U;k;ky;% vij ftyk U;k;kèkh'k ¼Rofjr½ vkcwiozr] fljksgh ¼jktLFkku½

Transcription

1 Z Manupatra Intellectual Property Reports (MIPR) U;k;ky;% vij ftyk U;k;kèkh'k ¼Rofjr½ vkcwiozr] fljksgh ¼jktLFkku½ ihbkklhu vfèkdkjh % ujsunz flag <<~<k] vkj-,p-ts-,lnhokuh ewy okn la[;k % 02@2008 esllz gksvy fgyvksu fyfevsm] cl LVs.M ds lkeus vkcwiozr ¼jktLFkku½ jftlvmz rgr bf.m;u deiuht,dv 1956 tfj, Mk;jsDVj fou; dqekj iq= Jh txnh'k izlkn vxzoky] tkfr vxzoky] mez&43 o"kz] fuoklh&vkcwiozr] ftyk & fljksgha &oknh cuke esllz fgyvu buvjus'ky dksjiksjs'ku vkwq 605] FkMZ,sosU;w] ou oky LVªhV dksvz] 10oka yksj] U;w;kWd],u- ok; ] ;w-,l-,- Jh-,e-,l- nklokuh }kjk esllz nklokuh,.m nklokuh isvsuv,.m VªsMekdZ,VksZuht tck dqlqe gkål] igyk yksj] 34 fprjatu,sosu;w] dydùkk M~;wyh dulvhv;wm,vksuhz QkWj fmqs.msm esllz fgyvu buvjus'kuya fgyvu buvjus'kuy],p-,y- Vh- buvjus'kuy] vkbz- ih-,y-,y- lks-a &izfroknhx.k okn vurxzr VsªM,.M edszumkbzt ekdzl,dv 1958 oklrs fu"ksèkkkk,oa vkns'kkred O;kns'kA miflfkfr%& 1- Jh bz'ojyky vkpk;z] vfèkodrk] oklrs oknha 2- Jh vthr dqekj 'kkg] vfèkodrk] oklrs izfroknhx.ka fnukad% 23 vizsy] 2010 fu.kz; 1- oknh esllz gksvy fgyvksu fyfevsm vkcwiozr dh vksj ls izfroknhx.k esllz fgyvu buvjus'kuy dksjiksjs'ku o vu; ds fo:) VªsM,.M edszumkbzt ekdzl,dv 1958 ds vurxzr fu"ksèkkkk,oa vkns'kkred O;kns'k dh izkfir gsrq ;g okn bl vk'k; dk izlrqr fd;k fd oknh deiuh dks,d izfl),oa o"kks a ls py jgh gksvy vkcwiozr es a flfkr gs ftldk uke gksvy fgyvksu gs tks vkcwiozr es a jgoklh o Hkkstu dh lqfoèkk i;zvdksa dks 'kqyd ysdj miycèk djokrh gs rfkk mdr gksvy O;olk; lu~ 1973 ls vkt fnu rd cxsj fdlh :dkov ;k O;oèkku ds fu;fer py jgk gs o fnuksfnu izxfr ij gsa mdr gksvy O;olk; dks oknh us vu; gksvy O;olk;ksa ls vius vkidks vyx fn[kkus ds fy, rfkk viuh vyx igpku LFkkfir djus ds fy, ^^VªsM ekdz** fgyvksu e; esa<+d dh vkd`fr dk,d dsfjdspj visu gksvy O;olk; izkjehk djus ds lkfk gh viuk fy;k FkkA mdr VsªM ekdz e; dykred dk;z dk oknh vksfjtuy buosuvsm],mkivj] fj;y o Vªw vksiuyh ;wtj gs rfkk blh VsªM ekdz ds rgr oknh vius Lo;a ds rjhds ls vu; fuekzrkvksa ls vyx Lokn] [kq'kcw o fmtkbzu dh febkbz;ka] uedhu] LusDl] duqsd'kujh rs;kj djrk gs rfkk mldk O;kikj djrk gsa mdr gksvy dk O;olk; lu~ 1973 ls py jgk gs tks izkjehk esa Hkkxhnkj QeZ esllz gksvy fgyvksu ekmuv vkcw esa 'kq: fd;k Fkk ftldk O;olk; LohV] uedhu] LusDl] duqsd'kujh ¼vkVk] pkoy o nky ls fufezr½ cszm o dsd vkfn dk fuekz.k djuk o foø; djuk Fkk rfkk oknh dh iwoz jlkfèkdkjh Hkkxhnkjh QeZ ^^gksvy fgyvksu e; jkwd** yksxks dk mi;ksx dj jgh Fkh rfkk mdr gksvy fgyvksu dk iathdj.k dkwihjkbzv dh rjg uecj,&21060@78 fnukad dks djok;k x;k FkkA oknh dh iwoz Hkkxhnkjh QeZ ewllz gksvy

2 fgyvksu us fnukad dks viuk yksxks] fgyvksu e; mdr fmokbzl vkwq jksd ds lkfk ^^VsªM ekdz** jftlvmz djok;k ftlds uecj gsa oknh dh mdr iwoz Hkkxhnkjh QeZ dks deiuht vfèkfu;e dks èkkjk 23¼1½ esa jftlvkªj deiuht jktlfkku t;iqj ds ;gk fnukad dks iathd`r djk gksvy fgyvksu izkbosv ds uke ls mùkjkfèkdkjh izkbosv fyfevsm deiuh cu;k x;k ftldks iathdj.k la[;k 3106 gsa fnukad dks deiuht vfèkfu;e ds rgr gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- dk u;k uke gksvy fgyvksu fyfevsm dj fn;k x;k rfkk og izkbosv ugha jgh ftlds uecj 17&03106 gsa orzeku esa bl deiuh ds Mk;jsDVj iwoz Hkkxhnkjh QeZ ds Hkkxhnkj txnh'k izlkn vxzoky] fouksn dqekj vxzoky o fou; dqekj vxzoky gsa iwoz Hkkxhnkjh QeZ esllz gksvy fgyvksu ds VªsM ekdz uecj esa tks gd o vfèkdkj fufgr Fks os gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- dks LokfeRo esa izkir gks x, FksA gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- us mdr VªsM ekdz o fmokbzl vkwq jkwd o 'kcn fgyvksu es eè; gksvy 'kcn vksj vafdr djokdj rfkk ekewyh xzkfqdy ifjorzu djokdj iqu% jftlvªs'ku djok;k ftlds uecj fnukad gsa gksvy fgyvksu fyfevsm dks bl VªsM ekdz o yksxks esa os gh gd vfèkdkj izkir gs tks iwoz Hkkxhnkjh ij o gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- dks izkir Fks rfkk og bldh fofèkd Lokeh gsa oknh deiuh us fnukad dks izlrko ikfjr dj vius Mk;jsDVj fou; dqekj vxzoky dks vius VªsM ekdz ds lecuèk esa ;g okn izlrqr djus o vko';d dk;zokgh djus gsrq vfèkd`r fd;k gsa oknh dh gksvy dh ckm.mªh es a dkqh pv~vkus gs rfkk dbz :e es a Hkh pv~vkus izkd`frd :i ls ekstwn gs tks pv~vkus nhokj ds mi;ksx esa vk jgh gs vksj pkjksa vksj igkfm+;ksa dk n`'; gksus ls,oa deiu gksus ij gksvy ds dejksa esa Hkh igkm+ksa dk vkhkkl gksrk gs blfy, oknh rfkk oknh dh iwoz Hkkxhnkjh QeZ 1973 ls gh mdr yksxksa fgyvksu,ao flacy ds :i esa jkwd dk mi;ksx dj jgh gsa oknh dh gksvy rhu flrkjk gksvy gs ftles a oknh us gksvy dk buvhfj;j Msdksjs'ku Hkkjrh; lald`fr dks è;ku esa j[kdj ijeijkxr <ax ls izpfyr fmtkbzu ds vkèkkj ij vu; gksvy ls vyx <ax ls djok;k gs rfkk oknh dks gksvy dk [kk lkexzh loz djus dk rjhdk Hkh ijeijkxr gs tks izfroknh ;k fo'o dh fdlh Hkh gksvy ls oknh dks fmlvhxwabl djrs gs rfkk oknh dks gksvy esa cuus okys [kkuk izfroknh ds fons'kks a es a flfkr fdlh Hkh gksvy es a rs;kj ugha fd;k tkrk gsa oknh us vius gksvy es a fufezr o foø; dh tkus okyh [kk lkexzh ds fy, yksxks fgyvksu e; fmokbzl vkwi jksd dks VªsM,.M edzuvkbzt,dv ds rgr jftlvmz djok j[kk gsa oknh dh gksvy dks o"kksza ls ns'k fons'k es a Hkkjh [;krh o yksdfiz;rk gs,ao viuh igpku gsa izfroknh dk,d Hkh gksvy Hkkjr ds fdlh {ks= es a ugha gsa izfroknh us lozizfke o"kz 1993 esa oknh dks gksvy dk VsªM ekdz,ao yksxksa jftlvmz gksus ds ckn rfkk oknh gksvy ds pkyw gksus ds chl o"kz dh yech vofèk O;rhr gks tkus ds ckn oknh ds f[kykq VªsM,.M edszumkbzt ekdzl,dv ds rgr,rjkt lgk;d iath;d dk;kzy; jftlvªkj vkwq ekdzl vgenkckn es a is'k fd;k rfkk oknh dks uksfvl fnukad dks izsf"kr djokdj o èkedh nh gs fd oknh fgyvksu uke dk iz;ksx djuk cun dj ns rfkk v.mjvsdhax ns dh Hkfo"; es a fgyvksu ds uke ls VªsM ugha djs a ftlls oknh dks ;g fo'okl gks x;k gs fd izfroknh Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh 'kgj esa fgyvksu ds uke ls gksvy dk O;olk; vkjehk dj oknh gksvy ds dkuwuh o laosèkkfud vfèkdkjksa ij vfrøe.k dj ldrk gs rfkk oknh dh lk[k ds YkkHk vftzr dj mls vkffkzd o laosèkkfud {kfr dj ldrk gs ftlls oknh dh gksvy dks viwj.kh; vkffkzd {kfr o ekufld osnukgksxha izfroknh }kjk oknh gksvy ds uke &fgyvksu* dks gqcgq udy fmvh@v{kjr% ¼gksVy fgyvu½ dj vosèkkfud rksj ls reke fu;eksa dh vogsyuk dj izfroknh us fons'kh cm+h rkdr ds vunkt esa VsªM,.M epszumkbzt ekdlz,dv 1958 ds rgr viuk vkosnui= la[;k ] rfkk izlrqr fd, gsa oknh tyn gh Hkkjr ds vu; i;zvd LFkyks a ij gksvy fgyvksu ds uke ls vksj gksvyl [kksyus tk jgk gsa vxj izfroknh dks jksdk ugha x;k rks jkbzfvfj;l oknh deiuh vius vu; gksvy mdr LFkkuksa ij ugha vkjehk dj ldsxk tgk izfroknh

3 gksvyl dh?kks"k.kk djrk gs vfkok [kqy x;s rks oknh gksvy dks Hkkjh vkffkzd {kfr gksxh o eqdnesckth dks c<+kok feysxka izfroknh dks Hkkjr esa fgyvksu ds uke ls vfkok oknh dks gksvy ls feyrs tqyrs uke ls gksvy dk O;olk; djus ls jksduk vko';d gs,oa mls ugha jksdk x;k vksj ;g fgyvksu ds uke ls gksvy O;olk; Hkkjr esa djrk gs rks oknh dks vrqyuh; {kfr gksxh ftldk ewy;kadu vfkz esa ugha fd;k tk ldrk gsa fcuk; okn lu~ 1993 es a tc izfroknh us oknh ds VªsM use ckcr~,rjkt fd;k o tqykbz 1995 esa tc izfroknh dks uksfvl fnukad izkir gqvk] ls isnk gqvka izfroknh us oknh ds VªsMuse ckcr~,rjkt vksj mls fujlr djus gsrq izkfkzuki= vgenkckn esa fd;k gs ftlds uksfvl oknh dks vkcwiozr esa feys gs vksj uksfvl fnukad Hkh vkcwiozr esa izkir gqvk Fkk rfkk oknh ok O;olk; Hkh vkcqiozr esa gs blfy, okn bl U;k;ky; ds {ks=kfèkdkj dk gs vkfn&vkfna 2- izfroknh dh vksj ls tokcnkok is'k dj okni= esa of.kzr rf;ksa dks xyr gksuk crkrs gq, tkfgj fd;k x;k fd oknh o mlds iwoz jlkfèkdkjks dks fgyvksu uke,mksiv djus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk] mldk oknh] us dksbz myys[k okn esa ugha fd;k gsa oknh us fgyvksu uke o ekdz xyr rksj ij cn~bjkns o fmlvksuslvh ls izfroknhdeiuh ftldk fd Hkkjro kz esa VªkalcksMZj o,dlvªk VsjhVksfj;y jsiqvs'ku dks du ;wt djus gsrq,oa izfroknh dks jsiqvs'ku o xqmfoy ls cn~rjhds ls ykhk mbkus ds fy, ;g ekdz o uke,mksiv fd;k x;k gsa oknh us vius yksxks fgyvksu e; mdr fmokbzl vkwq jkwd ds lkfk VªsM ekdz uacj bu Dykl 30 iath;u djk;k Fkk ftlds lqèkkj gsrq izfroknh dh dk;zokgh VsªM ekdz jftlvjh dk;kzy; vgenkckn es a isfumx es a gsa bl dfku dks vlohdkj fd;k x;k fd gksvy fgyvksu izkbosv fyfevsm us mdr Vs ªM ekzd o fmokbzl vkwq jkwd o 'kcn fgyvksu es a eè; gksvy 'kcn vksj vafdr djok dj rfkk ekewyh xzkfqdy ifjorzu djokdj iqu% jftlvªs'ku djok;k gsa oknh us mdr VªsM ekdz dks iath;u djokus gsrq VªsM ekdz jftlvjh dk;kzy; es a izkfkzuki= vo'; izlrqr fd;k Fkk ftldk uecj fnukad Fkk ftldh tkudkjh izfroknh dks lozizfke vdvwcj 1992 esa VªsM ekdz tujy fnukad ls gqbz FkhA izfroknh dks ;g tkudkjh gksrs gh izfroknh us VªsM ekdz jftlvjh vgenkckn esa viuh vkifùk izlrqr dh Fkh ftldk uecj,mh,e- 558 FkkA VªsM ekdz jftlvjh vgenkckn us xyr rjhds ls euekus o vos rjhds ls izfroknh dh vifùk dks izfroknh dks lquokbz dk volj fn, cxsj fnukad dks fufezr dj oknh dks mdr VªsM ekdz iath;u djus dh Lohd`fr iznku dh FkhA bl fu.kz; ds fo:) izfroknh us xqtjkr mpp U;k;ky; vgenkckn esa vihy fnukad dks izlrqr dh gs fopkjkèkhu gsa VªsM ekdz uecj ds lecuèk es a izfroknh }kjk nk;j dh xbz jsfdvfqds'ku izksflafmax Hkh VªsM ekzd jftlvªh vgenkckn esa yafcr gsa oknh deiuh dh rjq ls Mk;jsDVj fou; dqekj vxzoky dh ;g okn izlrqr djus dk dksbz vfèkdkj ugha Fkk rfkk oknh us okn ds lkfk,slk dksbz izlrko izlrqr ugha fd;k Fkk blfy, fcuk vfèkdkj ds izlrqr fd;k x;k ;g okn [kkfjt fd, tkus ;ksx; gsa oknh us fgyvksu ds uke o VªsM ekzd izfroknh vurzjk"vªh; deiuh dk Hkkjro"kZ esa [;krh dk vuqfpr ykhk mbkus ds bjkns ls xyr ekykqkbzm o fmlvksfulvh,mksiv fd;k gsa oknh deiuh }kjk ;g uke o VªsM ekzd,mksiv djus dk eq[; mís'; ;kf=x.kksa dks du w;t djus,ao izfroknh deiuh dk fufozokn xqmfoy o lk[k dh vkm+ esa vuqfpr ykhk izkir djuk gsa izfroknh gksvy fgyvu buvjus'kuy dh 'kk[kk,a fo'o ds 125 eq[; 'kgjksa] LFkkuksa ij flfkr gs tgka ij i;zvd ds Lokn o ekax vuqlkj izr;sd ns'k esa vksj 'kgjksa esa izpfyr fdleksa dk 'kkdkgkjh o ekalkgkjh [kkuk loz fd;k tkrk gsa oknh us izfroknh dk VªsM ekdz fgyvksu dh cnbjkns ls udy dk i;zvdksa dks duq;wt djus o mudks èkks[ks esa j[kus o Hkzfer djus ds mís'; ls,mksiv fd;k gsa oknh gksvy dh dksbz ceij ifcyflvh Hkkjr es a ugha gs blds foijhr izfroknh lu~ 1948 ls iath;u djkbz gqbz varjk"vªh; gksvy fo'o esa izr;sd ns'kksa esa O;kid rksj ij [;kfr yksdfiz;rk izkir dh gqbz gs vksj ftldh okbzm

4 a Manupatra Intellectual Property Reports (MIPR) ifcyflvh izr;sd ns'k ds i;zvd fohkkx] gokbzvm~mksa ij gs,oa VwfjLV xkbzmcqd esa izdkf'kr dh gqbz gs rfkk bldk ykhk mbkus ds mís'; ls oknh us viuh gksvy dk uke fgyvksu j[kk gsa bl rjg oknh us LosPNk ls izfroknh ds uke o VªsM ekdz dh udy dj viuk gksvy iath;u djk;k gs o gksvy dk O;olk; pyk jgk gs ftls jksds tkus o fgyvksu dk uke oknh ds gksvy ls gvk, tkus ckcr~ izfroknh dk okn oknh ds fo:) èkkjk 105 VªsM ekdz,.m ejdsumkbzt ekdzl,dv dk blh U;k;ky; es a yfecr gsa izfroknh dk Hkkjro"kZ esa dbz LFkkuksa ij gksvy O;kikj Hkkjr o"kz esa flfkr gksvyksa ds dkwykscksjs'ku ls [kksyus dks dk;z py jgk gs rfkk izfroknh us,d fnlecj 1995 dks ubz fnyyh es a flfkr gksvy gksyhms bu Økmu Iykt ds lkfk,xzhesuv dj ubz fnyyh fgyvu uke j[kk gs rfkk Hkkjr o"kz ds eq[; 'kgj cs axyksj] enzkl] dydùkk] dksphu] vgenkckn] t;iqj vksj pamhx<+ es a [kksyus gsrq Hkkjr es a flfkr ikfvz;ks ds lkfk lafonk gqvk gsa ftlesa izfroknh deiuh dks dbz djksm #i;s yxkus dk Iyku gsa oknh us izfroknh deiuh gksvy fgyvu ds uke dh pksjh dj udy dh gsa oknh dk Hkkjr ds vu; i;zvd LFkyksa ij gksvy fgyvksu ds uke ls gksvy [kksyus tk jgk gsa oknh ds vli"v dfku ds vkèkkj ij izfroknh dks gksvy O;olk; [kksyus ls ugha jksdk tk ldrk gsa oknh dks dksbz fcuk;okn isnk ugha gqvk gs rfkk ;g okn U;k;ky; ds {ks=kfèkdkj,ao Jo.kkfèkdkj dk ugha gsa oknh us de dksvz Qhl ij ;g okn izlrqr fd;k gsa oknh us xyr rf;ksa ds vèkkj ij ;g oknizfroknksa ds fo:) izlrqr fd;k gs blfy, izfroknh dks oknh ls fo'ks"k gtkzuk #i;s 11]000@& fnyk;k tkos rfkk fo'ks"k dfku es a tkfgj fd;k fd izfroknh esllz fgyvu buvjus'kuy dksjiksjs'ku vkwq 605 U;w;kdZ] ;w-,l-,- esa flfkr gsa oknh us okni= esa fouk;okn nf'kzr ugha fd;k gs ftlls oknh dk okn vurxzr vkns'k 7] fu;e 11 lh- ih- lh- [kkfjt fd, tkus ;ksx; gsa izfroknh dh rjq ls uksfvl fnukad dks izfroknh ds,vksuhz us dydùkk ls oknh dks izsf"kr fd;k gs rfkk oknh QeZ ds VªsM ekdz ds iath;u ds lacaèk esa vkifrr VªsM ekdz jftlvjh vgenkckn ls izsf"kr dh gs ftlls ;g okn bl U;k;ky; ds {ks=kfèkdkj o Jo.kkfèkdkj dk ugha gs blfy, oknh dk okn [kkfjt fd; tk;sa 3- mhk; i{kdkj.k ds vfhkopuks a ds vkèkkj ij U;k;ky; }kjk fueufyf[kr rudh;kr fojfpr dh xbz% ¼1½ D;k oknh dk gksvy O;olk; lu~ 1973 ls gs rfkk oknh us VªsM ekzd gksvy fgyvksu esa esa<+d dh vkd`fr dk dsfjdspj gksvy O;olk; izkjehk djus ds lkfk gh viuk fy;k Fkk\ ¼2½ D;k oknh mdr VªsM ekdz dk vkwfjtuy buosavj],mksivj] fj;y o Vªw&vksiuyh ;wtj gs\ ¼3½ D;k oknh us fgyvksu uke Vª sm ekdz xyr rksj ij cnbjkns s o fmlvksuslvh izfroknh deiuh] ftldk fd Hkkjr o"kz es a VªkalckMZj o,dlvªk VsfjVksfj;y jsiqvs'ku dks duqw;ut djus,oa izfroknh dh ¼4½ jsiqvs'ku o xqmfoy ls cnrjhds ls ykhk izkir djus ds bjkns ls ;g uke Vª sm ekdz,mkwiv fd;k gs\ D;k oknh vkwfjtuy buosvj fj;y ln~hkkfod o bzekunkjh ls ekdz ¼yksxks½ gksvy fgyvksue; jkwd dk mi;ksx dj jgh Fkh\ ¼5½ D;k gksvy fgyvksu dk iathdj.k dkwihjkbzv dh rjq ua-, @78 fnukad dks djok;k gs rfkk oknh us viuk yksxks gksvy fgyvksu esa mdr fmokbzl vkwq jkwd ds lkfk VsªM ekdz uacj budykt 30 iath;u djk;k Fkk rfkk mlds lqèkkj gsrq izfroknh dks dk;zokgh VªsM ekzd jftlvªh dk;kzy; vgenkckn esa isf.max gs\ ¼6½ ¼7½ D;k oknh us fgyvksu ds eè; gksvy 'kcn vksj vafdr djokdj rfkk ekewyh xzkfqdy ifjorzu djokdj iqu% jftlvs ª'ku djok;k Fkk ftldk uacj fnukad gs vksj mldk ekfyd oknh gs\ D;k oknh deiuh dh rjq ls Jh fou; dqekj dh ;g okn izlrqr djus dk vfèkdkj Fkk\

5 ¼8½ D;k oknh us izfroknh ds VªsM ekdz dh udy i;zvdksa dh DUQw;t dj mudks èkks[kk nsus o Hkzfer djus ds cnbjkns ls dh gs\ ¼9½ D;k oknh us iath;u ds lecuèk esa tkjh fd, x, ekxzn'kzd fl)kur o funsz'kksa dk vogsyuk djrs gq, gksvy fgyvksu ds uheudyspj dks iath;u djk;k gs rfkk xyr vosèk cnbjkns o Nne bjkns ls fgyvksu ds uke dk iz;ksx deiuh ds uke ls dj jgs gs\ ¼10½ D;k izfroknh lu~ 1948 ls iath;u djkbz gqbz varjkz"vªh; gksvy fo'o ds izr;sd ns'kksa ds O;kid rksj ij [;kfr izkir dh gqbz gs ftldh okbzm ifcyflvh izr;sd ns'k ds i;zvd fohkkx] gokbz vm~mks a,oa VwfjLV xkbzml dh gsa mlh dk ykhk mbkus ds y, oknh us viuk uke gksvy fgyvksu j[kk gs rfkk LosPNk ls izfroknh ds uke o VªsM ekdz dk iath;u djk;k gs o gksvy dk O;olk; ¼ikflax vkwq½ pyk jgk gs\ ¼11½ D;k oknh] izfroknh deiuh ds fo:) izfroknh dks Hkkjro"kZ esa gksvy O;kikj vius gksvy fgyvu bavjus'kuy ds uke ls [kksyus ls jksds tkus ckcr~ okn izkir djus dk vfèkdkjh gs\ ¼12½ D;k izfroknh dks VªsM ekdz edszumkbzt ekdzl,dv 1958 ds rgr vkosnui= izlrqr djus dk dksbz vfèkdkj ugha gs\ ¼13½ D;k izfroknh }kjk Hkkjr o"kz ds fdlh Hkh LFkku ij vius uke ls gksvy [kksys tkus ls oknh dks vffkzd {kfr gksxh\ ¼14½ D;k izfroknh us oknh ds VªsM ekdz uke ls feyrs tqyrs uke ls gksvy O;olk;,oa [kk lkexzh foø; djus dk vfèkdkj vius vkpj.k ls os;j dj fn;k gs\ ¼15½ D;k oknh dks izfroknh ds uksfvl fnukad ls ;g okn izlrqr djus dk fcuk; okn izlrqr gqvk gs\ ¼16½ D;k okn U;k;ky; ds izknsf'kd vfèkdkj {ks= esa gs vksj U;k;ky; dks ;g okn lquus dk vfèkdkj gs\ ¼17½ vuqrks"k\ 4- dk;e dh xbz rudh;kr ds lecuèk esa lk{; oknh esa ih-m-a fou; dqekj ds c;ku djok, x,a lk{; izfroknksa esa Mh-M-A jkts'k iathch ds c;ku djok, x,a 5- mhk; i{kdkjku ds fo}ku vfhkhkkodx.k dh cgl vfure lquh xbza dk;e dh xbz rudh;kr ds lecuèk esa U;k;ky; dk fu.kz; izr;sd rudh ij fueu izdkj ls gs% rudh la[;k,d ls Ng rfkk vkb% 6- mijksdr lhkh rufd;k,d nwljs ls lecufèkr gksus ds dkj.k,d lkfk fuf.kzr dh tk jgh gsa rudh la[;k,d] nks] pkj] ikap rfkk Ng dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj oknh ij rfkk rudh la[;k rhu o vkb dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj izfroknh ij FkkA bu rufd;ks a dks lkfcr djus ds fy, oknh dh vksj ls izlrqr xokg ih-m-a fou; dqekj us dfku fd;k gs fd mudh gksvy fgyvksu izkbzosv fyfevsm gksvy gs ftldk iath;u izek.ki= izn'kz gsa nkok fd;k rc mudh gksvy ifcyd fyfevsm Fkh ftls izkbzosv fyfevsm cukus dk izlrko ikfjr fnukad dks fd;k tkdj jftlvªkj vkwq deiuh dks Hkstk x;k FkkA ifcyd fyfevsm deiuh dk lfvzfqdsv izn'kz 2 gsa mlus] mlds HkkbZ rfkk mlds firk th us lu~ 1973 esa vkcwiozr esa gksvy fgyvksu ds uke ls Hkkxhnkjh es O;olk; izkjehk fd;k FkkA mudh gksvy esa lu~ 1973 ls i;zvdksa ds jgokl o Hkkstu dh lqfoèkk,a iznku dh tkrh gsa uxjikfydk dk izek.ki= izn'kz 3 gsa mudh gksvy dk O;olk; lu~ 1973 ls vkt fnu rd cxsj fdlh :dkov ;k O;oèkku ds fu;fer py jgk gsa mdr gksvy O;olk; dks vu; gksvy O;olk; ls vius dks vyx fn[kkus ds fy, rfkk

6 viuh vyx igpku LFkkfir djus ds fy, ^^VªsM ekdz** fgyvksu e; es a<+d dh vkd`fr dk,d dsfjdspl viuk gksvy O;olk; izkjehk djus ds lkfk gh viuk fy;k Fkk ftlds os vksfjtuy buosuvsm,mkwivj fj;y o Vªw vksiuyh ;wtj gs rfkk blh VªsM ekdz ds rjg os vius Lo;a ds rjhds ls,oa vu; [kk fuekzrkvksa ls vyx Lokn] [kq'kcq o fmtkbzu dks febkbz;ka] uedhu] lusdl] duqsd'kujh] cszm o dsd rs;kj dj mldk O;olk; djrs gsa mudh gksvy ds iwoz jlkfèkdkjh Hkxhnkjh QeZ esllz gksvy fgyvksu vksfjtuy buosvsm] fj;y] cksukqkbzmyh o vkwfulvyh rs;kj fd;k x;k yksxks gksvy fgyvksu e; jkwd dk mi;ksx dj jgh gs ftldk jftlvªs'ku fnukad dks djok;k x;k Fkk ftldk izek.k i= izn'kz 4 rfkk,usdlpj izn'kz 5 gsa fnukad dks mdr yksxks gksvy fgyvksu e; mdr fmokbzl vkwq jkwd ds lkfk ^^Vs ªM ekdz** jftlvkmz djok;k Fkk ftlds uecj gs o izek.ki= izn'kz 6 gs ftldk le; ij uohuhdj.k djok;k x;k ftlds izek.k i= izn'kz 7 yxk;r 9 gsa iwoz Hkkxhnkjh QeZ dks deiuht vfèkfu;e ds rgr jftlvªkj deiuht jktlfkku t;iqj ls fnukad dks iathd`r djk gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- ds uke ls iathd`r djok;k ftldh iath;u la[;k @106 gsa fnukad dks deiuht vfèkfu;e ds rgr gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- dk u;k uke gksvy fgyvksu fyfevsm dj fn;k x;k ftldk izek.ki= izn'kz 2 gsa vc ;g deiuh izkbzosv ugha jgha iwoz Hkkxsnkjh QeZ esllz gksvy fgyvksu ds VªsM ekdz esa tks gd o vfèkdkj fufgr Fks] os gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- dks LokfeRo esa izkir gks x, FksA gksvy fgyvksu izk- fy- us mdr VªsM ekdz o fmokbzl vkwq jkwd o 'kcn fgyvksu ds eè; gksvy 'kcn vksj vafdr djokdj rfkk ekewyh xzkfqdy ifjorzu djokdj iqu% jftlvsª'ku djok;k Fkk ftldk uecj fnukad gs tks izn'kz 10 gsa mugksaus fgyvksu dk buoas'ku blfy, fd;k gs D;ksafd mudh gksvy dh ckm.mªhoky esa dkqh pv~vkus gs] dbz :e es a Hkh pv~vkus izkd`frd :i ls ekstwn gs rfkk dbz dejks a es a pv~vkus nhokj ds :i es a mi;ksx esa vk jgh gs rfkk pkjksa vksj igkfm+;ksa dk n`'; gksus ls,oa deiu gksus ij gksvy ds dejksa esa Hkh igkm+h dk vkhkkl gksrk gsa mudh deiuh lu~ 1973 ls mdr yksxks dk mi;ksx dj jgh gsa VwfjTe fohkkx dks iqflrdk izn'kz 12 esa Hkh esa<+duqek VkWMjkWd dk fp= vk;k gqvk gsa mudh gksvy dh pv~vkuksa dh QksVks izn'kz 13 yxk;r 20 gsa mudks gksvy esa fufezr [kk lkexzh fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k izkir dqd }kjk rs;kj dh tkrh gsa mudh gksvy ds jslvksjsuv dk uke ^^gkumh** ckj :e dk uke dykyh rfkk gs;j MSªllZ :e dk uke ^^ukiv** gs tks fdlh Hkh gksvy ls mudh gksvy dks vyx crkrk gsa mudh gksvy esa blrseky dh tkus okys [kk inkfkz lkekxzh vkfn muds Lo;a ds Msoyi fd, gq, gs mudh gksvy esa vu; fons'kh gksvyksa dh rjg lh&qwm br;knh loz ugha fd, tkrs gsa mudh gksvy esa Bgjus okys o [kk lkexzh [kkus oky xzkgd gksvy fgyvu buvjus'kuy ds uke ls fnxhkzfer gksrs gsa izfroknh us fnuakd dks uksfvl iz sf"kr djokdj èkedh nh fd Hkfo"; es a bl uke dk iz;ksx er djuka mudh gksvy ds VªsM ekdz dks fujlr djokus ds fy, izfroknh us dk;zokgh dh Fkh ftl dk;zokgh dks buvysdpqvy izksivhz vihysv cksmz us fnukad dks [kkfjt dj fn;k ftlds fu.kz; dh izekf.kr izfrfyfi izn'kz 21 gsa mudh gksvy dk eseksjs.me vkwq vkfvzdy izn'kz 23 rfkk ehuw dkmz izn'kz 24 gs uxjikfydk ls fn, x, i= O;ogkj izn'kz 25 o 26 gsa izfrijh{kk esa xokg us dfku fd;k gs fd ;g lgh gs fd mudh gksvy fgyvksu,oa fgyvksu bavjus'kuy ds uke o 'kcnksa esa vurj gsa mudh gksvy fgyvu igkm+h vkokl dh bamhdsv djrh gs ysfdu izfroknh dh fgyvu igkmh ls bamhdsv ugha djrh gsa mls tkudkjh ugha gs fd izfroknh gksvy dh ifcyflvh izr;sd ns'k ds i;zvu fohkkx] gokbz vm~mksa] VwfjLV xkbzm cqd esa izdkf'kr gqbz gsa uksfvl izo'kz,&1 mls izkir gqvk FkkA mudk ikvuzjf'ki QeZ dks mugksaus izkbzosv fyfevsm deiuh cuk fn;ka mls tkudkjh ugha gs fd izkbzosv fyfevsm deiuh cukus ds ckn dkwihjkbzv djk;k ;k ugha gsa ;g lgh gs fd mls o"kz 1973 ls

7 gksvy fgyvksu ekdkz dk dksbz Hkh fcy ;k buokbzl is'k ugha fd;k gsa vkt [kqn dgk fd uxjikfydk dk izek.ki= izn'kz 3 is'k fd;k gsa mlus ifcyflvh ij tks [kpkz fd;k gs mldk dksbz fglkc Hkh i=koyh ij is'k ugha fd;k gsa o"kz 1973 ls vkt rd fdlh Hkh O;fDr] O;kikjh,oa vu; fdlh iz=dkj us mls ;g ugha crk;k fd gksvy fgyvu bavjus'kuy tks izfroknh dk gs mlls vkidk dksbz lecuèk gs ;k ughaa 7- Mh- M-A jkts'k iatkch us dfku fd;k gs fd ;g izfroknh deiuh esa okbzl izsft+msav gs rfkk mls bu okn ds leiw.kz rf;ksa dks tkudkjh gs rfkk deiuh us mls c;ku nsus gsrq vfèkd`r dj j[kk gsa izfroknh deiuh 1948 dks LFkkfir dh xbz Fkh tks,d vurzjk"vªh; gksvy gs ftldh Mk;jsDVjh izn'kz,&2 gsa izfroknh gksvy dh yksdfiz;rk dk ykhk mbkus ds fy, oknh us viuh gksvy dk uke fgyvksu j[kk gs rfkk oknh us VªsM ekdz dks udy dj vius gksvy dk fnukad dks jftlvªs'ku djok;k gsa oknh esa<+d dh vkd`fr dk vksfjtuy buosuvj],mksivj] fj;y o vksfjtuy ;wtj ugha gs cfyd oknh us fgyvu uke] VªsM ekdz xyr rksj ij cnbjkns o fmlvkuslvh ls j[kk gs rfkk izfroknh dks Hkkjr o"kz es a VªkUlcksMZj o vurjk"vªh; jsiqvs'ku dks duq;wt djus ds fy, rfkk mldh xqmfoy dk ykhk mbkus ds fy, ;g uke o VªsM ekdz,mksiv fd;k gsa oknh gksvy dk O;olk; lu~ 1973 ls ugha dj jgk gsa izfroknh us VªsM ekdz vgenkckn esa viuh vkifùk izlrqr dh Fkh ftls mls fcuk lquokbz dk volj fn, gh fnukad dks fuf.kzr dj fn;k ftldh fjv Lis'ky flfoy,iyhds'ku xqtjkr gkbzdksvz esa isaf.mx gsa izfroknh us oknh ds fo:) VªsMekdZ,.M edszaumkbztm ekdz,dv ds rjg okn izlrqr fd;k Fkk tks [kkfjt gks pqdk gsa tc okn izlrqr fd;k ml odr izfroknh dk ekmuvvkcq esa gksvy [kksyus dk dksbz izlrko ugha FkkA izfroknh us tokcnkos ds lkfk gksvy,.m jslvksjsuv xkbzm uke xzqi izn'kz,&3] fgyvu ds fons'k ds VªsM ekdz jftlvªs'ku izn'kz,&4] izeks'kuy esfvfj;y gksvy fgyvu buvjus'kuy ds lecuèk esa iziksty inz'k,&6 o,&7 rfkk fgyvu buvjus'kuy dh Hkkjrh; VªsM ekdz jftlvªs'ku izek.k i= dks izfrfyfi izn'kz,&8 izlrqr dh gsa izfrijh{kk esa xokg us dfku fd;k gs fd mlus i=koyh ij,slk dksbz vfkksfjvh ysdj is'k ugha fd;k gssa ftlls mls c;ku nsus ds fy, vfèkd`r fd;k x;k gksa t;ariky iq= fgeka'kq iky dks bl nkos ds fy, ikoj vkwq,vksuhz nh xbz gksxh rks fjdkwmz ij gksxha i=koyh ij,slh dksbz ikoj vkwq,vksuhz is'k ugha gsa Mk;jsDVjh izn'kz,&2 o"kz 2003&2004 esa rs;kj dh xbz gksxha lu~ 1970 esa ;k blls iwoz bafm;k esa mudh gksvy ugha FkhA og gksvy fgyvksu vkcwiozr ij ugha x;ka ;g lgh gs fd mudh gksvy dk uke o oknh gksvy dk uke feyrk&tqyrk gs blfy, vke vkneh duqw;wt gksrk gs ;g lgh gs fd izfroknh us oknh ds f[kykq VªsM ekdz,ao dkwihjkbzv dk;zokgh dh Fkh] tks [kkfjt gqbz ;k ugha mls irk ughaa ;g lgh gs fd izn'kz,&7 }kjk [kkfjt gks pqdk gsa 8- cgl ds nksjku oknh ds vfèkodrk us tkfgj fd;k fd oknh dk lk{; ls oknh rudh la[;k,d] nks] pkj] ikap o Ng lkfcr djus esa lqy jgk gsa oknh lu~ 1973 ls gksvy dk O;olk; dj jgk gs rfkk oknh us lu~ 1973 es a vkcwizor es a gksvy fgyvksu uke ls Hkkxhnkjh O;olk; 'k: fd;k FkkA lu~ 2003 esa oknh gksvy dks izkbzosv fyfevsm cukus dk izlrko ikfjr dj mldk jftlvsª'ku djok;k x;k Fkk ftldk jftlvªs'ku lfvzfqdsv izn'kz 2 i=koyh ij gsa uxjikfydk }kjk tkjh izek.ki= izn'kz 3 i=koyh ij gs ftlesa Hkh oknh gksvy lu~ 1973 ls O;olk; dj jgh Fkh] ;g rf; vafdr gs ftldk dksbz [k.mu iz=koyh ij ugha gsa deiuht,dv ds rgr djk;k x;k jftlvªs'ku izek.ki= izn'kz 4 i=koyh ij gs ftldk,usdlj izn'kz 5 i=koyh ij gsa VªsM,.M edszumkbzt ekdzl,dv 1958 ds rgr djok;k x;k jftlvsª'ku izek.ki= izn'kz 6 i=koyh ij gsa oknh }kjk le; ij djok,

8 x, fjuqoy ds izek.kd izn'kz 7 yxk;r 9 i=koyh ij gsa izkbzosv fyfevsm deiuh cukus ds i'pkr~ oknh us vius VªsM ekdz o yksxks esa ekewyh ifjorzu dk jftlvsª'ku djok;k Fkk ftldk izfr izn'kz 10 i=koyh ij gsa VwfjLV xkbzm es a VkWMjkWd dk o.kzu gs rfkk oknh dd gksvy es a izkd`frd :i ls pv~vkus gs ftuds QksVks izn'kz 13 yxk;r izn'kz 20 i=koyh ij gsa oknh vius VªsM ekdz dk vkwfjtuy buos ZVj],MksIVj] fj;y o Vªw&vksiuyh ;wtj gsa mlus izfroknh deiuh ds VªsM ekdz dk xyr rjhds ls ;wt ugha fd;k gsa og bl Vª sm ekdz dk vksfjtuy ;wtj gsa izfroknh deiuh dh vksj ls Vª sm ekdz ls lacafèkr buvsdpqvy izksivhz vihysv cksmz ds le{k vihy izlrqr dh xbz Fkh ftldk fu.kz; oknh ds i{k esa gqvk Fkk ftldks izekf.kr izfrfyfi izn'kz 21 gsa izfroknh deiuh us oknh ds O;olk; dks QSyus ls jksdus ds fy, tks uksfvl izn'kz,&1 tkjh fd;k Fkk og tkjh djus dk mls dksbz vfèkdkj ugha FkkA izfroknh deiuh dh vksj ls tks tokcnkok t;uriky dh vksj ls izlrqr fd;k x;k gs og tokcnkok Jh t;uriky dks izlrqr djus dk dksbz vfèkdkj ugha Fkk] D;ksafd t;uriky dks vfèkd`r fd;k x;k gks],slk dksbz izek.ki= i=koyh ij ugha gs rfkk izfroknh dh vksj ls xokg Mh M-A jkts'k iatkch us lk{; nh gs tks lk{; i<+h ugha tk ldrh gs] D;ksafd jkts'k iatkch dh vksj ls c;ku nsus ds fy, vfèkd`r djus dk dksbz vkns'k i=koyh ij izlrqr ugha fd;k x;k gs rfkk jkts'k iatkch us tks lk{; nh gs og rf;ksa dks foijhr lk{; nh gs rfkk mlus ;g dfku fd;k gs fd mls tkudkjh ugha gsa vr% mijksdr rdfufd;ka oknh ds i{k esa fuf.kzr dh tkosa vius rdksza ds lefkzu esa oknh ds vfèkodrk us U;kf;d o`"vkur,- vkbz- vkj- 1991] fnyyh] ist 25] esllz fuczks fyfevsm cuke us'kuy bu';ksjsul deiuh fyfevsm izlrqr fd;ka 9- cgl ds nksjku izfroknhx.k ds vfèkodrk us tkfgj fd;k fd oknh gksvy lu~ 1973 ls O;olk; dj jgk gksa,slk dksbz nlrkosn ftles a fcy] deiuh dk fglkc br;knh gks] lk{; es a izlrqr ugha fd;k x;k gs rfkk oknh gksvy dk Vs ªM ekdz] gksvy fgyvksu] es a es<+d dh vkd`fr dk dsfjdspj dk oknh vkwfjtuy buosavj],mksivj] fj;y o Vªw&vksiuyh ;wtj gs] bl lecuèk esa dksbz Bksl lk{; i=koyh ij ugha gsa izfroknh gksvy dh izfr"bk o lk[k dks ns[kdj oknh us izfroknh dh gksvy dk uke ;wt dj yksxksa dks du ;wt djus dk iz;kl fd;k gs ftlls dh izfroknh ds gksvy dh lk[k ds vkèkkj ij viuk gksvy pyk;k tk ldsa oknh gksvy iwoz esa ikvuzjfli Fkh tks ckn esa izkbosv fyfevsm gks xbz ftldk mugksaus Vs ªM ekdz ds jftlvªs'ku es a ifjorzu djok;k gks],slh dksbz lk{; i=koyh ij ugha gsa buvsdpqvy izksivhz vihysvcksmz us vihy dk fu.kz; izfroknh dks lqus cxsj dj fd;k Fkk] bl lecuèk esa xqtjkr gkbzdksvz esa izkfkzuki= yfecr gsa izfroknh gksvy lu~ 1948 ls fgyvu ds VsªM ekdz dk mi;ksx] dj jgh gsa oknh gksvy }kjk izfroknh ds gksvy dk uke ;wt djus ds dkj.k uksfvl izn'kz,&1 fn;k x;k Fkk rfkk oknh gksvy dks dksbz okndj.k mriuu ugha gksrk gsa izfroknh gksvy }kjk fgyvu dk VsªM ekdz 1948 ls ;wt djus ds dkj.k oknh bl VsªM ekdz dks ;wt ugha dj ldrk gsa vius rdksza ds lefkzu es a mugks aus fueukfdar U;kf;d n`"vkur izlrqr fd,% ¼1½ 1996] ih-vh-lh- ¼16½ lwizhe dksv] ist 583],u-vkj- Mks axjs cuke oyzqwy dkwiks Zjs'kuA ¼2½ ih-vh-lh- ¼lIyhes avjh½¼1½ 720] ¼fnYyh½ ¼Mh- ch-½ ls apqjh Vs ªMlZ cuke jks'kuyky vksj nqxxm+ o vu;a 10- mhk; i{kksa ds rdksza ij euu fd;k x;k,oa i=koyh dk voyksdu fd;k x;ka i=koyh ds voyksdu ls ;g Li"V gs fd oknh gksvy }kjk lu~ 1973 ls gksvy fgyvksu fyfevsm ds uke ls O;olk; fd;k tk jgk Fkk rfkk fnukad dks mdr deiuh izkbzosv fyfevsm deiuh cu xbz] bl lecuèk es izekui= in'kza 1 o 2 i=koyh ij gs rfkk 1973 ls O;ko;k; djus dks lecuèk esa uxjikfydk dk izzek.ki= izn'kz 3 i=koyh ij gsa bl dkj.k ls fdlh izdkj ds fcy] buokbzl vkfn

9 Z a Manupatra Intellectual Property Reports (MIPR) dks izlrqr djus dh dksbz vko';drk ugha FkhA oknh gksvy VsªM ekdz es<+d dh vkd`fr dk dsfjdspj gksvy O;olk; djus rfkk mdr VsªM ekdz dks vkwfjtuy buoszavj],mhivj] fj;y o Vªw&vksiuyh ;wtj gs rfkk bl lecuèk esa i=koyh ij i;kzir lk{; gsa oknh gksvy esa igkmh pv~vkusa br;knh gs ftlds QksVksxzk l i=koyh ij gs rfkk blh vkèkkj ij gksvy dk uke fgyvksu j[kk gqvk gs rfkk oknh gksvy vius Lo;a ds rjhds ls vu; [kk fuekzrkvksa ls vyx [kk lkexzh dk fuekz.k dj mldk O;olk; djrk gsa bl VsªM ekdz ds rgr gh oknh gksvy us jftlvªs'ku iznz'k 6 jftlvmz djok j[kk gs,oa le; ij bldk uohuhdj.k Hkh djok;k x;k gsa oknh gksvy ds fo:) buvsdpqvy izksivhz vihysv cksmz ds le{k izfroknh us vihy dh dh ftldk fu.kz; izfroknh deiuh ds fo:) gqvk Fkk tks izn'kz 21 i=koyh ij gsa oknh gksvy ds fo:) VsªM ekdz,oa eds aumkbzt,dv ds rgr izlrqr fd;k x;k okn izn'kz,&7 [kkfjt gks pqdk gsa oknh us izfroknh ds VsªM ekdz dh udy ugha dh gs rfkk u gh i;zvdks a dks duq;wt ;k èkks[kk nsus dk iz;kl fd;k gsa D;ks afd bl lecuèk es a izfroknh us fdlh izdkj dh dksbz Bksl lk{; i=koyh ij izlrqr ugha dh gsa vr% rudh la[;k,d] nks] pkj] ikap o Ng oknh ds i{k esa rfkk] izfroknhx.k ds fo:),oa rudh la[;k rhu rfkk vkb izfroknhx.k ds fo:) o oknh ds i{k esa fuf.kzr dh tkrh gsa rudh la[;k lkr% 11- bl rudh dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj oknh ij FkkA oknh dh vksj ls izlrqr xokg ih- M- fou; dqekj us viuh lk{; ds nksjku oknh deiuh }kjk fy;k x;k izlrko izn'kz dks lkfcr djok;k gs ftlls ;g lkfcr gs fd oknh deiuh us fou; dqekj dks ;g okn izlrqr djus gsrq vfèkd`r dj j[kk gsa vr% ;g rudh oknh ds i{k esa rfkk izfroknhx.k ds fo:) fuf.kzr dh tkrh gsa rudh la[;k nl% 12- bl rudh dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj izfroknhx.k ij Fkk] ijurq izfroknhx.k dh vksj ls izlrqr xokg Mh M- jkts'k iatkch us viuh lk{; es a izfroknh deiuh dk iathdj.k lu~ 1948 es a gksus dk dfku fd;k gs] ijurq bl lecuèk esa mlus fdlh izdkj dk nlrkostksa dks lk{; i=koyh ij izlrqr ugha dh gs rfkk mldh lk{; ls ;g Hkh lkfcr ugha gs fd oknh us izfroknh dks ifcfyflvh dk ykhk mbkus ds fy, viuh gksvy dk uke fgyvksu j[kk gs rfkk bl dkj.k ls mlus izfroknh gksvy ds uke o VsªM ekdz dk iath;u djk;k gks\] vr% ;g rudh izfroknhx.k ds fo:) o oknh ds i{k esa fuf.kzr dh tkrh gsa rudh la[;k ckjg o pksng% 13- mijksdr nksuksa rufd;ksa dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj oknh ij Fkk] ijurq oknh dh vksj ls bu rufd;ksa dks lkfcr djus gsrq fdlh izdkj dh dksbz Bksl i=koyh ij izlrqr ugha dh xbz gsa vr% mijksdr nksuks rufd;ka oknh ds fo:) rfkk izfroknhx.k ds i{k esa fuf.kzr dh tkrh gsa rudh la[;k iunzg o lksyg% 14- mijksdr nksuks a rufd;ka,d&nwljs ls lacafèkr gksus ds dkj.k,d&lkfk fuf.kzr dh tk jgh gsa mdr nksuks a rufd;ks a dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj oknh ij FkkA oknh dks vksj ls izlrqr xokg ih- Mh fou; dqekj dks lk{; ls ;g rf; lkfcr gs fd izfroknh deiuh dh vksj ls oknh ls oknh dks uksfvl izn'kz,&1 fn;k x;k Fkk rfkk mlds vkèkkj ij oknh dks okgdkj.k mriuu gqvk gs rfkk og uksfvl oknh dks vkcwiozr esa izkir gqvk gs,ao vkcwiozr esa oknh gksvy }kjk O;olk; fd;k tk jgk gs] blfy, ;g okn bl

10 Z Manupatra Intellectual Property Reports (MIPR) U;k;ky; ds Jo.k {ks=kfèkdkj gsa vr% mijksdr nksuksa rufd;ka oknh ds i{k esa rfkk izfroknhx.k ds fo:) fuf.kzr dh tkrh gsa rudh la[;k X;kjg o rsjg% 15- bu rufd;ka dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj oknh ij FkkA pwafd oknh rudh la[;k,d] nks] pkj o ikap o Ng dks lkfcr djus es a lqy jgk gs vr%,slh flfkfr es a izfroknh deiuh Hkkjro"kZ es a fdlh Hkh LFkku ij vius uke ls gksvy [kksyrh gs rks blls oknh dks vkffkzd {kfr dkfjr gksxha vr% mijksdr nksuks rufd;k oknh ds i{k eas rfkk izfroknhx.k ds fo:) fuf.kzr dh tkrh gsa rudh la[;k l=g% 16- mijksdr foospu ls ;g Li"V gs fd oknh dk okn fo:) izfroknhx.k fmøh fd, tkus ;ksx; gsa vkns'k 17- oknh }kjk izlrqr nkok fo:) izfroknhx.k fmøh fn;k tkdj bl vk'k; dh?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gs fd oknh dks fnyk;k x;k uksfvl fnukad fofèk fo:) gksus ls uksfvl dks 'kwu; o vosèk?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gs rfkk izfroknhx.k dks tfj, LFkkbZ fu"ksèkkk ikcun fd;k tkrk gs fd os Hkfo"; esa oknh dks gksvy fgyvksu dk uke mi;ksx ugha djus dh èkedh ugha ns rfkk oknh }kjk jftlvmz VsªM ekdz ds vurxzr cukbztkus okyh [kk lkexzh ds fuekz.k o foø; esa izfroknh fdlh izdkj dh ckèkk mriuu ugh djs rfkk izfroknh Hkkjr ds fdlh izkur es a oknh ds jftlvmz VsªM ekdz gksvy fgyvksu vfkok mles afdlh izdkj dh rksm+ QksM+ dj fdlh rjg ds Hkzked yksxks o ekdz dk mi;ksx dj oknh dk gksvy gksus dk duqw;t djrs gq, mi;ksx o mihkksx es a ugha yk, rfkk fdlh vu; Hkkjrh; lalfkkuks a ds lkfk lg;ksx dj,sls MwIyhdsV Vs ªM ekdz ds rjg gksvy,oa [kk inkfkks a ds O;olk; dk lapkyu ugha djs aa okn O;; i{kdkjku viuk&viuk ogu djsaxsa mdrkuqlkj fmøh ipkz cuk;k tkosa ¼ujsUnz flag <<~<k½ 23@4@10 vij ftyk U;k;k/kh k ¼Rofjr½] vkcw jksm+ 18- fu.kz; o vkns k vkt fnuk d 23 vizsy] 2010 dks fy[k;k tkdj [kqys U;k;ky; esa lquk;k x;ka ¼ujsUnz flag <<~<k½ 23@4@10 vij ftyk U;k;k/kh k ¼Rofjr½] vkcw jksm+

11 IN THE COURT OF ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE (FAST TRACK), MOUNT ABU, SIROHI (RAJASTHAN) The Presiding Officer : Sh. Narender Singh Dhaddha, R.H.J.S. Civil Original Suit No. : 02/2008 M/s Hotel Hilltone Ltd., Opposite to Bus Stand, Mount Abu (Rajasthan) registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 through its Director, Shri Vinaykumar S/o Shri Jagdish Prasad Agrawal, Caste Agrawal, aged 43 years R/o. Mount Abu, District Sirohi Plaintiff Versus M/s. Hilton International Corporation of 605, III Avenue, One Wall Street Court, 10 th floor, New York N.Y USA Shri M.S. Daswani through M/s Daswani & Daswani Patent & Trade Mark Attornies Jaba Kusum House, First Floor, 34, Chitranjan Avenue, Kolkata duly Constituted Attorney for Defendants M/s Hilton International, HLT International, IPLLC Defendants SUIT FOR RESTRAINING ORDER AND MANDATORY INJUNCTION UNDER THE TRADE & MERCHANDISE ACT, 1958 Presence: 1. Shri Ishwarlal Acharya, Advocate for the Plaintiff 2. Shri Ajit Kumar Shah, Advocate for the Defendants JUDGMENT DATED: 23 APRIL, M/s. Hotel Hilltone Limited, Mount Abu, the Plaintiff-hotel herein has filed the instant suit for issue of restrain Order and mandatory injunction against M/s Hilton International Corporation and Others under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, In reference to the fact that one of the Plaintiff company, is situated at Mount Abu, which is popular and operational since years, the name of which is Hotel Hilltone, which providing of food and lodging to the tourists against charges and the said hotel business is running since 1973 without any interruption and obstruction, making progress day by day. In order to achieve a unique identity in the hotel business and to mark difference in the hotel business from that of the others, the Plaintiff had adopted a trade mark of Hilltone with a caricature of frog right since beginning of the business. The Plaintiff is the original inventor, adopter and real and true openly user of the above trade mark with its artistic work and the Plaintiff under this trade mark has been manufacturing sweets, namkeen, snacks and confectionary of different tastes, aroma and design and also deals in business of the same. The business of above hotel running since 1973, which was initially started by partnership firm M/s Hotel Hilltone in Mount Abu, dealing in the business of manufacturing and sale of sweets, namkeen, snacks, confectionary (made of wheat flour, rice and pulses) bread and cakes, etc. and the Plaintiff s erstwhile partnership firm was using the logogram of Hotel Hilltone with rock and the above Hotel Hilltone was registered vide Copyright No. A21060/78 on 1 st August, The predecessor partnership

12 firm, Hotel Hilltone, got its logogram registered on 19 th October, 1982 under the trade mark of Hilltone with above device of rock vide Trade mark No The above partnership firm of the Plaintiff was registered under Section 23(1) of the Companies Act before the Registrar of Companies, Rajasthan (Jaipur) on 25 th September, 1984 successor private limited company under the name and style of Hotel Hilltone Private whose Registration No On 29 th June, 1995, under the Companies Act, Hotel Hilltone Pvt. Ltd. was changed to a new name of Hotel Hilltone Ltd., and then it no longer remained private, and whose No. is 17-03/106. Presently the Directors of the Company are Sh. Jagdish Prasad Agarwal, Sh. Vinod Kumar Agrawal and Sh. Vinay Kumar Agrawal, partners of the erstwhile partnership firm. Hotel Hilltone Pvt. Ltd. thus got the right and title in ownership, which were earlier vested in the Trade mark No of the erstwhile partnership firm, M/s Hotel Hilltone. Hotel Hilltone Pvt. Ltd. again got the above trade mark was registered with a change of insertion of a word Hotel between the device of rock and Hilltone with minor graphical change under No dated, 18 th July, Hotel Hilltone Ltd. has got the same right and title under this trade mark and logogram which the erstwhile partnership firm Hotel Hilltone Pvt. Ltd. had and it is the legal owner of this trade mark and logo. The Plaintiff Company has authorised Sh. Vinay Kumar Agrawal, Director of the firm, by passing a resolution in connection with filing a suit under Trade marks Act and to take necessary action in this regard. The Plaintiff s hotel has many rocks within the boundary of the hotel and some natural rocks can be seen even in the rooms of the hotel which are used as walls of the rooms. The hotel is surrounded with natural beauty of hills and its room being situated in a hilly area make one feel like being among hills during vibrations in the hills. This is why the Plaintiff and its predecessor partnership firm have been using the above logogram of Hilltone and rock as a symbol of their hotel business since The Plaintiff s hotel is a three star hotel, and the interior decoration of the hotel has been designed keeping in view the Indian culture and traditional Indian designs which distinguishes the Plaintiff-hotel from other hotels. Apart from that, the style of serving the food to its guest is also very traditional which distinguishes the Plaintiff s hotel from the Defendant s hotel or any other hotel of the world. The food items which are prepared in the Plaintiff s hotel are not prepared in any hotel of the Defendant situated in other countries. The Plaintiff has got registered the logogram of Hilltone with device of rock under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act for its own manufactured and edible items for sale. Plaintiff-Hotel is very famous and popular all over the world since long. The Defendant does not have even a single hotel in India. After a long period of 20 years of business of the Plaintiff since 1973 and after registration of the trade marks and logogram of the Plaintiff-Hotel in 1993, the Defendant raised its objection for the first time in 1993 before the Assistant Registrar, Office of the Registrar of Marks, Ahmedabad. With the service of a notice upon the Plaintiff on 27 th July, 1995, the Defendant has threatened the Plaintiff to stop the use of the name of Hilltone and to give an undertaking to the effect that the Plaintiff will never do business under the name of Hilltone, it was sufficient for the Plaintiff to believe that the Defendant wants to start hotel business under the name of Hilltone in any city of India and infringe the Plaintiff s legal and constitutional

13 rights and by taking undue advantage of the Plaintiff s reputation, the Defendant may cause financial and legal loss, and it may result into irreparable financial loss and mental agony to the Plaintiff. The Defendant has illegally filed his Applications Nos , and under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act posing him as a big foreign power by ignoring and disobeying the rules framed in this behalf. The Plaintiff intends to open some more hotels at different places of the country under the name and style of Hotel Hilltone. If the Defendant is not restrained from going ahead with its plan, the righteous Plaintiff will not be able to start its hotel business at other places where the Defendant has declared to open its hotel and once the hotels are opened, the Plaintiff will suffer heavy financial losses leading to further litigation between the parties. It is necessary to restrain the Defendant from doing hotel business under the name and style of Hotel Hilltone or with a name similar to that of the Plaintiff-Hotel. If the Defendant is not restrained and it continuous to carry out business under the name and style of Hilltone in India, the Plaintiff would be forced to suffer irreparable loss which is beyond valued. Cause of action for the Plaintiff arose when in 1993 the Defendant filed its objection on the Trade name and in July 1995 when the Plaintiff received a notice dated, 27 th July, 1995 from Defendant. The Defendant raised its objection with regard to trade name of the Plaintiff and filed its application for cancellation of its trade name in Ahmedabad. Notice was served upon the Plaintiff in Mount Abu on 27 th July, Since, the Plaintiff s business is also in Mount Abu, hence the suit is within the jurisdiction of the Court etc. etc. 2. Defendant filed its written statement denying the facts of the plaint and stated therein that the Plaintiff has not mentioned the reasons why the Plaintiff and its predecessor adopted the name Hilltone. Defendant further stated that the Plaintiff has wrongly and dishonestly adopted this mark and name of the Defendant-company with mala fide intention to create confusion about the trans-border and extra-territorial reputation of the Defendant company in India and to take undue advantage of the reputation and goodwill of the Defendant. The Plaintiff got its logogram of Hilltone with above device of rock registered vide Trade mark No in class 30 and the action taken by the Defendant for modification of the same is pending in the Trade Marks Registry office, Ahmedabad. This statement was denied that Hotel Hilltone Pvt. Ltd. again got the above trade mark registered with a change by inserting a word Hotel between the device of rock and Hilltone with minor graphical change. The Plaintiff-Hotel in order to get the above trade mark registered did file an application in the registry office, bearing Application No dated, 18 th July, 1988 and about which the Defendant came to know for the first time in October 1992 by a Trade Mark Journal dated, 1 st October, As soon as the Defendant came to know about it, an objection was filed by the Defendant in the Trade Marks Registry office, Ahmedabad vide No. ADM-558. The Trade Marks Registry, Ahmedabad set aside the objection of the Defendant on 22 nd September, 1995 and without giving opportunity of being heard to the Defendant, wrongly and arbitrarily permitted the Plaintiff to get the above trade mark registered in its favour. Being aggrieved with the Judgment, the Defendant filed an appeal before the Hon ble Gujarat High Court on 22 nd December, 1995 which is now pending adjudication.

14 Rectification Proceedings filed by the Defendant in connection with Trade Mark No is also pending in the Trade Mark Registry, Ahmedabad. Sh. Vinay Kumar Agrawal, Director has no right to file this suit on behalf of the Plaintiff-Hotel and it had not produced any resolution along with the suit; hence, the suit since filed without authority is liable to be dismissed. The Plaintiff has wrongly and dishonestly adopted the name and trade mark of the Defendant with mala fide intention to take undue advantage of popularity of an international company in India. The motto of the Plaintiff- Company behind adopting the name and trade mark of the Defendant is to create confusion among the tourists and to take undue advantage of undisputed goodwill and reputation of the Defendant company. Defendant hotel, Hilton International, has 125 branches in various main cities of the world, where different varieties of vegetarian and non-vegetarian food is are served in accordance to taste and demand of the guests. The Plaintiff has adopted the trade mark of Hilltone of the Defendant by copying it with mala fide intention to confuse the tourists and deceive them. The Plaintiff-Hotel has no bumper publicity in India, whereas Defendant is an International Hotel company which was registered in 1948 having its business and enjoying popularity in almost each and every country all over the world. Its wide publicity can be seen in tourism department and airports of each country and in the tourist guide-books also. The Plaintiff has adopted the name Hilltone with a mala fide intention to take undue advantage of the same. Thus, the Plaintiff has willingly copied and adopted the name and trade mark of the Defendants and got its hotel registered and now is running hotel under that name. The Defendant has filed a case under Section 105 of the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act against the Plaintiff for restraining the Plaintiff from using Defendant s hotel s name and removal of the same from the Plaintiff s Hotel s name, which is pending before this Hon ble Court. The Defendant is in the process to start hotel business in collaboration with other hotels situated in India. Recently, on 1 st December, 1995 the Defendant entered into an agreement with Hotel Holiday Inn, Crown Plaza, New Delhi under the name New Delhi, Hilton and has also entered into agreement with other parties to open hotels in different main cities of India like Bangalore, Madras, Kolkata, Cochin, Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Chandigarh and the Defendant is planning to invest crores of rupees in this business. The Plaintiff has copied the Defendant s trade name. The Plaintiff neither has any intention to open new hotels in other tourist places of India under the name of Hilltone, nor it is planning to start any other hotel. On the basis of ambiguous ground taken by the Plaintiff, it would be unjustified to restrain the Defendant from starting hotel business. No cause of action has arisen for the Plaintiff to file such a suit and this Hon ble Court has no jurisdiction to try this suit. The Plaintiff has paid deficient Court fee for the suit, filed against the Defendant on the wrong facts. Thus, the Defendant deserves special compensation of Rs. 11,000 from the Plaintiff. The Defendant in its specific statement has stated that the Defendant, M/s Hilton International Corporation of 605 New York is situated in USA. The Plaintiff has not shown cause of action in the suit petition, thus, the Plaintiff s suit is liable to be rejected under Order VII, Rule 11 CPC. Defendant s Attorney sent a notice to the Plaintiff-Hotel on behalf of the Defendant on 27 th July, 1995 from Kolkata and sent an objection with regard

15 to registration of trade mark of the Plaintiff s firm in the office of Trade Mark Registry, Ahmedabad. Thus, this suit is beyond the jurisdiction of this Court and hence, it cannot be tried in this Court. The Plaintiff s suit, thus, deserves to be rejected. 3. On the basis of the pleadings of both the parties, the Court framed the following issues: 1. Whether the Plaintiff s hotel is being run since 1973 and the Plaintiff had adopted the trade mark of hotel Hilltone with a caricature of frog in the beginning of the business? 2. Whether the Plaintiff is the original inventor, adopter and a real and true openly user of the above trade marks? 3. Whether the Plaintiff has wrongly and dishonestly adopted this name and trade mark of the Defendant with mala fide intention to create confusion about the transborder and extra territorial reputation of the Defendant company in India and to take undue advantage of the reputation and goodwill of the Defendant? 4. Whether the Plaintiff was honestly using the mark (logo) of Hotel Hilltone with rock as original inventor with bona fide intention? 5. Whether Registration of Hotel Hilltone was done like Copyright No. A201060/78 dated, 1 st August, 1978 and the Plaintiff got its logogram Hotel Hilltone with a device of rock vide Trade mark No in class 30 and the action taken by the Defendant for amending the same is pending in the Trade marks Registry, Ahmedabad? 6. Whether the Plaintiff has got its logo re-registered by inserting Hotel word with Hilltone with minor graphical changes vide No dated, 18 th July, 1988 and the owner of which is the Plaintiff? 7. Whether Sh. Vinay Kumar has right to file the instant suit on behalf of the Plaintiff company? 8. Whether the Plaintiff has copied the trade mark of the Defendant with a mala fide intention to confuse and deceive the tourists? 9. Whether the Plaintiff has registered the nomenclature of Hotel Hilltone by violating the guiding principles and instructions which are issued with regard to the registration of trade marks and is using the Hilltone s name wrongly and with mala fide intention under a disguise of the company? 10. Whether the Plaintiff in order to take undue advantage of the popularity of the Defendant company, registered in 1948 as International Hotel, widely publicised in the tourism department, of each and every country, airports and tourist guides adopted the name of the Hotel Hilltone and willingly registered the name and trademark of Defendant s company and is running hotel business (passing off)? 11. Whether the Plaintiff is entitled to get restrain Order against the Defendant company seeking restrain to do hotel business under the name and style of Hotel Hilton International in India? 12. Whether the Defendant has no right to file an application under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958?

16 13. Whether the Plaintiff will suffer financial loss if the Defendant runs its hotel business under its name and style anywhere in India? 14. Whether the Defendant has by its conduct. the right to do hotel business and sale of food items under the name similar to that of the Petitioner? 15. Whether the cause of action arose for the Plaintiff to file the present suit on 27 th July, 1995 when the Plaintiff was served with a notice on behalf of the Defendant? 16. Whether the instant suit falls within the jurisdiction of this Court and this Court is competent to hear this suit? 17. Relief. 4. In relation to above frame issues, statement of Vinay Kumar, P.W.-1 was recorded under Plaintiff Evidence. In Defendant evidence, statement of Rajesh Punjabi, D.W.-1 was recorded. 5. Final arguments of learned Counsel of both the parties were heard. In relation to above framed issues, decision of the Court on each issue is as under: Issue Nos. 1 to 6 and 8 6. Since, the Issues No. 1 to 6 and 8 are inter-connected, they are being disposed of together. The onus to prove Issue Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 was on the Plaintiff and it was Defendant s responsibility to prove Issue Nos. 3 and 8. To prove the above issues, P.W. 1, Vinay Kumar, has stated that their hotel is Hilltone Private Limited Hotel and its registration certificate is Exh. 1. He claims that their hotel than a Public Limited Hotel and vide resolution passed on 15 th January, 2003, was sent to the Registrar of Companies for registering their hotel as a private limited hotel. Certificate in support of public limited company is Exh. 2. He, his brother and his father started their business under partnership firm under the name and style of Hotel Hilltone in Mount Abu in Since, then, they are providing facility of food and lodging to tourists. Certificate issued by the municipality is Exh. 3. They are regularly running their hotel business since 1973 till date without any interruption. In order to achieve a unique identity in the hotel business and to mark distinction in the business from other hotels, the Plaintiff had adopted a trade mark of Hilltone with a caricature of frog in the beginning of the business. The Plaintiff is the original inventor, adopter and real and true openly user of the above trade mark with its artistic work and the Plaintiff under this trade mark has been manufacturing sweets, Namkeens, snacks and confectionary of different tastes, aroma and deals in the same. Their predecessor partnership firm, M/s Hotel Hilltone, was using the logo of Hotel Hilltone with rock, which was real, originally invented, bonafidely and honestly designed and its registration was done on 1 st August, Registration certificate is Exh. 4 and Exh. 5. On 19 th October, 1982, the above logo of Hotel Hilltone with above device of rock was registered as trade mark vide Number and its certificate is Exh. 6 which was renewed from time-to-time. Certificates in support of renewal are Exh. 7 and Exh. 9. The predecessor partnership firm was registered on 25 th September, 1984 under