The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa

Transcription

1 The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa

2 POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT Prepared under the auspices of the Pacific Basin Research Center, Soka University of America Series Editors William Ascher, Claremont McKenna College John M. Heffron, Soka University of America Na t a l i a M i r o v it s k a y a, D u k e Un i v e r s it y T h e Politics, Economics, and Inclusive Development series examines the challenges and progress in promoting humanistic development. The complex tasks of simultaneously pursuing economic growth, broad participation and equity, democratic peace, and sustainability require scholarship that merges in-depth analysis of the many factors that influence development outcomes with contextually rich experiences. The single- or multiauthored books use an interdisciplinary methodology to explore diverse experiences of individual nations, world regions, or the entire global system in their quest for more democratic, technically sound, and sustainable development. The publications from the Politics, Economics, and Inclusive Development series will be valuable to students, scholars, policy makers, and international development practitioners. Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America Edited by William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya Development Strategies, Identities, and Conflict in Asia Edited by William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa Edited by William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya

3 The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa Edited by Willia m A sche r an d Natalia Mir ovit skaya

4 THE ECONOMIC ROOTS OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION IN AFRICA Copyright William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: November

5 To B a r ba r a Hir schfel d e r - A sche r WA To Abraham, Josephus, Margaret, Mayer, Mwila, Muyatwa, Precious, and many other past and current fellows at the Duke Center for International Development who shared with me many insightful, sometimes tragic, but always inspirational accounts from their homelands in Africa NM

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7 Contents List of Illustrations Preface and Acknowledgments C on t r i b u t o r s ix xi xiii Chapter 1 Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence i n A f r ic a 1 William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya Chapter 2 Whither Egypt: Regime Change or a Return to the St a t u s Q uo? 35 R ob e r t L. Ti g n o r Chapter 3 Development Strategies in North Africa 61 Clement M. Henry Chapter 4 Ethiopia: Averting Violence through Its Quest for Growth 85 Nzinga H. Broussard Chapter 5 The Roots of Civic Peace in Tanzania 107 Michael F. Lofchie Chapter 6 Economic Development Strategy and Conflict: A Comparison of C ô te d Ivoire and Ghana 50 Years after I nd e p e nd e nc e 141 Jo h n F. Mc C a u l e y Chapter 7 Development Strategies and Conflict in Nigeria 167 Darren Kew and Chris M. A. Kwaja Chapter 8 The Absence of Intergroup Violence in Botswana: An Assessment of the Role of Development Strategies 183 Amy R. Poteete Chapter 9 Intergroup Peace and Interpersonal Violence in South Africa 221 Ta k a k o Min o

8 viii Contents Chapter 10 The Conflict Development Nexus in Africa: Insights from the Case Studies 243 William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya Index 253

9 Illustrations Figures 3.1 Manufacturing value added, , Maghreb countries Imports of goods and services, Maghreb countries, Ethiopia: Sector share of GDP Ethiopia: GDP growth by sector, Ethiopia, five-year moving ave r a g e s Economic growth rates since Independence in C ô te d Ivoire and Ghana GDP per capita since Independence in C ô te d Ivoire and Ghana War-related deaths in C ô te d Ivoire and Ghana Research regions in C ô te d Ivoire and Ghana Perceptions of government discrimination in Côte d Ivoire and Ghana Mobile lines in Nigeria Value of Nigeria s service sector Sectoral contributions to GDP, Botswana, Current administrative districts in Botswana and distribution of economic resources Year-to-Year GDP growth rates, Botswana, Botswana: Foreign reserves import cover in months Botswana: Year-to-year percentage change in diamond production Revenues from diamond exports in Botswana, Tables 3.1 St a t i s t ic a l A pp e nd i x Regional agriculture and rural development expenditure Trends in productivity (quintal/hectare) of major crops by region, Trends in fertilizer usage (% of the total cultivated cropland area) of major crops by region,

10 x Illustrations 4.4 Trends in improved seeds usage (% of the total cultivated cropland area) of major crops by region, Trends in pesticide usage (% of the total cultivated cropland area) of major crops by region, Trends in irrigation usage (% of the total cultivated cropland area) of major crops by region, Trends in poverty by region: headcount ratio, 1995/ / Trends in inequality by region: Gini coe ffi cient, 1995/ / Determinants of perceived discrimination and willingness to intermarry in C ô te d Ivoire The macroeconomic projections of NEEDS Poverty levels in Nigeria Botswana s Gini coefficient, 1985/ /2003: alternative me a s u re s a nd t re nd s 189

11 Preface and Acknowledgments This is the third volume to come out of our multicountry research project on Economic Development Strategies to Avert Collective Violence, begun in 2009 under the auspices of the Pacific Basin Research Center (PBRC) of Soka University of America. The goal of the project is to determine which development strategies and specific policies create conditions that reduce the likelihood of intergroup violence. To accomplish this, we have commissioned country case studies by experts on development and conflict in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The first volume, Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America, was published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2012; the second volume, Development Strategies, Identities, and Conflict in Asia, in The present volume, with African country case studies and overview chapters, shares the objective of outlining considerations to guide policy makers, development practitioners, and civil society leaders in conflict-sensitive development. The focus on development strategies does not reflect a reductionist approach to explain or predict violence solely on the basis of governmental development strategies and policies. Conflict arises from a wide range of social and political circumstances, as well as external factors including natural disasters, economic collapse, and military intervention. We are not denying the importance of history in establishing long-standing animosities among groups. Yet, governments can select projects that are less likely to exacerbate animosities. They can create or reallocate economic roles that undermine negative stereotypes of conflicting groups and enhance societal cohesion, they can reduce the opportunities and motives for provoking violence, and they can foster equitable growth to create incentives for intergroup reconciliation and cooperation. Thus, our focus is solely intended to clarify the considerations that ought to be taken into account to devise conflict-sensitive development initiatives, entailing the immediate reactions to development initiatives and the longer-term impacts of development policies on economic fortunes, roles, and group perceptions. These considerations are as important for preempting intergroup violence as they are for postconflict reconstruction. Development strategies are not restricted to economic strategies alone. Physical resettlement programs, education reform, decentralization of governance, and many other initiatives are integral to development strategies and are included in our analysis.

12 xii Preface and Acknowledgments Earlier versions of contributions to this volume were presented at workshops at Soka University of America (May 2010 and November 2011). We are grateful for insights and comments from all the participants of these workshops. We again wish to express our gratitude to Soka University of America for financial and administrative support, and for the fine work of Dr. John M. Heffron, Professor of History at Soka and Associate Director of the PBRC, ably assisted by Jason Tran, Jacqueline Mills, and Dawn Minette, in organizing workshops and overseeing the administration required to put together a collected volume such as this. We also appreciate the efforts of the Duke Center for International Development, especially those of Jonathan Abels, for arranging talks and workshop sessions that contributed to shaping the chapters in this volume. Valuable research assistance was provided by Claremont McKenna College students Heather Beck, Nathan Bengtsson, Molly Doyle, Jennifer Good, Isabel Harbaugh, Shanna Hoversten, Sofia Jamal, Daniel Maxwell, Catherine Raney, Nicholas Rowe, Carlton Rueb, Laura Spann, and Jennifer Zavaleta, as well as Ariana Ascher and Kaitlyn Tsai. The editors received helpful suggestions and insightful comments from Catherine Elkins, Francis Lethem, Phyllis Pomerantz, Muyatwa Sitali, Aseema Sinha, and Michael Lofchie. We would also like to acknowledge the highly efficient assistance provided to us by Sara Doskow at Palgrave Macmillan.

13 Contributors William Ascher is the Donald C. McKenna Professor of Government and Economics at Claremont McKenna College, and serves as the Director of the Pacific Basin Research Center at Soka University of America. His research is on political economy of developing countries. He is the author of Why Governments Waste Natural Resources and Bringing in the Future: Strategies for Farsightedness and Sustainability in Developing Countries, and is the coeditor of Development Strategies, Identities, and Conflict in Asia and Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America. Nzinga H. Broussard is a postdoctoral fellow at the Ohio State University. With a joint doctoral degree in economics and public policy from the University of Michigan, her research focuses on development economics, labor economics, and agricultural economics. She has taught at Claremont McKenna College and has served as a visiting fellow of the International Growth Centre in Ethiopia. Clement M. Henry is a Professor of Political Science at the American University in Cairo, where he also chairs the Political Science Department. His research focuses on the politics of oil, Islamic banking systems, and financial and political liberalization, with a particular focus on Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey. His most recent books are Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East and The Politics of Islamic Finance. Darren Kew is an Associate Professor in the Department of Conflict Resolution, Human Security, and Global Governance at the McCormack Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts, Boston, where he is also the executive director of the Center for Peace, Democracy, and Development. He is the author of Democracy, Conflict Resolution, and Civil Society in Nigeria and has been a consultant on democracy and peace initiatives to the United Nations, United States Agency for International Development, the U.S. State Department, and several nongovernmental organizations. Chris M. A. Kwaja is a Lecturer and Researcher at the Centre for Conflict Management and Peace Studies, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria. He is a Doctoral Candidate of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the Department of Political Science, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria. His research focuses on the politics of identity in

14 xiv Contributors Africa, the privatization of security, democratization, conflict and security studies, and security sector reform. He has been a consultant on issues related to security, governance, elections to the Institute of Security Studies based in South Africa; FRIDE, Spain; CLEEN Foundation, the Nigeria Stability and Reconciliation Project of the British Council, as well as the West Africa Insight- Horizon Scanning of the Nigerian based Centre for Democracy and Development. Michael F. Lofchie is a Professor of Political Science of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the Director of the UCLA International Development Studies Program, having served as the chair of the UCLA Political Science Department and director of the James S. Colement African Studies Center. He is the author of The Policy Factor: Agricultural Performance in Kenya and Tanzania and a forthcoming book on Tanzania s political-economic history. John F. McCauley is an Assistant Professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland. He is also a research affiliate in the Center for International Development and Conflict Management. With a doctorate in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles, his research focuses on African politics, religious and ethnic politics, informal institutions, field experiments in social science, and political boundaries. Takako Mino is a high school English teacher with a Master s degree in Education from Claremont Graduate University. She serves as the Director of Operations in Africa for the Public Debate Program based at Claremont McKenna College and collaborates with the Forum for African Women Educationalists and Asante Africa Foundation to introduce and sustain youth public debate programs in East African schools and universities. Natalia Mirovitskaya is a Senior Researcher and Lecturing Fellow at the Duke Center for International Development. She has published extensively on sustainable development, environmental security, and peacebuilding. She has led and participated in numerous national and international research projects and has taught in several countries. Most recently, she has coedited Development Strategies, Identities, and Conflict in Asia and Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America. Amy R. Poteete is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Concordia University. Her research has focused on natural resource policies, decentralization, and the quality of democracy, primarily in Botswana and Senegal. She has collaborated with the International Forestry Resources and Institutions research program, and has coauthored articles and a book with Nobel Prize Laureate Elinor Ostrom, including Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice. Robert L. Tignor is Professor Emeritus and Rosengarten Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Princeton University and the former three-time chair of Princeton s History Department. He has written extensively on twentieth-century Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, and has taught at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria and the University of Nairobi in Kenya. His most recent books are Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, and Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the Modern World.