Volume Title: Trade and Structural Change in Pacific Asia. Volume URL:

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1 This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Trade and Structural Change in Pacific Asia Volume Author/Editor: Colin I. Bradford, Jr. and William H. Branson, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: Volume URL: Publication Date: 1987 Chapter Title: List of Contributors, Indexes Chapter Author: Colin I. Bradford, Jr, William H. Branson Chapter URL: Chapter pages in book: (p )

2 Contributors Juanjai Ajanant Faculty of Economics Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Florian A. Alburo School of Economics University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Philippines Robert E. Baldwin Department of Economics University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Ralph E. Beals Department of Economics Amherst College Amherst, Massachusetts Colin I. Bradford, Jr. Yale Center for International and Area Studies Yale University 85 Trumbull Street New Haven, Connecticut William H. Branson Woodrow Wilson School Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Edward K. Y. Chen Centre of Asian Studies University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Wontack Hong Department of International Economics College of Social Sciences Seoul University Seoul 151 Korea Lawrence R. Klein Department of Economics University of Pennsylvania 3718 Locust Walk CR Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Laurence J. Kotlikoff Department of Economics Boston University Boston, Massachusetts Lawrence B. Krause The Brookings Institution 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, D.C Edward E. Learner Department of Economics University of California Los Angeles, California

3 548 Contributors Chee Peng Lim Division of Analytical Economics Faculty of Economics and Administration University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia J. David Richardson Department of Economics University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Chi Schive Department and Graduate Institute of Economics National Taiwan University 21, Hsu Chow Road, Taipei 100 Taiwan, Republic of China Jean L. Waelbroeck Center for Econometrics and Mathematical Economics Free University of Brussels 1050 Brussels Belgium Chung Ming Wong Department of Economics and Statistics National University of Singapore Kent Ridge 0511 Singapore Ippei Yamazawa Faculty of Economics Hitotsubashi University Kunitachi, Tokyo Japan

4 Author Index Adelman, M. A,, 354 Agarwala, Ramgopal, 17, 194, 197, 199 Ahearn, R. J., 141 Ajanant, J., 475, 482 Balassa, Bela, 17, 81, 174, 175, 181, 193, 194, 197, 358 Baldwin, Robert E., 124, 129, 130, 486, 487 Bautista, Romeo M., 487, 488 Beak, R. E., 524 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 20, 76, 174, 275 Blackhurst, R., 145 Blejer, Mario I., 176 Bradford, Colin I., Jr., 10, 12, 22, 30, 174, 175, 181, 217 Branson, William H., 10, 11, 14, 39, 62, 65 Chee, Peng Lim, 437, 442, 464 Chen, E. K. Y., 351 Chenery, Hollis, 174, 175 Chia Siow Yue, 425, 427 Chunanuntathum, Supote, 482 Clark, Colin, 175 Cline, William R., 505 Cohen, S. D., 137 Corden, W. Max, 274, 275 Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos, 18 Diebold, W., Jr., 126 Ee, Tan Siew, 437 Fajnzylber, Fernando, 193 Fank, C. R., 273 Fei, John C. H., 175 Findlay, Ronald, 15, 19, 20 Finger, J. M., 132 Fischer, Irving, 278 Gardner, R. N., 124 Gerschenkron, Alexander, 2 1 Gillis, M., 524 Goldstein, J. L., 142 Hall, H. K., 132 Harberger, Arnold C., 15-16, 17 Heller, Peter S., 358 Heston, Alan, 182, 186 Hill, H., 533 Hirschman, Albert, 16, 326, 354 Hoffmann, L., 437 Hong, Wontack, 21, 193, 273, 284, 294 Hughes, Helan, 364, 502 Keesing, Donald B., 275, 364, 400 Kim, K. S., 273 Kotlikoff, Laurence J., 10 Krasner, S. D., 142, 144 Krause, Lawrence B., 10, 12, 14, 19, 121, 136, 180, 193 Kravis, Irving B., 182, 186,

5 550 Author Index Kuznets, Simon, 4, 307 Lary, Hal B., 176, 400, 499 Lau, Lawrence J., 168 Learner, Edward E., 10, 238, 249 Lee, T. H., Lewis, W. Arthur, 22 Liang, Kuo-shu, 307, 309 Lin, Ching-yuan, 309 Lipson, C., 142 McMullen, Neil, 5, 176 Maizels, A,, 482 Marsden, Keith, 193 Meenaphant, Sorrayuth, 482 Meltzer, R. I., 137 Meyer, F. V., 127 Morley, S. A,, 325 Naya, Seiji, 354 Nelson, D. R., 132 Nurkse, Ragnar, 486 Nyaw Mee-kau, 400 Ohkawa, Kazuski, 175 Olson, M., 127, 143 Ooi Jin Bee, 521 Ooms, V. D., 352 Ow Chin Hock, 381, 425, 426, 427 Pang Eng Fong, 383, 426 Power, John H., 487 Prebisch, Raul, 486 Pursell, G., 86 Ranis, Gustav, 175, 177, 181, 320 Reagan, R., 122, 140 Reynolds, Lloyd G., 4-5 Rhee, Y. W., 86 Richardson, J. D., 351, 352 Riedel, James, 10, 22, 30, 31 Roemer, Michael, 483 Rostow, Walt W., 4-5, 6 Russell, Bertrand, 21 Saxonhouse, G. R., 140 Schiavo-Campo, Salvatore, 390 Schive, Chi, 21, 22, 320 Scott, Maurice F., 307 Shuman, S. S., 148 Sicat, Gerard0 P., 487 Severs, Allen M., 521 Smith, G. W., 325 Srinivasan, T. N., 174 Stein, L., 307 Streeten, Paul, 17, 193 Summers, Robert, 182, 186 Tan, Augustine H. H., 381, 383, 425, 426, 427 Tan, Norma A,, 490 Tang, Anthony M., 309 Turner, Louis, 5, 176 Vernon, R., 127 Verrill, C. O., Jr., 148 Waelbroeck, J., 10, 11, 14, 364 Westphal, L., 86, 273 Williamson, Jeffrey G., 487 Williamson, John, 193 Wolf, Martin, 364 Yamazawa, I., 10, 11, 14, 62

6 Subject Index AFL-CIO, 128 Albania, 160 Argentina: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, ; growth strategies and price distortions in, ; industrialization in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6; trade with U.S., ASEAN: trade competition with Japan, 102, 104; trade with Hong Kong, ; trade with Indonesia, , 532; trade with Japan, 102, ; trade with Singapore, ; U.S. trade with NICs in, ASEAN Four: identified, 3; natural resources and industrialization in, 15-17; and trade adjustment, 13-15; trade patterns of, 9-10 Association of South East Asian Nations. See ASEAN Australia: export advantage of, ; export growth in, ; exports, ; trade with Hong Kong, , , 363; trade with South Korea, 283 Australian Industries Assistance Commission (IAC), Autarky, 18 Balance of trade, bilateral, and trade bargaining, Bangladesh, 162 Banking system, and fiscal vs. credit subsidies, Belgium, trade policies in, 73 Bilateral peacemaking, and U.S. trade policy, Borrowing, foreign, by NICs, Brazil: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, 89, ; growth strategies and price distortions in, ; industrialization in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6; trade with U.S., Brock, William, on U.S. trade issues, Brunei, 3, 160 Burma, 162 Business Accounting and Foreign Trade Simplification Act (U.S., proposed), 136 Canada: export advantage of, ; export growth in, ; and exports, ; trade with Hong Kong, ; trade with South Korea, 283 Capital Assistance Scheme (Singapore), 384 Carter administration, and U.S. trade policy, 132 Central Bank (Taiwan), 320 Central Provident Fund (Singapore), 425 Chatham House study, 5 Chile,

7 552 Subject Index China, People s Republic of and entrepat trade, 360, 362; Hong Kong s trade competition with, 350, 366; LINK forecasts for, 159, 160, 168; trade with Hong Kong, , ; trade with Japan, 94 Citizens National Bank (Korea), 284 Closed economy, defined, CMEA, 159 Cold War, and U.S. trade policy, 124 Colombia: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, ; industrialization in, 8-9; trade with U.S., Commodity classification system, Consumer goods: export distribution of, 42, 44; OECD imports of, 50, 54; U.S. imports of, 57 Cotton Textile Agreement (CTA), 341 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 159 Credit rationing, , Credit subsidies, vs. fiscal subsidies, CTA, 341 Cuba, 160 Cyprus, 160 DAC, 5-6 Danforth, John C., 137 Debt, public, of NICs, Demand-driven export growth, vs. supply-driven export growth, Denmark, 75, 160 Deposit money banks (DMB), Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 5-6 Diamond Trading Corporation cartel, 78 DISCs, 135 DMB, Domestic international sales corporations (DISCS), 135 Dumping, defined, 132 Dutch disease, : in Indonesia, 30; in northern Europe, 10, 15; and Pacific Asian growth models, 16 EC. See European Community Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 441 Economic Expansion Incentives Act of 1967 (Singapore), 382 Economic Policy Package (Japan), 112 Egypt, Eisenhower administration, and U.S. trade policy, Employment Act of 1968 (Singapore), 383 EntrepBt trade: in Hong Kong, , , 366; in Singapore, 379, 381, , 475 ESCAP, 441 European Community (EC): agricultural policy, 78; commercial policy, 71-75; external tariff, 71; and Lome Agreement, 78; and Multi-Fiber Agreement, 138; and NICs, 14-15, 76-89; and OECD export structure, 37-45; trade patterns of, 10, 11, ; trade policies of, 71-75; trade with Hong Kong, 341; trade with Indonesia, 528, 529, 532; trade with Malaysia, 460; trade with Singapore, 415, 419, 421, 424; trade with South Korea, 283; trade with Taiwan, , 329, 330; union power in, 88; and U.S. trade policy, 139. European Group for Research on Protection, 86 Export-Import Bank, 138 Export-led economy, defined, 19 Exports: distribution of, by commodity group, 43-44, 46; in East and Southeast Asia, ; of NICs, to EC, 61-91; OECD distribution of, 37-43; supply-driven vs. demand-driven growth of, Export structure: of NICs, 30, 32-34; of OECD countries, Export Trading Company Act of 1982 (U.S.), 138 Factor proportions, and trade in NICs, Fiscal subsidies, vs. credit subsidies, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (U.S.), 134, 136 France, 75, 363 Free trade optimality point, 20 Gang of Four: and global and regional patterns of trade, 9-10; identified, 3; as NICs, 5, 6; and trade adjustment of

8 553 Subject Index NICs, 13-15; trade patterns, 9-10; trade with Indonesia, 529 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 84, 341; failure of U.S. Congress to approve, 126; ministerial meeting, November 1982, 143, 425 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), 413; Japan and, 113; Singapore and, ; and tariff cuts, 102 Germany, West. See West Germany Government: policy of, and market forces, 17-23; role of, in dynamic growth, 16 Greece: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, 83, ; industrialization in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6; and Project LINK, I60 Growth strategies, inward vs. outward, GSP. See Generalized System of Preferences Havana Conference of , 126 Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson General Equilibrium model, 15, 174, 175, ; even, ; generalized, with adjustment costs, ; and Korean growth strategy and growth performance, 274; and Taiwan trade patterns, 318; uneven, Hegemonic model, of U.S. trade policy and international leadership, Hegemonic theory of regime change, and an open world trading regime, Hong Kong, 39: balance of trade and payments, ; capital formation in, ; capital market distortions and trade patterns, ; commodity patterns of export, , ; entrepbt trade in, , , 366; export advantage of, ; export geographic patterns, ; export growth in, , ; exports and factor intensities, ; import patterns, ; industrialization in, 8-9; LINK projections for, 162, 163; natural resources of, 335, 358; as NIC, 3, 5; price distortion in, 197; trade and structural interdependence with U.S., 27-60; trade fluctuations in, 324, 334; trade outlook, ; trade patterns and economic growth in, ; trade with Indonesia, 529; trade with Singapore, 424; trade with Taiwan, Houdaille Industries, 139 Hungary, 192 IAC, IMF, 6 Imports: distribution of, by commodity group, 51-52, 56; distribution of, by origin, 49-51; OECD structure of, 45-53; openness of EC to, Import substitution strategy, defined, 19 India: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, 79, ; growth strategies and price distortions in, ; industrialization in, 8-9; LINK forecasts for, 162, ; as NIC, 5; trade with U.S., 27-60; and union-intensive industries, 87 Indonesia: capital formation in, ; economic growth and trade structure, ; and entrep6t trade, 362; exports, , , , ; exports and factor intensities in, ; imports, , ; industrialization in, 8-9; manufacturing growth and industrial policy, ; natural resources, 524; New Order in, , ; as NIC, 3; and Project LINK forecasts, 160, 162, 163, ; and trade composition, ; trade distribution, ; trade outlook, ; trade patterns and trends, ; trade with U.S., Industrial Coordination Act of 1975 (Malaysia), 437 Industrialization: and natural resources, 15-17; spread of, to NICs, ; and structural change, 7-9 Industrial materials: OECD exports of, 40-41; OECD imports of, 49-51; U.S. as major importer of, 57 Industrial policy, trade strategy as active, Industrial Relations Act amendment of 1968 (Singapore), 383 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 6

9 554 Subject Index International Trade Commission (ITC), and U.S. trade policy, 126, 129, 130, 131, 136, International Trade Organization (ITO), 126 Investment, in NICs, Investment Promotion Act of 1960 (Thailand), 468 Inward growth strategies, vs. outward growth strategies, Iran, 192 Ireland, 160 Israel, 160 Italy, 75, 83, 363 ITC. Sce International Trade Commission Jamaica, 182, 187 Japan: dumping charges against, 132; Economic Policy Package, 112; exports, 83, , ; imbalance of trade, 68-69; imports of, ; Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 113, 218; and NICs, ; and OECD export structure, 37-45; protectionism and trade patterns in, 79, ; structural adjustment of domestic production in, ; and trade adjustment of NICs, 14; trade balance with ASEAN and NICs, ; trade competition with Hong Kong, 366; trade fluctuations and fixed exchange rates, 324; trade patterns of, 9-10, 11, 62-71, ; trade with Hong Kong, , 350, 363; trade with Indonesia, 528, 529, ; trade with Malaysia, 457, 460; trade with Singapore, 405, , , 419, 421, 424; trade with South Korea, , 283; trade with Taiwan, , 329, 330; trade with Thailand, 471, 473, 475; and U.S. trade policy, , 136, 138, Kennedy administration, and U.S. trade policy, 128 Kennedy Round Tariff Reduction ( ), 102, 113, 364 Kenya, 187, Korea, North, 160 Korea, South. See South Korea Korea Development Bank (KDB), Korea Export-Import Bank (EXIMB), Korean Spinner s Association, 113 Labor, and U.S. protectionism, 128 Lancashire Pact (U.K.), 341 Latin America, and U.S. trade patterns, 11, LINK Project, Lome Agreement, 78 Malawi, 187 Malaysia: capital formation in, ; exports, , , ; exports and factor intensities, ; and Free-Trade Zones, 441, 442, 455, 460; growth stages, ; imports, , ; Industrial Coordination Act (1979, 437; LINK forecasts for, 163, ; Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA), 436; Malaysian Industrial Development Finance (MIDF), 436; manufacturing sector growth in, ; natural resources, 16, 464; New Economic Policy in, ; as NIC, 3, 5, 6; Pioneer Industrial Ordinance, 436; secondary import substitution policy, 460; separation of Singapore from, 381; structural change in, 8-9, 438, ; trade competition with Hong Kong, 366; trade patterns of, 450; trade trends and prospects, ; trade with U.S., Malaysia, Peninsular, 424, 436 Malta, 160 Manufactured goods: export distribution of, 42-43, 45; NIC exports of, to EC, 61-91; and NICs, 84-87; OECD imports of, 50-51, 55; structure of trade in, Manufacturing: NICs shift toward, 31-34; value added industries, in Hong Kong, Market, and dynamic growth, 16 Market forces, and government policy, Market limits: and NIC exports, 69, 70; in the 1970s, Mauritius, 78

10 555 Subject Index Mexico: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, ; growth strategies and price distortions in, ; industrialization in, 8-9; LINK projections for, 163; as NIC, 4, 5, 6; trade with U.S., Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), 68, 71, 73, 75, 78, 79, 136, 217, , 221; Hong Kong and, 341; impact of, on NlCs, 78-84; and Japan s import of manufactures, 113; renewal negotiations (1981), 138; and textile export controls, 78, 79; and trade adjustment of NICs, 14 Natural resources: and industrialization, 15-17; and NICs, 10. See also under names of nations Netherlands: trade policies of, 73, 75; trade with Hong Kong, 363; trade with Thailand, 475 New Guinea, Papua, Newly industrialized countries (NICs): characteristics of, 3-7; defined, 3-7; emergence of, 30-37; exports and factor intensities in, ; exports of, to EC, 61-91; growth, 29-30, ; studies of, 5-6; trade policy design in, 71-75; trade competition with Japan, 102, 103; trade with Japan, ; and U.S. trade policy, New Zealand, 160, NICs. See Newly industrialized countries Nontariff barriers (NTB), and U.S. trade policy, North Korea, 160 Norway, 160 OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Oligarchic model of U.S. trade policy, Open economy: defined, 19; internal liberalization and, 20 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): export structure, 27, 37-45; import structure, 45-53; on NIC definition and characteristics, 5; and Project LINK, 159, 160; trade with Malaysia, 458; trade with Pacific Asia, 10-1 I Outward growth strategies, vs. inward growth strategies, Pacific Rim countries: export growth in, ; protectionism and trade patterns in, ; trade advantages of, ; trade patterns of, Pakistan, 84, 162, 187 Papua New Guinea, Peacemaking, aggressive, and U.S. trade policy, Philippines: as NIC, 3, 5, 6; capital formation in, ; export advantage of, ; export growth in, ; exports and factor intensities in, ; growth strategies and price distortions in, ; industrialization in, 8-9, ; LINK forecasts for, 162, 163, ; natural resources and industrialization of, 17; structural change in, ; trade and industrial growth, ; trade outlook for, ; trade patterns and trends, ; trade with U.S., Pioneer Industrial Ordinance (Malaysia), 436 Portugal: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, 81, 83, 84, ; industrialization in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6 Project LINK, Protectionism: EC support for, 67-68; and Hong Kong trade patterns in Hong Kong, 364; Japanese support for, 67-68; and trade patterns in Singapore, ; US. support for, 67-68, Reagan administration: domestic leadership potential, ; Statement on U.S. Trade Policy, 136; trade strategies, ; and U.S. trade policy, Reciprocity, as trade strategy, Revenue Act of 1971 (U.S.), 139 Rome Treaty, 71 Roosevelt administration, and U.S. trade policy 124, Saudi Arabia, 471 Savings, in NICs, 34-37

11 556 Subject Index Singapore: as ASEAN member, 3; Capital Assistance Scheme (CAS), 384; capital formation in, ; capital market distortions and trade patterns in, ; Central Provident Fund (CPF), 425; Economic Development Board (EDB), 381, 384; Economic Expansion Incentives Act (1967), 382; Employment Act (1968), 383; entrepat trade in, 379, 381, , 475; export advantage of, ; export growth in, 22, ; exports, factor intensities in, , ; industrialization of, 8-9, ; Industrial Relations Act amendment (1968), 383; LINK forecasts for, 163, ; National Wage Council (NWC), , 426; as NIC, 3, 5; price distortion in, 197; Skills Development Fund (SDF), 384; trade commodity composition, , ; and trade fluctuations, 324; trade outlook for, ; trade patterns and trends of, ; trade with Hong Kong, , 363; trade with Indonesia, , 532; trade with Malaysia, 457, 460; trade with Taiwan, ; trade with Thailand, 475; trade with U.S., Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 (U.S.), 125 South Korea: capital formation in, ; capital market distortions and trade patterns in, ; credit rationing in, , ; and credit subsidies, 21, 22; and entrepbt trade, 362; export advantage of, ; export growth in, 22, , ; exports and factor intensities in, 84, , ; and growth strategies, , ; industrialization of, 8-9; LINK forecasts for, 162, 163, ; manufacturing production and trade patterns, 278, , ; natural resources of, 16; as NIC, 3, 5; protectionism in, 79; and textile wage rates, 81; trade competition with Hong Kong, 350, 366; trade with Hong Kong, ; trade with Indonesia, 529; trade with Japan, ; trade with Taiwan, ; trade with U.S., 27-60; and union-intensive industries, 87-89; and U.S. trade policy, 136 Spain: capital formation in, ; exports and factor intensities in, 83, 84, ; industrialization in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6; and Project LINK, 1 60 Speculation, and Japanese imports, 113 Sri Lanka, 187 Structural change: and industrialization, 7-9; and trade patterns, 3-23 Supply-driven export growth, vs. demand-driven export growth, Switzerland, 79, 160, 363 Syria, 182, 187 Taiwan: capital formation in, ; capital market distortions and trade patterns, ; and entrepbt trade, 362; export growth in, 22, ; exports and factor intensities in, ; and fiscal subsidies, 21, 22; foreign firms in, ; industrialization in, 8-9; LINK forecasts for, 163, ; natural resources of, 17, 316; as NIC, 3, 5; price distortion in, 197; and protectionism, 79; and secondary import substitution, ; trade commodity composition, ; trade competition with Hong Kong, 350, 366; trade competition with Japan, 68; trade determinants, ; trade fluctuations and fixed exchange rates in, ; trade growth of, 308-9, 310; trade partners, ; trade patterns and trends of, ; trade structure of, ; trade with Hong Kong, , 360; trade with Indonesia, 529; trade with U.S., 30; and U.S. trade policy, 136, Tariffs, and U.S. trade policy, , 132, Television industry, and U.S. protectionism, 133 Thailand: capital formation in, ; export advantage of, ; export growth in, , , ; exports and factor intensities in, ; foreign debt and trade outlook in, ; growth strategies and price

12 557 Subject Index distortions in, ; and import substitution, 470, , 483; industrialization in, 8-9; Investment Promotion Act (1960), 468; LINK forecasts for, 163, ; as NIC, 3, 5, 6; trade competition with Hong Kong, 366; trade outlook of, ; trade patterns and trends, ; trade with U.S., Tokyo Round Tariff Reduction ( ), codes, 113, 143, 149, 364 Trade Act of 1962 (U.S.), 132 Trade Act of 1974 (U.S.), 128, 129, 132, 137, 139 Trade Act of 1979 (U.S.), 132 Trade adjustment: in Pacific Asian NICs, 13-15; for workers, 137 Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program, 128 Trade Agreement Act of 1934 (U.S.), 144 Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (U.S.), 131 Trade economy, defined, 19 Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (U.S.), 128, 129 Trade growth, alternative models of, Trade patterns: global and regional, 9-16; Pacific Asian alternative models of, 13-15; and structural change, 3-23 Transitional economies, Truman administration, and U.S. trade policy, 126 Tunisia, Turkey, 79, UNCTAD, 176 UNIDO, 7 Unilateral Tariff Reduction, 102 Unilateral Trade Reduction Act of 1972 (U.S.), 113 United Kingdom: and Hong Kong s future trade patterns, 365; Lancashire Pact, 341; trade policies of, 73, 75; trade with Hong Kong, 341, , 350, 360, 363; trade with Malaysia, 460; trade with Singapore, 405, 415 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 176 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 7 United Nations International Price Comparison Project (ICP), 182 United States: Business Accounting and Foreign Trade Simplification Act (proposed), 136; Congress, 126, , , 139, , 150; Customs Service, 149; Department of Agriculture, 147; Department of commerce, 130, , ; Department of Defense, 147; Department of Energy, 150; Department of International Trade and Industry (proposed), 146; Department of Labor, 137, 147; Department of State, 129, 147; Department of the Interior, and trade policy, 147; Department of the Treasury, and trade policy, 130, 138, 147; deregulation in, and trade policy, 150; export advantage of, ; export growth in, ; Export-Import Bank, 138; Export Trading Company Act (1982), 138; fair trade legislation, ; Federal Communications Commission, 150; Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), 134, 136; import relief policy, 123; Internal Revenue Service, 149; and International Trade Commission, 13 I, 147; and OECD export structure, 37-45; Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), 129, 146, 147; president, , 147; Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), 125; Statement on U.S. Trade Policy, 134; Tariff Acts (1922, 1930), 132; Trade Act (1962), 132; Trade Act (1974), 128, 129, 132; Trade Act (1979), 132; Trade Agreements Act (1979), 131; Trade Expansion Act (1962), 128, 129; trade patterns, of, 9, 10, 11, 62-72, ; trade policy of, 79, ; trade with Hong Kong, 341, , , 363, ; trade with Indonesia, 528, 529, 532; trade with Malaysia, 457, 460; trade with NICs, 14-15, 27-60; trade with Singapore, 405, , 415, 419, 421, 424; trade with South Korea, 283; trade with Taiwan, , 329, 330; trade with Thailand, 471, 473, 475; World Trade Act (1974), 130 Uruguay, 187,

13 558 Subject Index Vietnam, 160 Voluntary export restraints (VER), 75, 79; imposed by Japan, 68; and Japan s import of manufactures, 113; on steel products, 128, West Germany: and trade with Hong Kong, , 350, 360, 363; and trade with Singapore, 405, 415 World Bank, 6, 17 World Trade Act of 1974 (U.S.), 130 Yogoslavia: capital formation ; exports and factor intensities in, ; growth strategies and price distortions in, ; industrialization in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6 Zaire, 73 Zambia, 187

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