Never Give In, Never, Never, Never!

Transcription

1 Unit 1-B4 OBJECTIVES Never Give In, Never, Never, Never! Learning 103 new words and expressions; Grasping the main idea and structure of the texts and understand difficult language points; Discussing about the second world war Winston Churchill Reading, writing, and grammar and vocabulary training Procedures Warming up Memorable quotes Pre-reading questions Background information Watch & Discuss Rhetorial Features Repetition Metaphor Antonyms Speaking & Listening Oral activities; Phonetic training; Listening Text Analysis Text understanding Structure and topics New words Sentence analysis Writing Common forms of TEM4 composition After-class tasks Reading Text II; Finishing exercises U1_B4 Memorable quotes Pre-reading questions Background information Watch & Discuss I. Warming up- Memorable quotes I. Warming up Memorable Quotes Swim or sink, live or die, survive or perish with my country was my unalterable determination. John Adams The world is my country, all mankind are my brethren, and to do good is my religion. Thomas Paine Introduction This text is an inspiring speech made by Winston Churchill, Great Britain's ex- Prime Minister and famous orator, when he visited Harrow School on October 29,

2 I. Warming up _ Pre-reading questions What do you know of Winston Churchill? Tips: Politician, Prime Minister, artist, the Nobel prize for literature Sir Winston Churchill ( ) I. Warming up _ Pre-reading questions Winston Churchill was a politician, a soldier, an artist and the 20th century s most famous and celebrated Prime Minister. His evocative ( 有能力唤起的 ) and stirring rhetoric ( 语言风格 ), is seen as representing the spirit of wartime Britain, and is essential to raising national morale. He is also known for his stubbornness yet courageousness in his leadership. In his later years he spent much time writing History of the English-Speaking Peoples and painting. He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1953 for his historical studies. I. Warming up _ Background information Some of Churchill s Paintings I. Warming up _ Background information A History of the English-Speaking Peoples is a four-volume history of the British stem of the English-speaking people and the American branch, written by Winston Churchill, covering the period from Caesar's invasions of Britain (55 BC) to the beginning of the First World War (1914). I. Warming up _ Background information World War II in Britain In late 1938, Britain attempted to appease Germany and avoid another world war by signing the Munich Pact. This gave Germany "permission" to invade Czechoslovakia. I. Warming up _ Background information In March 1939, Britain announced that it would support Poland if Germany invaded it. Germany invaded anyway. (In secret, Hitler and Stalin had signed an agreement dividing up Poland between the two powers.) The Lugouqiao Incident Nanjing Massacre 2

3 I. Warming up _ Background information On September 3, 1939, Britain declared war on Germany. This marks the beginning of World War II in Europe. I. Warming up _ Background information In May 1940, Britain got a more aggressive war-time leader Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister. I. Warming up _ Background information That same month, on May 26, 1940, in the face of a large-scale German offensive, British troops on the continent were forced into one of the largest evacuations in history -- the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk on the Belgian coast. I. Warming up _ Background information From July to October 1940, the English people suffered under the Battle of Britain: intense German bombing. But the Royal Air Force valiantly defended its homeland from the German Luftwaffe, and the Nazis were unable to crush British morale. I. Warming up _ Background information In March 1941, the U.S. began giving direct support to the British in the form of arms and ammunition through the Lend-Lease Act. After Pearl Harbor, in December, America would become directly involved in aiding the British in Europe. In January 1942, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to establish a Combined Chiefs of Staff and to the make defeating Germany their first priority. I. Warming up _ Background information After three more long years, the Allies did win the war in Europe. Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, All told, Great Britain lost over 300,000 fighting men and over 60,000 civilians in World War II. 3

4 I. Warming up _ Watch and discuss Let s watch an episode from Pearl Harbor and discuss why there are wars in this world.. II. Text analysis _New words and expressions in the context A Fast Memorization of New Words And Expressions New words and expressions in the context catastrophic events to help those in misfortune to be desperately alone the unmeasured menace of the enemy a lull in the storm deceptive appearances to meet with triumph to turn out to be an impostor the far-reaching effect to address oneself to sb to be large or petty U1_1.1, B4 灾难性事件 帮助身处逆境的人 绝望的孤独 敌人不可估量的威胁 暴风雨中的间歇 欺骗性的外表 获得胜利 结果证明是个骗子 深远的影响 向某人讲话 大的或小的 New words and expressions in the context convictions of honour the apparently overwhelming might to liquidate the national debt to liquidate the informer to draw a sponge across one s slate to flinch from difficulties to persevere in one's studies to pay a compliment to the venture capital a joint venture to venture to do U1_1.2, B4 荣誉信念 表面上势不可挡的力量 清偿国债 杀死告密者 耗尽了力量 在困难面前畏缩 孜孜不倦地学习 向 道贺 创业资金 合资经营 胆敢做 ( 谦虚 ) New words and expressions in the context instern days according to one s station the noise of booing twoparallel rows to skateboard without a license to flog a new book to flog a donkey the lynching of blacks to yield to pressure to turn up to address oneself to sth to stand in the gap U1_1.3, B4 在严酷的日子里 根据某人的身份 嘈杂的不满意嘘声 平行的两排 无照溜滑板 猛烈抨击一本新书 鞭打驴子 对黑人处以的私刑 向压力作出让步 出现, 露面 自己谈某事 临危不惧 New words and expressions in the context U1_1.4, B4 to read a satirical verse 阅读一首讽刺诗 得到某人的许可 为某人而写的东西 接收新会员 苛求的时间表 一篇回忆文章 令人惊慌的事件 / 事变 有 27 名学生注册 4

5 New words and expressions in the context to come of a military dynasty the Ming Dynasty Duke of Edinburgh thesuccession duty to worship one s ancestor undistinguished academic accomplishment a cavalry officer the regiment commander the regimental band a war correspondent a literary bent to engage one s energies U1_2.1, B4 出生于军人世家 明王朝 爱丁堡公爵 继承税, 遗产税 拜祖先 平庸的学习成绩 骑兵军官 团长 团部的乐队 战地记者 对文学的爱好 占用某人的精力 New words and expressions in the context to despise cowards and flatterers to increase twofold to be twofold the Dowager Duchess a queen dowager to venerate his father to sting our eyes to sting sb bitterly to dissolve a parliament to be dented by the Conservative Party to vindicate one's rights U1_2.2, B4 鄙视胆小鬼和溜须拍马者 倍增 包括两个方面 公爵遗孀 王太后 尊敬他的父亲 刺痛我们的眼睛 使某人感到痛苦 解散议会 被保守党所削弱 维护自己的权利 New words and expressions in the context First Lord of Admiralty admiralty jurisdiction at the outbreak of the war a historic strategic role an intervention in the campaign to break the stalemate to outflank the Germans to block access to one s political eclipse one s readmission to office an infantry battalion Chancellor of the Exchequer U1_2.3, B4 [ 英 ] 海军大臣 海事审判管辖权 在战争爆发时 历史性的战备角色 对此战役的干涉 打开僵局 翼侧包围德军 阻碍通往.. 之路 政治生涯的阴影 恢复原职 步兵军队 [ 英 ] 财政大臣 New words and expressions in the context Exchequer Bond a terminal decline to espouse anti-nazi policies to decry the prewar appeasement policies bleak prospects an impartible inheritance substantial allies sb sescape from humiliation of to dispatch the army to infuriate the Americans to disrupt sb s plans U1_2.4, B4 [ 英 ] 国库债券 最后的衰落 赞成反纳粹的政策 谴责战前的绥靖政策 凄凉的前景 无法分割的遗产 牢固的同盟 逃脱 的耻辱 派遣军队 激怒美国人 破坏某人的计划 New words and expressions in the context Nazi dictator from the outset of his premiership to dent sb s optimism demographic statistics toexult at a success to sustain parity of leadership military parity to recognize sth ruefully the Anglo-American nexus an inclusive appeal embattled Britain to order the army embattle U1_2.5, B4 纳粹独裁者 从担任首相开始 打消某人的乐观 人口统计学 为成功而欣喜若狂 保持同等领导地位 军事均势 悲哀地意识到某事 英美关系 含义丰富的请求 战斗中的英国 令军队整装待发 Old to New U1, B 4 sudden great damage an unfortunate condition extremely or dangerously a threat or danger a temporary interval misleading a great victory cheater under the assumed identity speak to in a formal way of little importance a strong opinion catastrophe misfortune desperately menace lull deceptive triumph imposter address petty conviction 5

6 Old to New U1. B4 II. Text U1-B3 readily seen very great in amount great and impressive power put an end to, kill flat plates of rock avoid doing or becoming involved in continue congratulate or praise hard, harsh social rank or position apparent overwhelming might liquidate slate flinch persevere compliment stern station II. Text Learning II. Text analysis _ Structure of the text II. Text analysis _ Structure of the text Structure of the text Part 1: Paragraph 1 Part 2: Paragraphs 2-5 Part 3: Paragraphs 6-8 This text can be divided into three parts. Part I (Paragraph 1 ) is the opening remarks in which Churchill summarized the great events that had happened in the past ten months and the purpose of his second visit to Harrow School. Part II ( Paragraphs 2-5) is the body of the speech in which he analyzed the world situation and how other countries looked at Britain and then called on the British people not to give in. Part III ( Paragraphs 6-8) is the closing remarks in which he told the audience that he wanted to change a word in the additional verse of the school song and explained why he wanted to do it. II. Text analysis _ Text comprehension II. Text analysis _ Text comprehension 1. Why does the author urge people to be patient? Because he understands that the war is long and tough: it is not to end in months but in years. He tells the people there that however long the war lasts, the final victory belongs to Britain. But at the same time he makes it clear that not every day is an opportunity to take action: they have yet to wait and persevere. 2. What is the change in the widespread mood referred to in Para. 5? For one thing when Britain came under the heavy air attacks by Germany, many other nations thought that Britain was finished. As the country stood the ordeal to their great surprise, those nations changed their view. For another, people now start to see the hope of the final victory as long as they persevere to the end, as opposed to their pessimistic mood in the past as evidenced by the term "darker days" in a school song and by the author's suppression of his desire to change it. 6

7 II. Text analysis _ Text comprehension II. Text analysis _ Part 1 3. Why does the author change darker into sterner? Because the author has a strong conviction of victory. The two terms have different implications. When used in the text to refer to the days of war, "darker days" emphasizes the dark/negative side of the event and shows the user's pessimism. "Sterner days", though identical in its reference, suggests the bright side and shows the user's optimism. Part 1 Let s listen to and read Part 1 of the text (Para.1) II. Text analysis _ Part 1 II. Text learning _ Part 1 U1-B3 Main Idea of Part 1 In this paragraph, Churchill reviewed the great events that had happened in the world, particularly in Great Britain. Then he led the audience to the intention of this visit to encourage the British people to keep on fighting against the Fascists. Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master s kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs. (L1,Para.1) What does here refer to here? I. Warming up _ Background information Here refers to Harrow School. It is a world-famous all-boys British Harrow public School, school, founded in 1572 under the Royal Charter ( 宪章 ) of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1888 Churchill entered this school. I. Warming up _ Background information Why did Churchill want to cheer himself and his friends by singing songs Harrow a year ago? School, Churchill became Prime Minister of UK in May, That same month, on May 26, 1940, in the face of a large-scale German offensive, British troops on the continent were forced into one of the largest evacuations in history the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk on the Belgian coast. 7

8 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 It was because at the initial stage of the Second World War, Great Britain was fighting in isolation against Nazi Fascists. Some British people doubted whether their nation could win the war with their own efforts. Churchill wanted to convey the conviction of the government to the British people through these songs and encourage them not to give in. II. Text analysis _ Part 1 The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world ups and downs, misfortunes (L3, Para.1) Why did Churchill use ill-favoured words such as ups and downs and misfortunes when talking about the menace of the enemy? Because he wanted to inspire patriotic spirit in the people, encourage them to face the difficult situation and fight bravely against the Nazis. II. Text analysis _ Part 1 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world ups and downs, misfortunes but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Main clause The ten months have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world but can anyone not feel deeply thankful? What does the very great improvement refer to in above sentence? It refers to the better armament of the British forces and assistance from the United States. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain initiated by Germany on July 10, 1940, especially after the blitz of London, British military forces were poorly armed. Then they obtained military aids from the United States and improved their armament. II. Text analysis _ Part 1 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 In addition, Britain was no longer alone in the war. In 1941, the United States began to involve itself in the war. On 7 July 1941, American troops joined British troops in the occupation of Iceland. August 9-13, 1941, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at Placentia Bay, off the coast of Newfoundland, and signed the Atlantic Charter, a document outlining the Allied war aims. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up! (L10, Para.1) What does this attack refer to here. 8

9 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 It refers to The Blitz (Nazi s air attack of London). That was the strategic bombing campaign conducted by the Germans against London and other cities in England from September of 1940 through May of 1941, targeting populated areas, factories and dock yards. the unmeasured menace of the enemy (Para. 1) the immense or incalculable threat or danger of the enemy attack you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull... (Para. 1) you are beginning to be anxious because there has been no progress of the war in such a long quiet period. Part 2 Main Idea of Part 2 Let s listen to and read Part 2 of the text (Paras.2-5) In this part, Churchill concentrated on the purpose of his speech, i.e. to inspire the people all over the country, men and women, old and young, to maintain the relentless spirit of this nation and to fight for the final victory of this great war. But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough (L1, Para.2) What did Churchill mean by saying this? By saying this he meant to make the British people fully aware that they should not only be able to fight and win short and quick battles but also be ready to fight and win hard and enduring Wars. what is short and sharp and what is long and tough difficulties and hardships of any kind, imminent or distant, temporary or long-lasting noble chance of war (L2, Page 2) impressive opportunities of war 9

10 II. Text learning _ Part 3 U1-B3 but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the jobs put through and finished, then, even if it takes months if it takes years they do it. (L2, Page 2, Para. 2) that the thing has to be done and the jobs have to be put through and to be finished, put through: to fulfill, to connect e.g. They put through the business deal. 他们顺利完成这项交易 Your call has been put through. 你的电话叫通了 please put him through. 请把他的电话接过来 throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago (L1, Para.3) recollecting our meeting at Harrow School ten months ago throw one s mind back: to recollect e.g. Seeing you threw my mind back to my old grandfather. Please throw your mind back to 1945, when people all over the world were engaged in a great and cruel war against the Fascists. appearances are often very deceptive (L2, para.3) surface phenomena tend to be misleading as Kipling well says, we must meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two impostors just the same. (L3, Para. 3) What do you know about Kipling? Why did Churchill quote Kipling as saying "treat those two impostors just the same"? Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( 吉卜林 ) ( ) was an English author and poet. he is best known for his works of fiction. He is regarded as a major innovator in the art of the short story; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature. Joseph Kipling 10

11 Why did Churchill quote Kipling as saying "treat those two impostors just the same"? Because he tried to enlighten the British people from another perspective by implying that they should treat triumphs and disasters of the war in the same way. Sometimes triumphs were just overt phenomena, which could mislead people to a wrong conception. And disasters were not as frightening as they seemed to be, and we should not feel discouraged. The massive air force of Nazi Fascists was strong in appearance, but it could be defeated sooner or later. imagination makes things out far worse... (L1, Para.4) what one imagines tends to be worse than reality... make out: see or understand; write, manage to deal with; e.g. I cannot make him out. The doctor made out a prescription for me. They make out a living by catching fish or shrimps, raising poultry or pigs, or selling part of their labour power pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination. (L4, Para. 4) wish to be equipped with excessive courage to accomplish or realize this effective and influential blue-print. But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period is the lesson: (L5, Para. 4) What lesson had they learnt? The lesson learnt throughout the past ten months was that when facing great difficulties, on should never give in. With the reasonable combination of imagination and courage, the British people could overcome any kind of difficulties and smash any attack of the mighty enemy. But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period I am addressing myself to the school surely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. (L5, Para. 4) How shall we explain the structure of this sentence? 11

12 convictions of honour and good sense, (L9, Para.4) strong beliefs in honour and good judgment of duty and justice, never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy (L9.Para.4) never give in or surrender to the seemingly strong enemy our account was closed... (L11,Para.4) we were completely defeated by enemy troops Very different is the mood today.(l1, Para.5) How other nations view Britain and how the British people think and feel about the war is quite different today from ten months ago. Why did Churchill say the mood was different? Because ten months ago, Hitler's air forces struck Britain and the whole nation was thrown into disorder and unease. Many other nations thought that this nation would be conquered soon just as what had happened to France. But when they gathered in the same school ten months later, they had accumulated, in addition to better armament, sufficient strength and confidence to fight against the Nazi troops. Britain... had drawn a sponge across her slate. (L1, Para.5) A metaphor meaning Britain... was completely wiped out. our country stood in the gap.(l2,para.5) our country shouldered the responsibility in isolation. e.g. At the critical moment of world economic recession, a powerful government is needed to stand in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer. (L2, Para. 5) Can you point out the main clause? There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and we now find ourselves in a position... and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer. by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it 12

13 and, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer. where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer. we have only to persevere to conquer. (L5, Para.5) we have no choice but to hold on until victory comes. that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer. II. Text analysis _ Part 3 II. Text analysis _ Part 3 Part 3 Main Idea of Part 3 Let s listen to and read Part 3 of the text (Paras.6-8) In this concluding part, Churchill reiterated his inspirations by changing a word in a verse of a traditional song. II. Text analysis _ Part 3 II. Text analysis _ Part 3 Why did Churchill replace the word "darker" with "sterner? Because he had a strong conviction of victory. The word "darker" carries a pessimistic tone, for it indicates "a period of unpleasant and frightening time" and implies hopelessness in a difficult period. But the word "sterner", although it has the identical referent, suggests the bright side of the situation and shows Churchill's optimistic view. By changing the word, Churchill wanted to convey to the British people the message that although there were still great difficulties ahead, Great Britain would prevail in the end. 13

14 II. Text analysis _ Part 3 II. Text analysis _ New words and expressions you sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by and which you have repeated today. (L1, Para.6) you sang the verse that is added to a school song repeatedly today. This added verse was especially written for me. I was very greatly admired by this verse. 1. lull n. an interval of lessened activity Examples 经过两星期的平静以后, 地面战斗又突然爆发了 Ground fighting flared up again after a two-week lull. There was a lull in the storm. II. Text analysis _ New words and expressions II. Text analysis _ New words and expressions 2. menace n. the act of threatening, a possible danger; a threat Examples 学步的孩子在满是水晶的商店里会造成危险 A toddler was a menace in a shop full of crystal. 3. impostor n. one who deceives under the assumed identity, 冒名顶替者 Examples 各种各样的犯罪分子, 如走私者, 贩毒者, 和各类冒名顶替者, 都在非法赚大钱 Various criminals like smugglers, drug dealers and all sorts of impostors make big money illegally. II. Text analysis _ New words and expressions II. Text analysis _ New words and expressions 4. far-reaching a. having important and widely applicable effects or implications Examples 那场战役影响深远 The battle produced far-reaching effects. This war had far-reaching consequences in all the capitalist countries. 5. liquidate n. put an end to; abolish or kill, to settle a debt, Examples 希特勒试图全部杀死德国的犹太人 Hitler tried to liquidate the Jews in Germany. 政府千方百计通过清偿债务稳定经济 The government made every effort to stabilize the economy by liquidating the national debt. 14

15 II. Text analysis _ New words and expressions II. Text analysis _ New words and expressions 6. flinch v. avoid doing or becoming involved in sth through fear or anxiety 7. persevere v. continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty Examples 我们从不在困难面前退缩 We never flinch from difficulties. 我们不应该逃避生活的责任 We mustn't flinch from the responsibilities of life. Examples 难是难, 但我一定坚持到底 It's difficult, but I'm going to persevere with it. 除非你坚持不懈地发展天赋, 否则它是没有价值的 Talent is worthless unless you persevere in developing it. Rhetoric Features of Discourse III. Figurative Devices Figurative Devices U1_B4 Winston Churchill was a great orator as well as a successful statesman. He knew how to use language to encourage his people to fight against their enemies. To make his short speech at Harrow School eloquent and encouraging, he used many rhetorical devices. III. Figurative Devices U1_B4 III. Figurative Devices U1_B4 Repetition Repetition is a major rhetorical strategy for producing emphasis, clarity, amplification, or emotional effect. e.g. Never, Never, Never give in. Never yield... Never yield. Metaphor A metaphor is an analogy between two objects or ideas, conveyed by the use of a word instead of another. e.g. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. our country stood in the gap. 15

16 III. Figurative Devices U1_B4 II. Text analysis _ Figurative Devices Used in the Text Antonymy A figure of speech in which a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word e.g. ups/downs, short/long, triumph/disaster, great/small, large/petty, dark days/great days. Some of these antonyms (e. g. ups/downs) are used to describe the terrible nature of the war, some of them ( e. g. great/small, large/petty) are used to express the determination of the British people to fight on for the final victory, and some of them (e. g. dark days/great days) are used to encourage the audience not to lose hope in the face of difficulties. TEM4 作文命题常见形式 The First Two Days of My University Life 1. 对立观点式 2. 单一观点式 3. 选择观点式 3. 选择观点式 3.1 给出一些选项, 要求选择其中一个或几个并予以说明 例 : Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports, current events, business and entertainment. Which topic do you like to read most? Give reasons to explain your answer. 3. 选择观点式 3.1 给出一些选项, 要求选择其中一个或几个并予以说明 例 : Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports, current events, business and entertainment. Which topic do you like to read most? Give reasons to explain your answer. 16

17 1. 对立观点式 1.1 给出两个对立的事物或一个事物对立的两个方面, 要求支持一方并给予说明 例 : Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time, while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time. What do you think is a better way of learning? Should the money invested into a university be used to improve the library or to improve the physical training facilities? What do you think? Why? 1. 对立观点式 1.2 给出两个对立的事物或一个事物对立的两个方面, 要求说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点 例 : Some students participate in school activities such as clubs and sports. Other students do not take part in such activities because they spend more time on their studies. Tell why you think the two groups of students spend their time differently. Which type of student do you prefer to be? Explain why? Some people pay money for the things they want or need. Other people trade products or goods for what they need. Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things. Which way do you prefer? Explain why. 2. 单一观点式 2.1 给出一个论点, 此论点不包括两种事物的比较, 要求支持或反对并给出理由 例 : Studying in a university is worthwhile only because you can get a degree. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress. Use specific reasons and example to support your opinion. 2. 单一观点式 2.2 给出一个论点, 此论点主要是对两个事物进行比较的陈述, 要求支持或反对并给出理由 例 : People should be realistic rather than romantic in order to live a better life. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific reasons to support your answer. It is better to make a wrong decision that make no decision at all. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? 3. 选择观点式 3.1 给出一些选项, 要求选择其中一个或几个并予以说明 例 : Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports, current events, business and entertainment. Which topic do you like to read most? Give reasons to explain your answer. 3. 选择观点式 3.2 要求另外选择论点并予以说明 例 : Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives. Choose another invention that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice. Neighbors are the people who live near us. in your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Whiter a composition of about 200 words on this issue. 17

18 Writing Practice Directions: write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Will Tourism Bring Harm to the environment? You are to write in three parts: (1) State specifically what your opinion is. (2) Provide one or two reasons to support your opinion. (3) Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. Will tourism Bring Harm to the environment? (1) In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism. But what these people fail to see is that tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment. As for me, I m firmly convinced that too many tourists bring harm to the environment. Sample (2) The bad impact of tourism on the environment has mainly expressed itself in various ways. One way is the process of exploiting a new scenic spot. In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavourably effects on the environment. This process usually breaks the ecological balance of the area. In some mountainous places, tress are being cut down to build hotels for others to see and explore the beauty of the mountains. Then land slides and mud-rock flows come up. Another way the development of tourism has damaged the environment occurs when tourists to to scenic spots. Some tourists don t have the awareness to protect the environment, and ignorantly throw their garbage here and there. Some people even kill the local wildlife to eat, which badly damages the balance of the natural environment. (3) It is wrong to sacrifice the environment for the growth of tourism. We must keep in mind that too many tourists bring harm to the environment. We need to find a balance between satisfying the needs of tourists and reducing to a minimum the pollution they cause. Speaking and Listening 18

19 V. Speaking and Listening Oral activities Topic for discussion: 1. What should we do if our nation is threatened with an armed invasion by another country? 2. Everybody can meet with difficulties of one kind or another in his lifetime. Describe one of these situations you were in and how you dealt with it. V. Speaking and Listening Listening comprehension Listen to the Lecture about Kennedy s personal life and Kennedy the international diplomat versus Kennedy the domestic politician. Finish the listening task on Page 11. VI. After-class tasks Do the dictation exercises. Free from Debt Trouble Read Text II and write a summary. Collection of Sayings Finish all the exercises in Unit 1 Remember new words in Unit 2. 19