American History. Chapter 31: From the Age of Limits to the Age of Reagan

Transcription

1 American History Chapter 31: From the Age of Limits to the Age of Reagan Sources: American History: Connecting with the Past (Fifteenth Edition) Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Third Edition) American Pageant (Fourteenth Edition) America: A Concise History (Fourth Edition) American Dreams: The United States Since 1945 AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 1

2 What action did Gerald Ford take to attempt to heal the nation following the Watergate scandal? (A) He asked citizens to wear WIN buttons. (B) He ordered a full investigation of the Nixon administration. (C) He signed the Helsinki Accords. (D) He pardoned Richard Nixon. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 2

3 Growth of the Sun Belt (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California) Key Concept 8.3 (IA) Causes Consequences WWII economic activity relocated laborers, stimulated poor South and undeveloped West Coast Warm winters and airconditioning due to electrical grid developments, cheap land Tourism, Bracero Program, increase in immigration, weak labor laws, high-tech industries Northern states (Rust Belt) in economic depression in 1970s Increase in population/housing (population decline in Rust Belt) 1970s: NV, CA, FL, AZ = fastest growing states Shift in congressional representation (CA, TX, FL) The West: more ethnic diversity Political balance and wealth shifts to the South Nationally, a shift to more conservative social policies AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 3

4 AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 4

5 From Rust Belt to Sun Belt AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 5

6 President Ford Pardons Nixon Gerald Ford had been selected, not elected vice president, following Spiro Agnew s resignation in disgrace. As president, Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon because he thought it was the right thing to do, saying a pardon would allow the country to move forward. Ford understood the political costs of his decision, but he was willing to accept them. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 6

7 End of the Vietnam War, 1975 Technicalities aside, America had lost more than a war. It had lost face in the eyes of foreigners, lost its own selfesteem, lost confidence in its military prowess, and lost much of the economic muscle that had made possible its global leadership since World War II. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 7

8 Prompt: Analyze the effects of the Vietnam War on the presidency, the population between years old, and Cold War diplomacy in the period from The presidency: The Vietnam War diminishes Americans faith in their government, shatters the liberal consensus, ends the Age of Roosevelt, and makes possible the Age of Reagan and the conservative resurgence of the 1980s and 1990s. Each president hands off to his successor a situation that is worse than the one he inherited. Eisenhower and the Domino Theory Johnson and the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Nixon and Vietnamization, Cambodian Invasion The Pentagon Papers reveal a legacy of deception on the part of the executive branch for decades. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 8

9 Prompt: Analyze the effects of the Vietnam War on the presidency, the population between years old, and Cold War diplomacy in the period from Population between 18-35: More than 58,000 Americans are killed, 300,000 wounded. Vietnam leads Americans to question their history in ways that cast doubt on many of the country s core beliefs, Vietnam challenges notions of American exceptionalism and the morality of its behaviors. The first teach-in is held at the University of Michigan. Four students killed during demonstrations by members of the National Guard at Kent State University. Cold War Diplomacy: Vietnam, originally seen as vital to international credibility, ends up alienating the United States from much of the world and, for a time, discredits the U.S. military. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 9

10 President Jimmy Carter ( ) Jimmy Carter won the 1976 election by presenting himself as a Washington outsider. But as an outsider, he repeatedly rubbed Congress the wrong way, especially by failing to consult adequately with the leaders. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 10

11 President Jimmy Carter s Shift in Foreign Policy In the late 1970s President Carter initiated a shift in the U.S. approach to foreign policy. In an attempt to rebuild America s image, he infused morality and human rights into his policies. To Carter, U.S. support of anticommunist totalitarian governments had serious limitations. Conservatives deeply opposed this approach, believing it would ultimately weaken U.S. power and influence worldwide. However, Carter proved to be inconsistent in his application of human rights to foreign policy: his greatest success came in the Middle East, when he negotiated a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. But he turned a blind eye to El Salvador, preferring right-wing death squads to another leftist government in the region. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 11

12 President Jimmy Carter s Humanitarian Diplomacy As a committed Christian, President Carter displayed from the outset an overriding concern for human rights as the guiding principle of his foreign policy. Camp David Accords: (1978) Israel agreed in principle to withdraw from territory conquered in the 1967 war, and Egypt in return promised to respect Israel s borders. Both parties pledged themselves to sign a formal peace treaty within three months. Carter also successfully pushed through two treaties to turn over the Panama Canal to the Panamanians. (The U.S. gave up control of the canal on December 31, 1999). AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 12

13 Three Mile Island (1979) Carter believed that expanded use of nuclear energy could help reduce dependence on imported oil. But an accident at the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania released a large amount of radioactive steam into the atmosphere. The mishap reinforced fears about the environmental hazards associated with nuclear energy and put a halt to the industry s expansion. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 13

14 Camp David Accords Carter convinced Egypt to recognize Israel s legitimacy and Israel consented to return the Sinai to Egypt. The Camp David Accords by no means terminated the Arab- Israeli dispute. But Carter did more for Middle Eastern peace than any president before him, or any president after. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 14

15 The Iranian Revolution In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini and other religious leaders took control. These Fundamentalist Shiite Muslims resented American for helping the Shah and for backing Israel. The Iranian Revolution marked an ideological shift in opposition movements in the Middle East from socialism and Arab nationalism to religious fundamentalism. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 15

16 The Iran Hostage Crisis For 444 days, Iranian revolutionaries imprisoned 52 hostages in different locations. Carter s popularity dropped further because of a failed rescue mission. Negotiations finally led to their release on the day that Ronald Regan became President. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 16

17 President Jimmy Carter Key Concept 9.1 (IA) Carter s malaise speech (or crisis of confidence speech) in 1979 chided his fellow citizens for falling into a moral and spiritual crisis and for being too concerned with material goods. The Iranian hostage crisis was Carter s and America s bed of nails. Carter first tried to apply economic sanctions and the pressure of world public opinion against the Iranians, while waiting for the emergence of a stable government with which to negotiate. Carter ordered a daring rescue mission, but two of the aircraft collided, killing eight of the would-be rescuers. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 17

18 President Jimmy Carter The Carter administration struck many Americans as bungling and befuddled. Disaffection with Carter s apparent ineptitude ran deep even in his own Democratic party, where an ABC (Anybody but Carter) movement gathered steam for the 1980 election. Galloping inflation, sky-high interest rates, and a faltering economy also put the incumbent president on the defensive. Carter s spotty record in office was no defense against Ronald Reagan s popular appeal. However, many of the conservative policies associated with his successor, Ronald Reagan, were already in place when Carter s presidency ended. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 18

19 Carter s Legacy An unusually intelligent, articulate, and well-meaning president, he had been hampered by his lack of managerial talent and had been badly buffeted by events beyond his control, such as the soaring price of oil, runaway inflation, and the galling insult of the hostages still held in Iran. Though unsuccessful in the White House, Carter earned much admiration in later years for his humanitarian and human rights activities. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 19

20 Prompt: Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans confidence in both. Economic Events and Trends: Tax cuts and increased spending on public works projects temporarily lowered the unemployment rate, The Federal Reserve Board permitted the money supply to grow. These measures drove price inflation. The U.S. ran its first ever trade deficit. The trade deficit undermined the value of the American dollar by enabling foreign banks to exchange U.S. dollars for gold at highly favorable rates. In 1974, President Ford introduced Whip Inflation Now, (WIN). Stagflation continued as both prices and inflation rose. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 20

21 Prompt: Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans confidence in both. Economic Events and Trends (continued ): Ever-rising international oil prices triggered a series of gasoline and home heating fuel price increases that rippled through the economy. The Carter administration had no answers for stagflation. Inflation and high interest rates choked off productivity and economic growth. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 21

22 Prompt: Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans confidence in both. International Events and Trends: U.S. bombing of Cambodia becomes known to the public (1970), resulting in student protests around the country (including Kent State and Jackson State) Daniel Ellsberg leaks the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times, Nixon unsuccessful in getting a Supreme Court injunction to stop publication (1971) Break-in at Democratic Party National Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel (1972) U.S. and North Vietnam sign the Paris Peace Accords, agreeing to return prisoners of war (January, 1973) John Dean testifies and links President Nixon to the cover-up of the Watergate break-in (May, 1973) AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 22

23 Prompt: Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans confidence in both. International Events and Trends (continued ): Supreme Court unanimously rules that Nixon s claim of executive privilege over the release of the Watergate tapes is not justified (July, 1974) Nixon resigns, Ford becomes President (Aug, 1974) North Vietnam overran South Vietnam (April, 1975) President Carter extends amnesty to Vietnam War draft evaders on his first day in office in 1977 U.S. initiates negotiations with Panama for the transfer of control of the Panama Canal to Panama (1977) Sandinistas rose to power in Nicaragua after Carter removed support for the country s dictator, a longtime friend of the U.S., over the issue of human rights (1979) AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 23

24 Prompt: Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans confidence in both. International Events and Trends (continued ) Soviet Union invades Afghanistan. Carter pulls U.S. Olympic team out of the Moscow Olympics (1979) Iranians overrun U.S. Embassy in Tehran and take 66 Americans hostage (1979). The U.S. talked tough but only levied economic sanctions. A military rescue attempt in 1980 failed. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 24

25 Election of 1980 Reagan defeats Carter AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 25

26 President Ronald Reagan ( ) One major factor contributing to Ronald Reagan s defeat of President Carter in the election of 1980 was the hostage crisis in Iran. The Iranians released the hostages on Reagan s Inauguration Day, January 20, 1981, after 444 days of captivity. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 26

27 The Reagan Revolution Assembling a conservative cabinet of the best and the rightest, Reagan took dead aim at what he regarded as the bloated federal budget. Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem. The New Right, a coalition of various conservative groups, also helped elect Reagan. Reagan reshaped the judiciary into a more conservative mold. He made three appointments to the Supreme Court: Sandra Day O Connor, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy. Conservatives now controlled the nation s agenda. A failed assassination attempt in March 1981 brought an outpouring of sympathy and support. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 27

28 The Religious Right Key Concept 9.1 (IB) Examples: Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority, etc In many ways the religious right of the 1980s was a reflection of, or answer to, sixties radicalism, Feminists in the 1960s declared that the personal was political. The religious right did the same. The religious right even mirrored the tactics of civil disobedience. Protesters in the 1960s blocked entrances to draft offices; protesters in the 1980s blocked entrances to abortion clinics. The rise of religious fundamentalism during the 1970s expanded conservatism s popular base. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 28

29 Neoconservatives The neoconservatives were a group of right-wing intellectuals who charged that the 1960s had produced a decline in moral standards and respect for authority. Once supporters of liberalism, they had come to believe that even well-intentioned government social programs did more harm than good. Welfare, for example, not only failed to alleviate poverty but also encouraged single mmotherhood and undermined work ethic. Conservative think tanks created during the 1970s, like the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute, refined and spread these ideas. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 29

30 Sandra Day O Connor Sandra Day O Connor is the first woman to be appointed as a Supreme Court justice. But the Supreme Court was not bent to the right as far as some conservatives would have liked. O Connor and Kennedy became swing votes in cases involving the hotbutton issues of affirmative action, abortion, and the right to privacy. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 30

31 Supply-Side Economics (or Reaganomics ) Key Concept 9.1 (IIA) Supply-side economics predicted that cutting taxes would put more money into the hands of businesses and investors. The idea was that this money would trickle down to everyone else. Reagan also embarked on a major program of deregulation. Key Goals 1. Reduce federal tax rates for businesses and the wealthy 2. Reduce corporate tax rates 3. Promote economic growth by deregulating businesses AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 31

32 Supply-Side Economics Key Concept 9.1 (IIA) Supply-side economics advisers assured Reagan that the combination of budgetary discipline and tax reduction would stimulate new investment, boost productivity, foster dramatic economic growth, and eventually even reduce the federal budget. Critics of the plan called it trickle-down-economics. But for the first time in the twentieth century, income gaps widened between the richest and the poorest Americans. The poor got poorer and the very rich grew fabulously richer, while middle-class incomes largely stagnated. Ironically, the conservative Reagan plunged the government into a red-ink bath of deficit spending that made the New Deal look downright stingy. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 32

33 Supply-Side Economics Key Concept 9.1 (IIA) Reagan s supply-side theories didn t pan out in practice; fare from reducing the deficits the country experienced under Carter, Reagan s tax cuts combined with the record defense spending and the growth of other programs produced deficits that dwarfed Carter s. Critics of Reagan s supply-side economics called it trickle-down economics. From 1920 until 1970 the United States had been the world s largest creditor; by the 1980s it was the world s largest debtor. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 33

34 Supply-Side Economics (or Reaganomics ) Key Concept 9.1 (IIA) David Stockman, who persuaded Reagan to adopt his supply-side theory, acknowledged that when he ran the numbers of his supply-side plan through the computers at the Office of Management and Budget in 1981, they projected that the federal deficit would be $82 billion in 1982 and $116 billion in 1984, both unacceptable figures at the time. Rather than adjust his ideology and plan, Stockman reprogrammed the OMB computer to get the results he needed to persuade Reagan and Congress to accept his proposed budget. - Dangerous Business: The Risks of Globalization for America (2008) AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 34

35 Possible Synthesis Point: Conservative Economic Policy in the 1920s and 1980s Note some of the comparisons that can be drawn between different periods in U.S. history. For example, historians have drawn some parallels between the 1920s and the 1980s Both decades were dominated by conservatives: in the 1920s, three Republican conservatives occupied the White House (Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover), and in the 1980s, two Republican conservatives (Reagan and Bush) served as president. The economic approach taken in the two decades is also similar: the Mellon Tax Plan (a series of tax reductions on the wealthy and corporations) in the 1920s and the Reagan administration s supply-side approach in the 1980s. Be careful not to overanalyze these comparisons; despite the parallels, each period is unique. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 35

36 Events of the Reagan s 1 st Term The S&L Scandal: Because of the extent of the fraud, waste, and incompetence, the savings and loan (S & L) scandal cost American taxpayers billions of dollars. Many congressmen had received favors from S&L lobbies to support an easing of federal restrictions. Reagan s Strategic Defense Initiative: (or SDI, popularly known as Star Wars) Reagan renewed the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Reagan s defense expansion was the best thing to happen to American arms makers since the big buildup of the 1950s (the one that prompted Eisenhower s warning against the military-industrial-complex). The official in charge of coordinating efforts among private contractors told a reporter: There will be many, many Manhattan Projects in this. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 36

37 President Ronald Reagan s Foreign Policy Approach Key Concept 9.2 (IA) If Carter intended to infuse foreign affairs with morality, President Reagan represented the alternative view. In Reagan s view, the Carter administration had failed to protect the nation s self-interests, its prestige, and the morale of its people. For Reagan the enemy of the United States was still the evil empire, the Soviet Union. It was the Soviet Union, not political repression and poverty, that was behind the instability in the Third World. With this view in mind, Reagan did not hesitate to intervene in all parts of the world when he believed it was in the best interests of the United States to do so. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 37

38 Reagan s Foreign Policy Key Concept 9.2 (IA) Reagan s defense expansion was the best thing to happen to American arms makers since the big buildup of the 1950s (the one that prompted Eisenhower s warning against the military-industrial-complex. The official in charge of coordinating efforts among contractors told a reporter: There will be many, many Manhattan Projects in this. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 38

39 Events of the Reagan s 1 st Term Key Concept 9.2 (IA) President Reagan was obliged to send American troops to Lebanon in 1983 as part of an international peacekeeping force, but their presence did not bring peace. A suicide bomber crashed an explosives-laden truck into a United States Marine barracks on October 23, 1983, killing more than two hundred marines. The events in Lebanon revealed a weakness in Reagan s objective of making the United States the world s policeman. Reagan sent military advisers to prop up the pro-american government of El Salvador. In 1983 he dispatched an invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had brought Marxists to power. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 39

40 Election of 1984 Reagan defeated Walter Mondale (Carter s vice president) in the 1984 election by a landslide. Mondale made history by naming as his vice-presidential running mate Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro of New York. The was the first woman ever to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 40

41 Reagan s Second Term, End of the Cold War Key Concept 9.2 (IA) The Soviet Union s Mikhail Gorbachev made warm overtures to the West. His policies of glasnost and perestroika required that the Soviet Union shrink the size of its enormous military machine and redirect its energies to the dismal civilian economy. Reagan, the consummate cold warrior, had been flexible and savvy enough to seize a historic opportunity to join with the Soviet chief to bring the Cold War to a kind of conclusion. For this, history would give both leaders high marks. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 41

42 Reagan s Second Term, The Iran-Contra Affair In 1985 American diplomats secretly arranged arms sales to Iran. In return, the Iranians helped obtain the release of at least one American hostage held by Middle Eastern terrorists. Meanwhile, the money Iran paid for the American weapons was diverted to the contras in Nicaragua. These actions brazenly violated a congressional ban on military aid to the Nicaraguan rebels not to mention Reagan s repeated vow that he would never negotiate with terrorists. News of these secret dealings broke in 1986 and ignited a firestorm of controversy. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 42

43 Reagan s Second Term, The Iran-Contra Affair The Iran-Contra affair cast a dark shadow over the Reagan record on foreign policy. Out of the several Iran-Contra investigations, a picture emerged of Reagan as a lazy, perhaps even senile, president who napped through meetings and paid little or no attention to the details of policy. But despite these damaging revelations, Reagan remained among the most popular and beloved presidents in modern American history. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 43

44 Reagan s Economic Legacy Key Concept 9.1 (IIA,B) Supply-side economic theory had promised that lower taxes would actually increase government revenue because they would stimulate the economy as a whole. But, in fact, in his eight years in office, President Reagan added nearly $2 trillion to the national debt- more than all of his predecessors combined, including those who had fought protracted global wars. Because so much of the Reagan-era debt was financed by foreign lenders, the deficits virtually guaranteed that future generations of Americans would either have to work harder than their parents, lower their standard of living, or both to pay their foreign creditors when the bills came due. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 44

45 The Second Gilded Age? In retrospect, the 1980s, like the 1890s, would be widely remembered as a decade of misplaced values. Buying out companies generated more profits than running them; making deals, not making products, became the way to get rich. The merger of Nabisco and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 1988 produced close to $1 billion in fees for lawyers, economic advisers, and stockbrokers. Greed is healthy, declared a Wall Street financier (who ended up in prison for insider stock trading). Taxpayers footed the bill for some of the consequences of the deregulation of savings and loan associations an estimated $250 billion. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 45

46 HIPPO the following quote: In some ways, the Reagan Revolution undermined the very values and institutions conservatives held dear. Intended to discourage reliance on government handouts by rewarding honest work and business initiative, Reagan s policies inspired a speculative frenzy that enriched architects of corporate takeovers and investors in the stock market while leaving in their wake plant closings, job losses, and devastated communities. Nothing proved more threatening to local traditions or family stability than deindustrialization, insecurity about employment, and the relentless downward pressure on wages. Nothing did more to undermine a sense of common national purpose than the widening gap between rich and poor. - Give Me Liberty!: An American History AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 46

47 Election of 1988 AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 47

48 President George H.W. Bush ( ) George Herbert Walker Bush, Reagan s vice president, won the 1988 election in part by attacking Michael Dukakis s record on crime. His promise of read my lips, no new taxes would come back to haunt him in the 1988 election. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 48

49 The Berlin Wall Comes Down In 1989, numerous eastern European satellite nations broke away from the Soviet Union. On November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall finally came down. Would the U.S. now revert to its traditional isolationism? What principles would guide American diplomacy now that anticommunism had lost its relevance? AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 49

50 The End of the Cold War Perestroika: restructuring, an incorporation of capitalist features into the Soviet economy Glasnost: openness, referred to the introduction of democracy into Soviet life and politics In 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated. Many republics sensed weakness and began to move toward independence. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 50

51 The Persian Gulf War The Persian Gulf War (the first post-cold War international crisis) began when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in August of In January of 1991, the U.S. liberated Kuwait. Operation Desert Storm lasted just six weeks. Norman Schwarzkopf was the allied commander. Critics of the Gulf War contended that America was using the war to pursue its economic interests. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 51

52 Visions of America s Role Soon after the Gulf War, General Colin Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Dick Cheney, the secretary of defense, outlined different visions of the future. Powell predicted that the post-cold War world would have conflicts popping up in unexpected places. To avoid being drawn into an unending role as global policeman, he insisted that the U.S. should not commit its troops abroad without clear objectives and a timetable for withdrawal. Cheney argued that with the demise of the Soviet Union, the U.S. possessed the power to reshape the world and prevent hostile states from achieving regional power. It must be willing to use force, independently if necessary, to maintain its strategic dominance. For the rest of the 1990s, it was not certain which definition of the American role in the post-cold War world would predominate. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 52

53 H. Ross Perot and the 1992 Election The 1992 presidential election focused mainly on economic issues. H. Ross Perot, running as an independent, took votes away from Bush and ended up helping Clinton win the election. Perot received 19% of the popular vote, the best result for a third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 53

54 Election of 1992 Clinton defeats Bush I AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 54