Susan, and Dyan Mazurana (2004): Where are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives during and after War. Montreal: Rights and Democracy. Week 7: April 11 Ending Civil Wars Guiding questions: Which factors facilitate the termination of violent conflicts? How can the end of civil war be coded? What does the data tell us about general trends? How can it be ensured that peace agreements are not only signed but also sustained? Kaufmann, Chaim 1996: Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. International Security, 20(4), Walter, Barbara (1997): The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement. International Organization. 51(3), Kreutz, Joakim (2010): How and When Armed Conflicts End: Introducing the UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset. Journal of Peace Research. 47(2), University Press (browse only). Deininger, Klaus (2003): Causes and Consequences of Civil Strife: Micro- Level Evidence from Uganda.Oxford Economic Papers. 55(4), Glassmyer, Katherine, and Nicholas Sambanis (2008): Rebel- Military Integration and Civil War Termination. Journal of Peace Research. 45(3), Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse (1997): Reciprocity, Bullying, and International Cooperation: Time- series Analysis of the Bosnia Conflict. The American Political Science Review. 91(3), Harbom, Lotta, Stina Högbladh, and Peter Wallenstee (2006): Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements. Journal of Peace Research. 43(5), Hartzell Caroline, Matthew Hoddie, and Donald Rothchild (2001): Stabilizing the Peace after Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables. International Organization. 55(1), Hartzell, Carolyn, and Matthew Hoddie. (2003): Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post Civil War Conflict Management. American Journal of Political Science 47 (2):

8 Mason, T. David, and Patrick J. Fett. (1996): How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40 (4): Mason, T. David, and Jason Quinn. (2006): Sustaining the Peace: Stopping the Recurrence of Civil Wars. In: Conflict Prevention and Peace Building in Post War Societies, edited by T. DavidMason, and JamesMeernik. London: Routledge Press. Sambanis, Nicholas 2000: Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War. An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature, in: World Politics 52:4, Week 8: Post- Conflict Reconstruction: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration April 18 Guiding Questions: What problems do societies face in the aftermath of wars? How can the reoccurrence of war be prevented? How do we deal with former combatants? Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy M. Weinstein (2007): Demobilization and Reintegration. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 51(4), Further Reading Blattman, Christopher. 2010): Post- Conflict Recovery in Africa: The Micro Level. In: Aryeetey, Ernest, Shanta Devarajan, Ravi Kanbur, and Louis Kasekende (eds.): Oxford Companion to the Economics of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Amone- P Olak, Kennedy, Nadia Garnefski, and Vivian Kraaij (2007): The Impact of War Experiences and Physical Abuse on Formerly Abducted Boys in Northern Uganda. South African Psychiatry Review. 10, Arnston, Laura, and Neil Boothby (2002): A World Turned Upside Down. Child soldiers in Mosambique. A Case Study of their Reintegration. Washington D.C.: Save the Children. Berdal, Mats (1996): Disarmament and Demobilization after Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers, and the Termination of Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Betancourt, Theresa (2008): Child soldiers: Reintegration, Pathways to Recovery, and Reflections from the Field. Journal of Development and Behavioral Pediatrics. 29(2), Children in Armed Conflict Unit (2004): Reintegrating Child Soldiers in DR Congo: Fears for the Girls. [Retrieved from: Dahl Thruelsen, Peter (2006): From Soldier to Civilian: Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration in Afghanistan. DIIS Report.No. 7. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.

9 Knight, Mark, and Alpaslan Özerdem (2004): Guns, Camps and Cash: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion of Former Combatants in Transitions from War to Peace. Journal of Peace Research. 41(4), Pugel, James (2007): What the Fighters Say: A Survey of Ex- combatants in Liberia February- March A UNDP- funded empirical study conducted in partnership with: African Network for the Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN), UNDP, 1-74 Week 9: April 25 Movie Week 10: May 2 Post Conflict Reconstruction: Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding Guiding Questions: How effective are peace missions at all? Do such initiatives by the international community really help to prevent wars from reoccurring or are they just a waste of resources? What are the methodological challenges when investigating the effectiveness of peace missions? Fortna, Virginia Page (2004): Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War. International Studies Quarterly. 48(2), Doyle, Michael W., and Nicholas Sambanis (2000): International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis. The American Political Science Review. 94(4), Gilligan, Michael, and Stephen J. Stedman (2003): Where Do the Peacekeepers Go? International Studies Review. 5(4), Gilligan, MJ and EJ Sergenti Do UN Interventions Cause Peace? Using Matching to Improve Causal Inference. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 3, Hofmann, Tobias, and Lena M. Schaffer (2009): Einmal Frieden und zurück? Friedensmissionen und die wiederkehrende Eskalation innerstaatlicher Gewalt. In: Bussmann, Margit, Andreas Hasenclever and Gerald Schneider (eds.): Identität, Institutionen und Ökonomie. Ursachen innenpolitischer Gewalt. Politische VierteljahresschriftSonderhefte, No. 43.

10 Hultman, Lisa (2010): Keeping Peace or Spurring Violence? Unintended Effects of Peace Operations on Violence against Civilians. Civil Wars. 12(1-2), Krain, Matthew (2005): International Intervention and the Severity of Genocides and Politicides. International Studies Quarterly. 49(3), Doyle, Michael W., and Nicholas Sambanis (2000): International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis. The American Political Science Review. 94(4), Week 11: May 9 Week 12: May 16 Week 13: May 23 Week 14: May 30 Case Study: Syria Holiday Research Design home Discussion of research designs